clove and Diarrhea--Infantile

Since its recommendation by WHO, Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS) contributed in reducing the rate of mortality due to acute gastroenteritis. In Madagascar, the rate of lethality imputed to gastroenteritis is about 3%. Rehydration can be performed either by using spoons which reliability is unsure because of parents' potential inobservance and child's refusal, or by nasogastric tube. The nasogastric tube may resolve these obstacles at the hospital. We realized a preliminary study to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of nasogastric tube and spoon administration of the ORS in rehydration of child with moderate post-gastroenteritis dehydration. This is an open comparative study realized in the Pediatric Unit at the Joseph-Raseta-Befelatanana Hospital from the 21 January to 21 May 2008. Main outcomes was the proportion of rehydrated children at 4 hours, other were: failure at 8 hours, duration and volume of SRO, side effects. Fifty-three children from 4-month to 4-year old among 1306 patients were recruited and forty-seven patients were included. Nine patients failed (4 children received ORS by spoon and 5 children by nasogastric tube). The use of spoon was more effective: 62.5% of the patients were rehydrated at the fourth hour versus 39.3% in nasogastric tube group (P = 0.04). Making debit constant presents difficulties in rehydration with nasogastric tube (44.4 %). Tolerance of nasogastric tube is generally good but 16.7% children get out their tube during this study. No ORS' inhalation was observed with both routes. No false passage or tube or ORS rejection was recorded in both techniques. This study shows that using spoon to rehydrate is more effective for the rehydration of moderate dehydration. The use of nasogastric tube needs more surveillance.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Child, Preschool; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Dehydration; Device Removal; Diarrhea, Infantile; Female; Fluid Therapy; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Madagascar; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Vomiting

To evaluate the professional practices of physicians in Antananarivo in managing acute diarrhea in infants.. This prospective study was conducted from March 19 to April 21, 2012, as an anonymous survey of randomly selected general practitioners and pediatricians working in the public or private sector in the city of Antananarivo.. The survey included 125 physicians: 105 general practitioners, 11 pediatricians, and 9 other specialist physicians (7.2%) with pediatric activity. Only 4.8% of the physicians questioned had not received training about diarrhea in the previous two years. One doctor in 4 (25.6%) did not prescribe oral rehydration solution. The reasons given were lack of signs of dehydration (50%) and recommendation of other beverages (15.5%). Zinc prescription was rare (9.6%). Early refeeding was recommended by 41.6% of physicians. Almost half (47.2%) routinely use antibiotics, and 86.4% prescribe antidiarrheal medications.. The WHO recommendations for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children are not followed. Continuing and repeated medical education is necessary.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Humans; Infant; Madagascar; Male; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Prospective Studies

From November 1988 to October 1989, an etiological study showed off the prevalence and the part of several enteropathogen agents which are not yet studied in MADAGASCAR. 1,523 stool's samples from 884 children with diarrhea and 639 children without diarrhea from 0 to 14 years old have been investigated. A bacterial, parasitical or viral etiology was found from 36.3% of diarrheic children and 11.2% of healthy children. The three agents the most frequently identified from children with diarrhea are EPEC (10.5%), Campylobacter jejuni (10.3%) and rotavirus (10%) and associations of two or three pathogen agents are frequent (6.2%).

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Madagascar; Prevalence; Seasons

Topics: Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Male; Rotavirus Infections

Our study included a total of 318 diarrheic stools and 52 normal stools collected from out-patients with acute diarrhea at welfare Center and children admitted at Antananarivo City children's Hospital, or control free of infectious disease during 8 months period. Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and tissue cultures revealed the presence of 152 viral particles (47%) from children with diarrhea and 29 viral particles (55%) from control children. Positive cases were distributed according age, sex, and season factors. The highest infection rate was found in 25-36 months old of the children with diarrhea (72%). The two sexes were equally infected. Enteroviruses were isolated from diarrheic stools with a high frequency (43%) during the rainy and warm season while Rotaviruses were the prevailing agent during the dry and cool season, and Adenoviruses came in second place (19%). In view of our results, the etiological role of these viruses in diarrhea is discussed.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea, Infantile; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Male; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Seasons; Virus Diseases

Rotavirus were detected by enzyme immuno assay method in 36 p. 100 of faecal specimens from 80 children with acute diarrhoea and in 8 p. 100 of 80 controls, over a period of three months in Majunga area. The incidence of rotavirus was studied according to age group, sex, nutritional status, and clinical aspects.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Diarrhea, Infantile; Feces; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Male; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Seasons