clove and Chemical-and-Drug-Induced-Liver-Injury

To evaluate the protective effects of fruit juices against D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury, lyophilized fruit juices (total 12 kinds) were fed to rats for 7 d, and then we evoked liver injury by injecting GalN. The juice of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) significantly suppressed GalN-induced liver injury when the magnitude of liver injury was assessed by plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, although some other juices (acerola, dragon fruit, shekwasha, and star fruit) also tended to have suppressive effects. An active compound was isolated from camu-camu juice by solvent fractionation and silica gel column chromatography. The structure was determined to be 1-methylmalate. On the other hand, malate, 1,4-dimethylmalate, citrate, and tartrate had no significant effect on GalN-induced liver injury. It is suggested that 1-methylmalate might be a rather specific compound among organic acids and their derivatives in fruit juices in suppressing GalN-induced liver injury.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Beverages; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Citric Acid; Fruit; Galactosamine; Malates; Male; Myrtaceae; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tartrates

Buddleja species play a minor role in the ethnopharmacology of several areas of the world where they are indigenous. Phytochemical investigation of the genus has been somewhat neglected but a picture is emerging of the type of constituents which are present in reasonable quantities, namely iridoid and flavonoid glycosides. Many of the uses of Buddleja in folk medicine such as a topical antiseptic and a diuretic can be partially explained at least by the known biological activity of compounds identical or similar to those found in the genus. Other reputed uses are, as yet, without explantation due to the incomplete state of knowledge of the chemistry and, to an even greater extent, the pharmacology of Buddleja.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bronchi; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chile; China; Diuretics; Ecuador; Fishes; Guatemala; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; India; Madagascar; Malaysia; Medicine, Traditional; Mexico; Peru; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; United States