clove and Dental-Caries

The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was developed to assess the impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life of preschool children and theirs families. The ECOHIS was originally developed in English language, translated and validated in several countries but no validated transcultural version of this questionnaire is currently available in Madagascar. The objectives of this cross-cultural study were to translate, validate and analyse the psychometric properties of the Malagasy version of ECOHIS.. The translation followed the forward-backward translation process. The Malagasy version obtained was pre-tested on ten mothers. Then, the questionnaire was administered by interview to 150 parents/guardians of children aged 3 to 5 years old frequenting two nursery schools in the town of Mahajanga to evaluate the reliability and validity of its psychometric characteristics. Reliability was assessed by the test-retest procedure with an interval of 15 days by using the intra-class correlation (ICC). Internal consistency was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The validity of construct, discriminant and criterion were evaluated. Construct validity was evaluated by Spearman rank correlation and tested using exploratory factor analysis and partial confirmatory factor analysis. Discriminant validity was tested between groups of children presenting consequences of untreated decayed teeth. Clinical examination was performed using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) and the pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula, abscess (pufa) indices for assessing dental caries and consequences of untreated decayed teeth.. The cultural adaptation showed that the respondents understood the questions. The intraclass correlation coefficient for test retest was 0.91. The internal consistency demonstrated a good reliability of the Malagasy-ECOHIS version with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88. The convergent validity evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients provided positive and significant correlation values between all the items ranging from 0.26 to 0.72. Significant associations between the ECOHIS scores and the global rating of oral health supported the validity of the construct. Convergent and discriminant validity were obtained by testing the association of ECOHIS scores on the child and family sections with poor parental ratings of their child's oral health, high caries experience and untreated decayed teeth consequences which were to be statistically significant.. The results showed that this Malagasy version of ECOHIS questionnaire has shown good psychometric properties and could be used on Malagasy parents of preschool children to measure the impact of oral health status on the child and family quality of life.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Language; Madagascar; Male; Oral Health; Parents; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Translations

To update current knowledge of the distribution of drinking water fluoride content in Madagascar, in an effort to develop a strategy for the distribution of fluoridated salt to prevent tooth decay.. In accordance with a strict protocol, water samples were collected from all the country's 22 regions. Fluoride concentration in ppm fluoride (F) was determined by use of a F ionselective electrode coupled with a pH/ion meter.. A total of 651 sources of drinking water were sampled, of which 94% were found to have fluoride concentrations ≤ 0.7 ppm. The two regions with the highest number of water supplies with fluoride concentrations ⟩ 0.7 ppm are situated in the south and south-west of Madagascar. 87% of thermal springs have fluoride levels ⟩ 0.7 ppm, with a mean value of 2.21 ± 1.64 ppm.. These findings confirm that, with the exception of certain districts in the extreme south of Madagascar, fluoridated salt distribution would be appropriate for most regions in the country. This could be achieved by encouraging salt producers in the north and west of Madagascar, who are responsible for over 88% of national salt production, to fluoridate their salt. Most of this salt is distributed throughout the north and centre of the country, whereas very little is distributed to the extreme south.

Topics: Dental Caries; Drinking Water; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Humans; Madagascar; Salts; Water Supply

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect on dental caries experience of using carbamide polyol chewing gum as a supplement to standard oral hygiene procedures for schoolchildren in a developing country (Madagascar). In 1994, grades 1 and 4 children of demonstration schools were allocated to experimental and control groups; all children participated in a school-based oral health education programme, including daily toothbrushing supervised by the classroom teacher. At grade 1, the test group (n = 125) also used chewing gum (V6: 55.5 per cent sorbitol, 4.3 per cent xylitol, 2 per cent carbamide) three times a day. At grade 4, one test group (n = 177) had chewing gum three times a day and an additional test group (n = 74) had chewing gum five times a day. The control groups included 117 children at grade 1 and 209 at grade 4. Dental caries was registered in 1994 and 1997 according to the Recording System for the Danish Child Dental Services. In grade 1 children, the preventive effect of the total DMFS was not statistically significant except for occlusal caries (-0.65 DMFS, P < 0.01). In the grade 4 test groups, non-significant reductions of dental caries experience were found when compared with controls. The present community trial indicates that the use of polyol chewing gum may be considered a supplement to the control of occlusal dental caries in young primary schoolchildren, particularly in developing countries with limited resources for dental care.

Topics: Ampholyte Mixtures; Cariostatic Agents; Chewing Gum; Child; Cohort Studies; Dental Caries; Developing Countries; DMF Index; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education, Dental; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Madagascar; Male; Polymers; School Dentistry; Sorbitol; Sweetening Agents; Toothbrushing; Urea; Xylitol

The present national study was undertaken in order to describe the oral health situation of the population in Madagascar. The WHO pathfinder sampling procedures were applied to obtain representative samples of the following age groups: 6 years (n = 1866); 9 years (n = 1905); 12 years (n = 1992); 15 years (n = 1130); 18 years (n = 792), and 35-44 years (n = 1809). Data were collected in 1993 according to the methods recommended by WHO, including dental caries, dental treatment need, and CPITN. In 6-year-olds, 85 per cent had caries in primary teeth and a mean of 3.1 DMFT was observed among the 12 year-olds; the 35-44-year-olds had an average of 13.1 DMFT. Differences in dental caries prevalence were found according to sex, urbanisation, region, and ethnic group. Ninety-one percent of individuals at age 18 and 72 per cent at age 35-44 had maximum CPITN score 2 (gingival bleeding and calculus). In an African perspective, the oral health status of the Malagasy population is extraordinary poor, and the implementation of community-based oral health promotion and prevention is urgently needed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Dental Calculus; Dental Care; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Ethnicity; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Tooth, Deciduous; Urban Health; World Health Organization

The report presents the findings of a survey carried our among 153 6-year-old and 164 12-year-old children in Antananarivo, Madagascar. A very high level of dental caries was observed (6 years: 7.1 dmft; 12 years: 4.4 DMFT). Personal interviews with the mothers (n = 235) showed a frequent consumption of sugar and poor oral hygiene habits among the children. Relatively few of the mothers helped their children in oral cleaning and the need for improvement in dental knowledge and attitudes was outlined. A total of 62 school teachers responded to self-administered questionnaires and a relatively high level of dental knowledge and positive attitudes to prevention were found. Thus, the teachers should be considered highly relevant key persons in dental health education for children and mothers. The survey forms the base-line for evaluation of school-based preventive oral care in Madagascar.

Topics: Child; Dental Caries; Diet, Cariogenic; DMF Index; Female; Health Education, Dental; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Planning; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Oral Hygiene; School Dentistry; Sucrose; Surveys and Questionnaires; Teaching

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Health Surveys; Developing Countries; DMF Index; Female; Humans; International Cooperation; Madagascar; Male; Malocclusion; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Sex Factors; Urban Population

An epidemiological survey of prevalence and severity of dental caries was carried out in an urban population of children in Madagascar. The study population comprised 1257 children in the age groups 4-5 yr to 14-15 yr equally distributed by sex. The children were examined according to the recording system for the Danish Child Dental Services. The caries experience in the primary dentition as well as in the permanent dentition was high. For example, among 6-yr-olds a mean number of 11.8 defs and 5.2 deft was observed and 82% of the children were affected by caries in primary teeth. In particular, primary molars in the mandibular and incisors in the maxilla were affected and approximal caries was frequent. Among 12-yr-olds mean DMFS was 4.0 and DMFT 2.4 and 75% of the children had caries in permanent teeth. In permanent teeth caries was located predominantly to mandibular molars and occlusal surfaces. In both dentitions almost all decay was untreated, indicating lack of dental treatment available due to the shortage of dental manpower. The establishment of a child dental service system is a matter of urgency. Dental health education and primary health care should be organized.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Fissures; DMF Index; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Tooth, Deciduous; Urban Population

Topics: Alkaloids; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Humans; Madagascar; Nicotiana; Plants, Toxic

Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Humans; Madagascar; Nicotiana; Plants, Toxic