clove and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, has assumed epidemic proportions and its long-term complications can have devastating consequences. The oxidative stress in diabetes was greatly increased due to prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia and impairment of oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Syzygium cumini is being widely used to treat diabetes by the traditional practitioners over many centuries. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 5'-Nucleotidase (5'NT) are enzymes of purine nucleoside metabolism that play an important role in the regulation of adenosine (Ado) levels. In this study, we investigated the effect of Syzygium cumini aqueous leaves extract (ASc) on ADA and 5'NT activities and on parameters of oxidative stress under in vitro conditions, using platelets of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) was assayed by ADA, 5'NT, Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. We observed that ADA, 5'NT activities and TBARS levels were significantly higher when compared to the control group, and ASc (100 and 200 μg/mL) prevented these effects. Our study demonstrates that ASc was able to remove oxidant species generated in diabetic conditions and modulates in the Ado levels. Then, ASc may promote a compensatory response in platelet function, improving the susceptibility-induced by the diabetes mellitus.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Blood Platelets; Catalase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myrtaceae; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Myrcia multiflora (Lam) DC. is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for diabetes control, mainly in the Brazilian Amazon. The leaves of this species has already demonstrated antidiabetic properties; however, in mice with type 2 diabetes (DM2), the cumulative effect of the consumption of the dry extract of M. multiflora leaves (Mm) has not yet been reported.. To investigate the effect of the dry extract obtained from the infusion of the dried leaves of M. multiflora on the blood glucose levels of diabetic mice.. DM2 was induced in Swiss male mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [150 mg/kg body weight (bw)]. The animals were divided into two control groups (healthy and diabetic without treatment) and three sample groups that received Mm (25 and 50 mg/kg bw) and acarbose (200 mg/kg bw) by gavage once daily for 28 days (D28). Additionally, biochemical parameters, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels in the liver, and histopathological analyses of the kidneys and liver were performed.. On the seventh day of treatment, a 74.7% reduction in glucose levels were observed in the group of diabetic animals treated with Mm (50 mg/kg bw) when compared to the beginning of the treatment. At D28, the hypoglycemic effect was maintained. The results of the biochemical and histopathological parameters and the TBARS levels suggest that this dry extract exerts nephro- and hepatoprotective effects.. The findings demonstrate the potential that this extract has to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme, and it acts similarly to the positive control acarbose. Furthermore, this extract is nephro- and hepatoprotective. Therefore, this dry extract has the potential to be an adjuvant for DM2, which corroborates its use in folk medicine.

Topics: Acarbose; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Mice; Myrtaceae; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Streptozocin; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Ficus; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipid Metabolism; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipids; Myrtaceae; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin; Superoxide Dismutase

Brazilian native fruits are reported to be promising sources of bioactive compounds; however their bioactivity depends on their stability along the digestive process. This study evaluated the α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) stability of araçá, butiá and pitanga fruit extracts using an in vitro digestion model. Additionally, the individual phenolic compound recovery of the most stable and active extract was evaluated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Overall, the antioxidant activity of all extracts decreased along the process. Araçá fruit extracts, at the end of digestion, showed α-glucosidase inhibition values similar to their non-digested extracts and the highest TPC recovery (28%). Recovery of individual phenolic compounds of red araçá fruit extract revealed a negative impact on the stability of ellagitannins. Araçá fruit extract seems to provide phenolic compounds with α-glucosidase inhibitory properties after the gastrointestinal digestion, indicating their potential to be used in the control of type II diabetes.

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Brazil; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Digestion; Eugenia; Fruit; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Humans; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Psidium; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Diabetic foot disease heavily weighs upon diabetics, being a significant cause of morbidity and severe disability. Their prevention is indispensable. Our study aimed to reduce the rate of amputations in diabetics. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study of podiatric risk screening in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Endocrinology Department at the University Hospital of Befelatanana and at the Amadia Clinic, Faravohitra, over a period of 6 months. The average age of our patients was 54.43 years. Male sex predominated (60%). The patients suffered from diabetes which had evolved, on average, over a period of 7.35 years. The most common patient's history was smoking and chronic ulcerations of the foot. More than half of patients had an imbalance of diabetes, microalbuminuria and retinopathy. 56.50% of patients were aware of their risk but less than 46% of patients gave specific examples of appropriate behaviour. Only 13.33% of patients had undergone foot examination before this study. Their podiatric risk was very high. Predictive factors for ulceration included smoking, a history of chronic ulcer of the lower limbs, an imbalance of diabetes and foot deformity. Effective prevention strategies for amputations should include the screening and the identification of population at risk of ulceration.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amputation, Surgical; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Foot; Female; Hospitals, University; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Smoking

Madagascar is a geographically isolated country considered a biodiversity hotspot with unique genomics. Both the low-income and the geographical isolation represent risk factors for the development of diabetes. During a humanitarian health campaign conducted in Ambanja, a rural city in the northern part of Madagascar, we identified 42 adult subjects with diabetes and compared their features to 24 randomly enrolled healthy controls. 42.9% (

Topics: Aged; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Health

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an endocrine metabolic disease with a worldwide prevalence of more than 8%, and an expected increase close to 50% in the next 15-20years. T2D is associated with severe and life-threatening complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, and therefore improved drug leads or functional foods containing α-glucosidase inhibitors are needed for management of blood glucose. In this study, leaves of Myrcia palustris were investigated by high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR. This led to identification of casuarinin, myricetin 3-O-β-d-(6″-galloyl)galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, myricetin, and quercetin as α-glucosidase inhibitors. In addition, four acetylated ellagic acid rhamnosides, i.e., 4-O-(2″,4″-O-diacetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid, 4-O-(2″,3″-O-diacetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid, 4-O-(3″,4″-O-diacetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid, and 4-O-(2″,3″,4″-O-triacetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid were identified.

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ellagic Acid; Flavonoids; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Glycosides; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Kaempferols; Molecular Structure; Myrtaceae; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Plant Leaves; Quercetin

Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Combined Modality Therapy; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Susceptibility; Facial Paralysis; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Madagascar; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Polyradiculoneuropathy; Quadriplegia; Respiration Disorders; Respiration, Artificial; Smoking

The prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is high in Mauritius, a multiethnic island nation in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Evaluation of candidate genes in the different ethnic groups represents a means of assessing the genetic component. As glucokinase is known to be a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver and pancreatic Beta-cells, the human gene was isolated and a dinucleotide repeat (CA)n marker was identified at this locus. A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed, and alleles differing in size were observed in individuals, according to the number of repeats in the amplified fragment. Eighty-five Creoles and 63 Indians of known glucose tolerance status were typed by amplification of genomic DNA for this dinucleotide (CA)n repeat marker. Four different alleles were observed including Z, the most common allele, and Z + 2, Z + 4, and Z + 10, which differed from Z by 2, 4, and 10 nucleotides respectively. In Mauritian Creoles, the frequency of the Z + 2 allele was greater in Type 2 diabetic subjects than in control subjects (23.8% vs 8.9%, p = 0.008), and the frequency of the Z allele was lower in Type 2 diabetic subjects (60% vs 75.6%, p = 0.03). Analysis with univariate logistic regression models indicated that the Z + 2 allele had the highest odds ratio, 3.08 (95% confidence interval 1.14-8.35, p = 0.0416), among the other risk factors (age, sex, body mass index, and waist/hip ratio). The multivariate odds ratio for Type 2 diabetes was 2.88 (95% confidence interval 0.98-8.50, p = 0.0551).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Africa; Age Factors; Alleles; Analysis of Variance; Base Sequence; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ethnicity; Europe; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic Markers; Genotype; Glucokinase; Histocompatibility Testing; HLA-DR Antigens; Humans; India; Madagascar; Male; Mauritius; Molecular Sequence Data; Multivariate Analysis; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Restriction Mapping; Sex Characteristics