clove and Cysticercosis

Cysticercosis (CC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is endemic in most developing countries where pigs are raised and consumed. An overview of all available data of this parasite in Madagascar is lacking.. We conducted a literature review, collecting information on published and available literature about cysticercosis in Madagascar between January 1st, 1990 and June 30th, 2020.. Out of 858 publications; 61 were included, issued from peer-review indexed journals, non-indexed journals, books, Ministry reports and press releases. In Madagascar, porcine cysticercosis has been reported since 1901; human cysticercosis is highly prevalent with an overall estimated seroprevalence between 7 and 21%. Serological analysis is based on Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot techniques (EITB) for confirmative testing. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common pattern of cysticercosis in Madagascar and it is reponsible for pediatric morbidity causing more than 50% of epilepsy cases. Though CT-Scan is now available and tends to be considered the gold standard for NCC diagnosis, it remains unaffordable for most Malagasy patients and implies the proposal of a diagnostic algorithm for physicians.. Our review has revealed that human taeniasis and bovine cysticercosis is a considerable burden in Madagascar. A national control program has been developed aiming to decrease the seroprevalence rate from 16 to 10% in 2015. The aim of the country is now to implement a CC control and elimination program. Meanwhile, some massive cysticercosis screenings have been conducted in the capital Antananarivo to drive people's attention on this widespread infection.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Madagascar; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Cysticercosis caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of Taenia solium is spreading all over the world through globalization and is one of the most neglected, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). In the present study, the reason why T. solium cysticercosis has been neglected is discussed at first, and followed with an overview on the most recent advances and perspectives in molecular approaches for epidemiology of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, since although taeniasis does not constitute recognized zoonoses, transmission and complete development are dependent on human definitive hosts. Main topics are discussions on (1) the two, Asian and Afro/American, genotypes of T. solium, (2) comparative analysis of mitochondrial (haploid) and nuclear (diploid) genes, and (3) the presence of hybrids of these two genotypes which indicates out-crossing of two genotypes in hermaphrodite tapeworms in Madagascar. Additional topics are on (4) the usefulness of phylogeographic analyses to discuss where the infection was acquired from, and (5) miscellaneous unsolved topics around these genetic diversity of T. solium.

Topics: Animals; Cysticercosis; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Protozoan; Genotype; Haplotypes; Humans; Madagascar; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium; Zoonoses

Taenia solium cysticercosis is a zoonosis of public health importance in areas where the disease is endemic, with significant economic impacts on human health and the swine industry. Several gaps remain in the epidemiology of the parasite and the strategies of control in developing countries. We detail the key factors to consider in Madagascar in terms of the porcine husbandry system, Taenia transmission cycle, and diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs, in order to better estimate the sanitary and economic impacts of this parasitic disease as well as to define an integrated control program.

Topics: Animals; Cysticercosis; Humans; Madagascar; Public Health; Risk Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Topics: Adult; Child; Cysticercosis; Humans; Madagascar

Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent,

Topics: Animals; Cysticercosis; Madagascar; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Infections with the tapeworm Taenia solium (taeniosis and cysticercosis) are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) highly endemic in Madagascar. These infections are however underdiagnosed, underreported and their burden at the community level remains unknown especially in rural remote settings. This study aims at assessing the prevalence of T. solium infections and associated risk factors in twelve remote villages surrounding Ranomafana National Park (RNP), Ifanadiana District, Madagascar.. A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2016. Stool and serum samples were collected from participants. Tapeworm carriers were identified by stool examination. Taenia species and T. solium genotypes were characterised by PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Detection of specific anti-cysticercal antibodies (IgG) or circulating cysticercal antigens was performed by ELISA or EITB/Western blot assays.. Of the 459 participants with paired stool and blood samples included ten participants from seven distinct villages harbored Taenia spp. eggs in their stools samples DNA sequencing of the cox1 gene revealed a majority of T. solium Asian genotype (9/10) carriage. The overall seroprevalences of anti-cysticercal IgGs detected by ELISA and EITB were quite similar (27.5% and 29.8% respectively). A prevalence rate of 12.4% of circulating cysticercal antigens was observed reflecting cysticercosis with viable cysts. Open defecation (Odds Ratio, OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3) and promiscuity with households of more than 4 people (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) seem to be the main risk factors associated with anticysticercal antibodies detection. Being over 15 years of age would be a risk factor associated with an active cysticercosis (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.7). Females (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) and use of river as house water source (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-1.5) were less likely to have cysticercosis with viable cysts.. This study indicates a high exposure of the investigated population to T. solium infections with a high prevalence of cysticercosis with viable cysts. These data can be useful to strengthen public health interventions in these remote settings.

Topics: Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Cysticercus; Cysts; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Neglected Diseases; Prevalence; Rainforest; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium; Taeniasis

Taenia solium (Ts) cysticercosis is a neglected zoonotic disease particularly prevalent in Madagascar. Few data are available for children, current data mainly rely on antibody prevalence. We sought to determine the Ts-antigen seroprevalence-determining active cysticercosis-amongst school children from various cities in Madagascar (excluding the capital) and evaluated associated risk factors.. In seven cities in Madagascar, the presence of cysticercosis in school children (n = 1751) was investigated in 2007 using the B158/B60 antigen (Ag)-ELISA.. The overall prevalence based on Ag detection was 27.7% [95%CI: 10-37%]. Risk factors associated with Ag positivity were age, biotope, altitude and annual average rainfall.. These results highlight the high prevalence of active cysticercosis in Madagascar among school children in an urban setting. This high prevalence as well as the risk factors unraveled point to the emergency to implement appropriate Public Health measure son a national scale.

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Cities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Schools; Seroepidemiologic Studies

In Madagascar, cysticercosis, a disease caused by Taenia Solium's larval form, is a public health problem. In 2003, the seroprevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 7% and 21% with a higher rate in the central regions of the island. However, epidemiological data on human cysticercosis have been limited over the last dozen years. The objective of our study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of cysticercosis Western blot as well as its associated risk factors in patients from the region of Vakinankaratra with clinical suspicion.. We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study at the Regional Referral Hospital in Antsirabe over a period of 6 months. All the patients included in the study answered a clinic questionnaire collecting their socio-demographic and cultural features as well as their dietary habits and their clinical symptoms.. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis in the study population was 14.8% (35/237). These rates did not differ significantly according to sex, age, pork consumption or meat preparation (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among patients with subcutaneous nodules or positive for cysticercosis.. In our study, the high index of exposure to Taenia solium justifies the strengthening of control and prevention measures already set up in our country.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Blotting, Western; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Cysticercus; Female; Humans; Infant; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Red Meat; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

Taenia solium cysticercosis was reported in official veterinary and medical statistics to be highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Madagascar, but few estimates are available for pigs. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs slaughtered in Antananarivo abattoirs. Firstly, the diagnostic performance of two antigen-ELISA techniques (B158B60 Ag-ELISA and HP10 Ag-ELISA) and an immunoblotting method were compared with meat inspection procedures on a sample of pigs suspected to be infected with (group 1; n=250) or free of (group 2; n=250) T. solium based on direct veterinary inspection in Madagascar. Sensitivity and specificity of the antigen ELISAs were then estimated using a Bayesian approach for detection of porcine cysticercosis in the absence of a gold standard. Then, a third set of pig sera (group 3, n=250) was randomly collected in Antananarivo slaughterhouses and tested to estimate the overall prevalence of T. solium contamination in pork meat traded in Antananarivo. The antigen ELISAs showed a high sensitivity (>84%), but the B158B60 Ag-ELISA appeared to be more specific than the HP10 Ag-ELISA (model 1: 95% vs 74%; model 2: 87% vs 71%). The overall prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Antananarivo slaughterhouses was estimated at 2.3% (95% credibility interval [95%CrI]: 0.09-9.1%) to 2.6% (95%CrI: 0.1-10.3%) depending on the model and priors used. Since the sample used in this study is not representative of the national pig population, village-based surveys and longitudinal monitoring at slaughter are needed to better estimate the overall prevalence, geographical patterns and main risk factors for T. solium contamination, in order to improve control policies.

Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Madagascar; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Taenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic meat-borne disease that is highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Africa, but the burden is vastly underestimated due to the lack of official control along the pork commodity chain, which hampers long-term control policies.. The apparent and corrected prevalences of T. solium cysticercosis were investigated in pork carcasses slaughtered and retailed in Antananarivo (Madagascar), thanks to a 12-month monitoring plan in two urban abattoirs.. Overall apparent prevalence was estimated at 4.6% [4.2 - 5.0%]. The corrected overall prevalence defined as the estimated prevalence after accounting for the sensitivity of meat inspection was 21.03% [19.18- 22.87%]. Significant differences among geoclimatic regions were observed only for indigenous pigs, with an apparent prevalence estimated at 7.9% [6.0 - 9.9%] in the northern and western regions, 7.3% [6.0 - 8.6%] in the central region, and 6.2% [4.7 - 7.8%] in the southern region. In the central region, where both exotic and indigenous pigs were surveyed, indigenous pigs were 8.5 times [6.7 - 10.7] more likely to be infected than exotic improved pigs. Urban consumers were more likely to encounter cysticercosis in pork in the rainy season, which is a major at risk period, in particular in December. Differences between abattoirs were also identified.. Our results underline the need for improved surveillance and control programmes to limit T. solium cysticercosis in carcasses by introducing a risk-based meat inspection procedure that accounts for the origin and breed of the pigs, and the season.

Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Cysticercosis; Epidemiological Monitoring; Food Safety; Humans; Madagascar; Meat; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Cysticercosis is a serious public health problem in Madagascar. The prevalence rate of active cysticercosis reached 21% in regions with a high level of livestock farming. Taenia solium of African-American and Asian genotypes are both present on the island. The times of divergence of the 13 specimens studied suggests a very ancient diversification of T. solium. These events are widely thought to be prior to the domestication of pigs, and seem to follow the expansion of Homo in Asia. Multiple human migrations and the diversity of potential intermediate hosts may have led to a complex epidemiological situation on the island.

Topics: Animals; Cysticercosis; DNA, Helminth; DNA, Mitochondrial; Evolution, Molecular; Genotype; Geography; Likelihood Functions; Madagascar; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Genetic; Swine; Taenia solium

The purpose of this report is to describe a case of solitary breast cysticercosis presenting as a banal breast lump in a 15-year-old girl. Surgical excision was performed and histological examination demonstrated the presence of two Cysticercus cellulosae larvae. Characteristic features of this uncommon location are discussed based on a review of the literature.

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Breast Diseases; Cysticercosis; Female; Humans; Larva; Madagascar

Topics: Adult; Cysticercosis; Endemic Diseases; Government Agencies; Humans; Madagascar; Travel; United States; Volunteers

Taenia solium is a cestode parasitic of humans and pigs that strongly impacts on public health in developing countries. Its larvae (cysticercus) lodge in the brain, causing neurocysticercosis, and in other tissues, like skeletal muscle and subcutaneous space, causing extraneuronal cysticercosis. Prevalences of these two clinical manifestations vary greatly among continents. Also, neurocysticercosis may be clinically heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severely incapacitating and even fatal presentation. Further, vaccine design and diagnosis technology have met with difficulties in sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. Parasite diversity underlying clinical heterogeneity and technological difficulties is little explored. Here, T. solium genetic population structure and diversity was studied by way of random amplified polymorphic DNA in individual cysticerci collected from pigs in Madagascar and two regions in Mexico. The amplification profiles of T. solium were also compared with those of the murine cysticercus Taenia crassiceps (ORF strain). We show significant genetic differentiation between Madagascar and Mexico and between regions in Mexico, but less so between cysticerci from different localities in Mexico and none between cysticerci from different tissues from the same pig. We also found restricted genetic variability within populations and gene flow was estimated to be low between populations. Thus, genetic differentiation of T. solium suggests that different evolutionary paths have been taken and provides support for its involvement in the differential tissue distribution of cysticerci and varying degrees of severity of the disease. It may also explain difficulties in the development of vaccines and tools for immunodiagnosis.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Cysticercosis; Developing Countries; DNA, Helminth; Genetic Variation; Madagascar; Mexico; Muscles; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium

Being associated to fecal-oral transmission, cysticercosis is contracted either by auto-infection or by ingestion of food contaminated with eggs from the pork tape worm (Taenia solium). In the stomach, the larvae named cysticercus (Cysticercus cellulosae) hatches from the eggs and invades the host through the mucosa membrane. Human cysticercosis occurs in highly prevalent proportions in many developing countries including Madagascar where hygiene conditions are deplicable. Serology tests applicable to epidemiological surveillance of cysticercosis and associated pathology in the Malagasy population have been developed: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening purpose, and an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB) for confirmative testing. Two specific bands (13 and 14 kDa) have been identified as significant markers of the cysticercus in an active (vesicle) stage of the infection when cestocidal treatment is strongly indicated. The same bands may on the other hand be absent at early (cyste) as well as late (calcified) stages of the infection. Series of studies, including 4,375 serum samples, have been undertaken from 1994 until 1999 aiming at determinating the cysticercosis sero-prevalence in different provinces of Madagascar. It was confirmed that cysticercosis is highly frequent on the island, and that there exists a marked variation in the prevalence from 7 to 21% between the different provinces: less than 10% in coastal regions (Mahajanga and Toamasina) increasing to 20% in central regions (Ihosy, Ambositra and Mahasolo). It has also been observed that cysticercosis may occur in individuals at any age, and that it is equally distributed in urban as in rural areas. However, it is more frequently detected in women than in men. Madagascar is an endemic country for cysticercosis, which causes major and severe disease with implications in the public health sector. A national control program is, therefore, urgently warranted.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Eggs; Endemic Diseases; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epilepsy; Feces; Female; Hand Disinfection; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Madagascar; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Population Surveillance; Residence Characteristics; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Distribution; Toilet Facilities

A seroepidemiological survey was carried out in July 1999 to assess the prevalence of cysticercosis in general population in the Mahajanga City (West of Madagascar). Blood specimens were collected from a randomised sample including 626 individuals more than 2 years old. ELISA and confirmative immunoblot techniques (EITB) were used to measure Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies. The overall prevalence by ELISA test was 19% (15.8-22.7% CI95%). Among positive cases, 87% were also positive by EITB. Cysticercosis is considered as major health problem in Madagascar. A national control programme implementation is imperative.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoblotting; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Distribution; Urban Health

Topics: Adult; Anthelmintics; Child; Cysticercosis; Humans; Madagascar

To assess the impact of cysticercosis on public health in Madagascar, we compared patients > 15 years with late-onset epilepsy to non-epileptic controls in a matched case-control study. The association between epilepsy and cysticercosis was studied by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay for antibodies specific to Taenia solium. The EITB assay was performed on 104 pairs of sera specimens and on 95 pairs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens. Depending on whether we consider the results obtained from sera or from CSF, we obtain for the population attributable risk percent of cysticercosis in late-onset epilepsy two slightly different estimates: 22.3% and 17.6%. Therefore cysticercosis is a major aetiological factor of late-onset epilepsy in Madagascar. In the control group, the frequency of positive results, especially in CSF specimens (7.4%), confirms the existence of asymptomatic cases of neurocysticercosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Case-Control Studies; Cysticercosis; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Immunoblotting; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Taenia

In addition to the unique physiological and immunological features of the eye, previously presented, some parasitic factors of recent knowledge are induced during ocular cysticercosis. A modulation of the immune response of the host, mediated by larval products (a soluble RNA-peptide, some metacestode surface sphingoglycolipids) seems to occur in vivo. These recent findings lead us to make a critical review of the antigenic profiles obtained by Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB) on samples collected from malagasy patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Female; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Immunoblotting; Inflammation; Madagascar; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity

Neurocysticercosis (i.e. cerebral localization of the metacestode larvae of Taenia solium) is believed to be a major cause of late onset epilepsy in non-Muslim developing countries. To define its role in childhood epilepsy in Madagascar, analysis of serological markers of cysticercosis was performed in 256 children with unexplained epilepsy and in 113 controls. Sera were considered positive when high titres in ELISA were present together with at least one of the bands 13, 14, 18, 21, 24 or 32 kD on Western blot. Altogether, 17.6% of the patients versus none of the controls were seropositive using these criteria. When analysing the bands of the Western blot, those of 13, 14 and 18 were significantly more frequently detected in sera of epileptic children than in sera of controls. Neurocysticercosis can be considered the main cause of secondary childhood epilepsy in our country, Madagascar being one of the most important foci in the world.

Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Madagascar

The humoral immune response in neurocysticercosis was studied in seventy patients from the Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). In the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid, specific antibodies were quantified using an enzyme-linked (ELISA) and Western-blot (EITB) technique. It was found that two antigenic fractions, of 13 and 14kd molecular weight, are highly specific of an active disease, for which the treatment is recommended. This new result, established in the quite simple epidemiologic environment of the Reunion island, is under validation in Madagascar.

Topics: Adult; Antibody Formation; Blotting, Western; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Cysticercosis is due to cysticercus cellulosae and was know since a long time. Human is an intermediate occasional host by ingesting accidentally eggs of tenia. In Madagascar, neurocysticercosis are predominating (55%), occular localisations are not frequent (5%) and concerned particularly vitreous humour and retina. Diagnosis relies on serology: Elisa test, then Western Blot completed with research of circulating antibody and antigen in the acqueous humor by immocapture. Anatomopathologic test permits to confirm the diagnosis. Contribution of tomodensitometry is not conclusive therapeutic is summed up to a specific and symptomatic treatment with surgical extirpation when out means allow it.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Cysticercosis; Cysticercus; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male

By examining the sera from 1,408 healthy individuals in all six provinces of Madagascar with ELISA methods, we were able to demonstrate a very high prevalence for cysticercosis: 18%. The serologic markers for cysticercosis among 1,132 patients with neurologic symptoms was even higher: 36%. Furthermore, of 241 patients with neurocysticercosis, 82% of the serums recognized, in Western Blot test, the 14-20 Kd "evolutivity proteins". Cysticercosis is thus highly implicated in the neurologic syndromes found in Madagascar. Only adequate prophylaxis will permit a reduction in the incidence of this disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysticercosis; Cysticercus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Nervous System Diseases

Human cysticercosis is linked to infection by the larval stage of Taenia solium: Cysticercus cellulosae and was identified in Madagascar since 1901. Neurocysticercosis constitute, when parasite is localized in cerebral vesicles, a disease with important neurologic symptoms: epilepsia, spasms... This disease would be diagnosed before parasite calcification and this diagnosis permit Praziquantel treatment indication, with good results in many cases. We have developed cysticercosis diagnosis permitting: stage definition of the disease: Elisa and Western Blot tests, therapeutic following by enzyme immunoassay capture of serum cysticercosis antigens. We have observed: disease prevalence of 18% proving high rate of circulating parasite, in the countries studies, significative variation of circulating antigens and/or antibodies, one month after one or two Praziquantel treatment, in 82% of 130 patients. This disease seems to be important in Madagascar in neurologic syndromes, but the solution of this problem would result in prophylactic and concerted actions by public health means.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysticercosis; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Nervous System Diseases

Cysticercosis is linked to the infestation of men (or pigs) by the larval stage of Toenia solium: Cysticercus cellulosae. This disease, very common in the Third World, represents in Madagascar, a very serious problem for Public Health. Neurocysticercosis, particularly, must be detected before the stage of evolution towards cicatrisation. Two biological tests have been developed: 1) ELISA test: Cysticercus antigen is prepared from pig cysticercus, with addition of PMSF: proteases inhibitor increasing antigen stability. We present sensitivity and specificity studies of the test. 2) Western Blot test: E.I.T.B.: this test completes first test in case of negative ELISA test with clinical signs. In this case, evolving diagnosis is supported by low weight proteins revelation by patient's serum. These two tests applied to 100 positives cases have permitted the chemotherapy indication, with favorable results in more that 80% of the cases.

Topics: Blotting, Western; Cross Reactions; Cysticercosis; Drug Stability; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Madagascar; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity