clove and Bacterial-Infections

clove has been researched along with Bacterial-Infections* in 17 studies

Other Studies

17 other study(ies) available for clove and Bacterial-Infections

ArticleYear
Incidence and risk factors of neonatal bacterial infections: a community-based cohort from Madagascar (2018-2021).
    BMC infectious diseases, 2023, Oct-05, Volume: 23, Issue:1

    Few studies on neonatal severe bacterial infection are available in LMICs. Data are needed in these countries to prioritize interventions and decrease neonatal infections which are a primary cause of neonatal mortality. The BIRDY project (Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistant among Young Children) was initially conducted in Madagascar, Senegal and Cambodia (BIRDY 1, 2012-2018), and continued in Madagascar only (BIRDY 2, 2018-2021). We present here the BIRDY 2 project whose objectives were (1) to estimate the incidence of neonatal severe bacterial infections and compare these findings with those obtained in BIRDY 1, (2) to identify determinants associated with severe bacterial infection and (3) to specify the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria in newborns.. The BIRDY 2 study was a prospective community-based mother and child cohort, both in urban and semi-rural areas. All pregnant women in the study areas were identified and enrolled. Their newborns were actively and passively followed-up from birth to 3 months. Data on clinical symptoms developed by the children and laboratory results of all clinical samples investigated were collected. A Cox proportional hazards model was performed to identify risk factors associated with possible severe bacterial infection.. A total of 53 possible severe bacterial infection and 6 confirmed severe bacterial infection episodes were identified among the 511 neonates followed-up, with more than half occurring in the first 3 days. For the first month period, the incidence of confirmed severe bacterial infection was 11.7 per 1,000 live births indicating a 1.3 -fold decrease compared to BIRDY 1 in Madagascar (p = 0.50) and the incidence of possible severe bacterial infection was 76.3, indicating a 2.6-fold decrease compared to BIRDY 1 in Madagascar (p < 0.001). The 6 severe bacterial infection confirmed by blood culture included 5 Enterobacterales and one Enterococcus faecium. The 5 Enterobacterales were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers and were resistant to quinolones and gentamicin. Enterococcus faecium was sensitive to vancomycin but resistant to amoxicillin and to gentamicin. These pathogns were classified as multidrug-resistant bacteria and were resistant to antibiotics recommended in WHO guidelines for neonatal sepsis. However, they remained susceptible to carbapenem. Fetid amniotic fluid, need for resuscitation at birth and low birth weight were associated with early onset possible severe bacterial infection.. Our results suggest that the incidence of severe bacterial infection is still high in the community of Madagascar, even if it seems lower when compared to BIRDY 1 estimates, and that existing neonatal sepsis treatment guidelines may no longer be appropriate in Madagascar. These results motivate to further strengthen actions for the prevention, early diagnosis and case management during the first 3 days of life.

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Neonatal Sepsis; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors

2023
High prevalence of small intestine bacteria overgrowth and asymptomatic carriage of enteric pathogens in stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2022, Volume: 16, Issue:5

    Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) refers to an incompletely defined syndrome of inflammation, reduced absorptive capacity, and reduced barrier function in the small intestine. It is widespread among children and adults in low- and middle-income countries and is also associated with poor sanitation and certain gut infections possibly resulting in an abnormal gut microbiota, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and stunting. We investigated bacterial pathogen exposure in stunted and non-stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar by collecting fecal samples from 464 children (96 severely stunted, 104 moderately stunted and 264 non-stunted) and the prevalence of SIBO in 109 duodenal aspirates from stunted children (61 from severely stunted and 48 from moderately stunted children). SIBO assessed by both aerobic and anaerobic plating techniques was very high: 85.3% when selecting a threshold of ≥105 CFU/ml of bacteria in the upper intestinal aspirates. Moreover, 58.7% of the children showed more than 106 bacteria/ml in these aspirates. The most prevalent cultivated genera recovered were Streptococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Haemophilus, Pantoea and Branhamella. Feces screening by qPCR showed a high prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, such as Shigella spp., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli. These pathogens were detected at a similar rate in stunted children and controls, all showing no sign of severe diarrhea the day of inclusion but both living in a highly contaminated environment (slum-dwelling). Interestingly Shigella spp. was the most prevalent enteropathogen found in this study (83.3%) without overrepresentation in stunted children.

    Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Feces; Humans; Intestine, Small; Madagascar; Prevalence; Shigella

2022
Severe bacterial neonatal infections in Madagascar, Senegal, and Cambodia: A multicentric community-based cohort study.
    PLoS medicine, 2021, Volume: 18, Issue:9

    Severe bacterial infections (SBIs) are a leading cause of neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, most data came from hospitals, which do not include neonates who did not seek care or were treated outside the hospital. Studies from the community are scarce, and few among those available were conducted with high-quality microbiological techniques. The burden of SBI at the community level is therefore largely unknown. We aimed here to describe the incidence, etiology, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance profiles of community-acquired neonatal SBI in 3 LMICs.. The BIRDY study is a prospective multicentric community-based mother and child cohort study and was conducted in both urban and rural areas in Madagascar (2012 to 2018), Cambodia (2014 to 2018), and Senegal (2014 to 2018). All pregnant women within a geographically defined population were identified and enrolled. Their neonates were actively followed from birth to 28 days to document all episodes of SBI. A total of 3,858 pregnant women (2,273 (58.9%) in Madagascar, 814 (21.1%) in Cambodia, and 771 (20.0%) in Senegal) were enrolled in the study, and, of these, 31.2% were primigravidae. Women enrolled in the urban sites represented 39.6% (900/2,273), 45.5% (370/814), and 61.9% (477/771), and those enrolled in the rural sites represented 60.4% (1,373/2,273), 54.5% (444/814), and 38.1% (294/771) of the total in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively. Among the 3,688 recruited newborns, 49.6% were male and 8.7% were low birth weight (LBW). The incidence of possible severe bacterial infection (pSBI; clinical diagnosis based on WHO guidelines of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) was 196.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 176.5 to 218.2], 110.1 [88.3 to 137.3], and 78.3 [59.5 to 103] per 1,000 live births in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively. The incidence of pSBI differed between urban and rural sites in all study countries. In Madagascar, we estimated an incidence of 161.0 pSBI per 1,000 live births [133.5 to 194] in the urban site and 219.0 [192.6 to 249.1] pSBI per 1,000 live births in the rural site (p = 0.008). In Cambodia, estimated incidences were 141.1 [105.4 to 189.0] and 85.3 [61.0 to 119.4] pSBI per 1,000 live births in urban and rural sites, respectively (p = 0.025), while in Senegal, we estimated 103.6 [76.0 to 141.2] pSBI and 41.5 [23.0 to 75.0] pSBI per 1,000 live births in urban and rural sites, respectively (p = 0.006). The incidences of culture-confirmed SBI were 15.2 [10.6 to 21.8], 6.5 [2.7 to 15.6], and 10.2 [4.8 to 21.3] per 1,000 live births in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively, with no difference between urban and rural sites in each country. The great majority of early-onset infections occurred during the first 3 days of life (72.7%). The 3 main pathogens isolated were Klebsiella spp. (11/45, 24.4%), Escherichia coli (10/45, 22.2%), and Staphylococcus spp. (11/45, 24.4%). Among the 13 gram-positive isolates, 5 were resistant to gentamicin, and, among the 29 gram-negative isolates, 13 were r. In this study, we observed a high incidence of neonatal SBI, particularly in the first 3 days of life, in the community of 3 LMICs. The current treatment for the management of neonatal infection is hindered by antimicrobial resistance. Our findings suggest that microbiological diagnosis of SBI remains a challenge in these settings and support more research on causes of neonatal death and the implementation of early interventions (e.g., follow-up of at-risk newborns during the first days of life) to decrease the burden of neonatal SBI and associated mortality and help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Cambodia; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Madagascar; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acuity; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Senegal; Young Adult

2021
BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION OF THE GOLDEN-CROWNED SIFAKA (
    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2021, Volume: 52, Issue:2

    Complete medical examinations were performed on 25 wild golden-crowned sifaka (

    Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies, Protozoan; Bacterial Infections; Female; Indriidae; Madagascar; Male; Physical Examination; Toxoplasmosis, Animal

2021
Epidemiology of Early-onset Bacterial Neonatal Infections in Madagascar.
    The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2019, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Little is known about early-onset neonatal bacterial infections (EONBI) in Madagascar. Our aim was to determine their epidemiology to improve their management.. Inborn neonates at risk for EONBI and admitted in the neonatal unit of 2 tertiary hospitals in Antananarivo, Madagascar, were included in a prospective study from April 2012 to March 2013. Using a clinical algorithm, blood culture, gastric fluid culture and C-reactive protein dosage were performed in newborns at high risk of infection, that is, peri partum fever, prematurity <35 weeks' gestation or birth weight <2000 g, or presenting with clinical signs of infection. EONBI was defined as a bacteremia occurring within the first week of life.. Among 307 neonates, 75 (24.4%) had an EONBI caused by 1 (n = 59) or 2 (n = 16) bacteria (91 isolates). Gram-negative bacteria were predominant (n = 62, 82.7%), including Enterobacter cloacae (n = 26), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 14), Escherichia coli (n = 7) and Proteus mirabilis (n = 2). Group B Streptococcus, Acinetobacter baumanii and Enterococcus sp. represented 3.6%, 8.2% and 12.1% of the isolates, respectively. All E. cloacae and 12/14 (85.7%) K. pneumoniae were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. At all, 41/91 (45.1%) bacteria were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 34/75 (45.3%) newborns had an EONBI caused by an MDR bacteria. Neonatal asphyxia was the only factor associated with multidrug resistance (odds ratio: 4.52; CI: 1.20-16.94; P = 0.025). The EONBI-related mortality (n = 20/75, 26.7%) rose up to 38.2% (n = 13/34) in case of MDR bacteria.. The epidemiology of EONBIs in Madagascar is comparable to that found in many low-income countries. Prevention, including improvement of hygiene during resuscitation for neonatal asphyxia, is likely to be more effective in reducing EONBI-related morbidity and mortality than using new antibiotics to counter resistance.

    Topics: Bacteremia; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prospective Studies

2019
Bacterial Infections in Neonates, Madagascar, 2012-2014.
    Emerging infectious diseases, 2018, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Severe bacterial infections are a leading cause of death among neonates in low-income countries, which harbor several factors leading to emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Low-income countries should prioritize interventions to decrease neonatal infections; however, data are scarce, specifically from the community. To assess incidence, etiologies, and antimicrobial drug-resistance patterns of neonatal infections, during 2012-2014, we conducted a community-based prospective investigation of 981 newborns in rural and urban areas of Madagascar. The incidence of culture-confirmed severe neonatal infections was high: 17.7 cases/1,000 live births. Most (75%) occurred during the first week of life. The most common (81%) bacteria isolated were gram-negative. The incidence rate for multidrug-resistant neonatal infection was 7.7 cases/1,000 live births. In Madagascar, interventions to improve prevention, early diagnosis, and management of bacterial infections in neonates should be prioritized.

    Topics: Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Follow-Up Studies; Geography, Medical; History, 21st Century; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Madagascar; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Patient Outcome Assessment

2018
Study on causes of fever in primary healthcare center uncovers pathogens of public health concern in Madagascar.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2018, Volume: 12, Issue:7

    The increasing use of malaria diagnostic tests reveals a growing proportion of patients with fever but no malaria. Clinicians and health care workers in low-income countries have few tests to diagnose causes of fever other than malaria although several diseases share common symptoms. We propose here to assess etiologies of fever in Madagascar to ultimately improve management of febrile cases.. Consenting febrile outpatients aged 6 months and older were recruited in 21 selected sentinel sites throughout Madagascar from April 2014 to September 2015. Standard clinical examinations were performed, and blood and upper respiratory specimens were taken for rapid diagnostic tests and molecular assays for 36 pathogens of interest for Madagascar in terms of public health, regardless of clinical status.. A total of 682 febrile patients were enrolled. We detected at least one pathogen in 40.5% (276/682) of patients and 6.2% (42/682) with co-infections. Among all tested patients, 26.5% (181/682) had at least one viral infection, 17.0% (116/682) had malaria and 1.0% (7/682) presented a bacterial or a mycobacterial infection. None or very few of the highly prevalent infectious agents in Eastern Africa and Asia were detected in this study, such as zoonotic bacteria or arboviral infections.. These results raise questions about etiologies of fever in Malagasy communities. Nevertheless, we noted that viral infections and malaria still represent a significant proportion of causes of febrile illnesses. Interestingly our study allowed the detection of pathogens of public health interest such as Rift Valley Fever Virus but also the first case of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis infection in Madagascar.

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Centers; Female; Fever; Humans; Madagascar; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Virus Diseases; Young Adult

2018
Viral and atypical bacterial etiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years old living in a rural tropical area of Madagascar.
    PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:8

    In Madagascar, very little is known about the etiology and prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in a rural tropical area. Recent data are needed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial etiologies in children with defined clinical manifestations of ARIs.. During one year, we conducted a prospective study on ARIs in children between 2 to 59 months in the community hospital of Ampasimanjeva, located in the south-east of Madagascar. Respiratory samples were analyzed by multiplex real-time RT-PCR, including 18 viruses and 2 atypical bacteria. The various episodes of ARI were grouped into four clinical manifestations with well-documented diagnosis: "Community Acquired Pneumonia"(CAP, group I), "Other acute lower respiratory infections (Other ALRIs, group II)", "Upper respiratory tract infections with cough (URTIs with cough, group III)"and "Upper respiratory tract infections without cough (URTIs without cough, group IV)".. 295 children were included in the study between February 2010 and February 2011. Viruses and/or atypical bacteria respiratory pathogens were detected in 74.6% of samples, the rate of co-infection was 27.3%. Human rhinovirus (HRV; 20.5%), metapneumovirus (HMPV A/B, 13.8%), coronaviruses (HCoV, 12.5%), parainfluenza virus (HPIV, 11.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A and B (RSV A/B, 11.8%) were the most detected. HRV was predominantly single detected (23.8%) in all the clinical groups while HMPV A/B (23.9%) was mainly related to CAP (group I), HPIV (17.3%) to the "Other ALRIs" (group II), RSV A/B (19.5%) predominated in the group "URTIs with cough" (group III) and Adenovirus (HAdV, 17.8%) was mainly detected in the "without cough" (group IV).. This study describes for the first time the etiology of respiratory infections in febrile children under 5 years in a malaria rural area of Madagascar and highlights the role of respiratory viruses in a well clinically defined population of ARIs.

    Topics: Acute Disease; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Community-Acquired Infections; Cough; Fever; Humans; Madagascar; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rural Population; Seasons; Tropical Climate; Virus Diseases; Viruses

2012
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing nosocomial infections in surgery and intensive care units of two hospitals in Antananarivo, Madagascar.
    Journal of infection in developing countries, 2010, Mar-08, Volume: 4, Issue:2

    In developing countries, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance patterns is essential to define empirical therapy.. All the surgery and intensive care wards of two hospitals in Antananarivo were included to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria causing nosocomial infections. A repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted between September 2006 and March 2008, one day per week. Isolates were identified using classical methods, and resistance to antibiotics was assessed according to the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Microbiology Society.. Clinical specimens from 706 from 651 patients were collected. Of the 533 bacterial pathogens, 46.7% were Enterobacteriaceae, 19.3% were Staphylococcus aureus, and 19.1% were pathogens from the hospital environment (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii).Frequencies of resistance were high, particularly in Enterobacteriaceae; however, the rate of Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin (13.6 %) was moderate and all these isolates were susceptible to glycopeptids. The percentages of isolates susceptible to ceftazidim were 81.8% for E. coli, 60.9% for Klebsiella, and 52.5% for Enterobacter spp. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was due to extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes (adjusted OR: 3.9) and use of an invasive procedures (adjusted OR: 3.5) were independent risk factors for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins.. A nationwide surveillance programme is needed to monitor the microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance in Madagascar.

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Critical Care; Cross Infection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Madagascar; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Risk Factors

2010
[Neonatal bacterial infections: a public health problem at the maternity hospital of Befelatanana (1997-1998)].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1999, Volume: 65, Issue:1-2

    Neonatal infections represented the second cause of morbidity at the neonatalogy service of the Maternity Hospital of Befelatanana, and they were the first cause of the perinatal mortality (81%). This prospective study was carried out from May 1997 and December 1998 and had concerned neonatal infections suspicions among newborns. Its purpose was to identify problems with regard to the management of those newborns and to assess the impact of the prevention. Over 14,009 births, 1,877 neonates had infections recorded during the first week of life. Were noticed as main pathogen germs isolated: Escherichia coli, groups B, A, G, D Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. The authors conclude that screening and early treatment of materno-fetal infections constitute with asepsis, prevention basis of neonatal infections.

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Causality; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Maternity; Humans; Incidence; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Madagascar; Morbidity; Neonatal Screening; Primary Prevention; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

1999
[Acquired antibiotic resistance in Madagascar: first evaluation].
    Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial, 1999, Volume: 59, Issue:3

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of acquired resistance to antibiotics in Madagascar. Testing was carried out on total of 1267 strains of medically significant bacteria isolated from specimens sent to the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar in Antananarivo between October 1997 and October 1998. Antibiograms were performed using the diffusion technique on gel media with antibiotic disks. Results were read according to the criteria of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology. Preliminary findings documented a high incidence of resistance to widely available, low-price antibiotics including penicillin G and tetracycline for which 84 p. 100 and 65 p. 100 of Staphylococcus aureus respectively demonstrated resistance; tetracyclin to which 80 p. 100 of streptococcus were resistant; and ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and phenicoles to which 60 p. 100, 60 p. 100 and 28 p. 100 of Escherichia coli respectively and 77 p. 100, 83 p. 100, and 71 p. 100 of Shigella sp. respectively were resistant. Second-line antibiotics including penicillin M, macrolides, nalidixic acid, and nitrofuranes were still relatively active, thus providing an effective alternative. Newly developed antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporines were highly effective but a few resistant strains were observed. Although not representative of Madagascar as a whole, the findings of this preliminary study indicate that acquired resistance must be taken into account in designing simplified decision charts for front-line laboratories, that appropriate information must be made available to health care workers, and that further testing is needed to monitor the evolution of antibiotic resistance.

    Topics: Bacterial Infections; Decision Support Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Incidence; Madagascar; Patient Selection; Population Surveillance; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

1999
[Pathogenic bacteria encountered in nutritional disorders].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1989, Volume: 56, Issue:1

    Topics: Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Toxins; Botulism; Enteritis; Enterococcus faecalis; Food Microbiology; Humans; Madagascar; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning; Streptococcal Infections

1989
[Zoonoses in Madagascar].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1982, Volume: 50, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Madagascar; Protozoan Infections; Rickettsia Infections; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses

1982
[Bacteria, viruses, parasites, pathology and experimental pathology of Malagasy lemurs. Analytical bibliography].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1980, Volume: 47, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bibliographies as Topic; Lemur; Lemuridae; Madagascar; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Virus Diseases

1980
[Bacteria, viruses, parasites, pathology and experimental pathology of Malagasy Lemurs. Interest for man].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1980, Volume: 47, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Lemur; Lemuridae; Madagascar; Parasitic Diseases; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Virus Diseases

1980
[Analytical bibliography of the work at the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, 1898-1978].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1979, Volume: Spec No

    Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bibliographies as Topic; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Entomology; Food; Hematology; Humans; Madagascar; Mycoses; Parasitic Diseases; Pharmacology; Venoms; Virus Diseases

1979
[How to understand the problem of bacterial intestinal infections in developing countries? Methods. Realization. Madagascan example and its insufficiencies].
    Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1978, Volume: 46, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Developing Countries; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Madagascar

1978