clofazimine and Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant studies

Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Clofazimine (CFZ) is an important component of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended all-oral drug regimen for treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."	8.31	Development of low-cost, weight-adjustable clofazimine mini-tablets for treatment of tuberculosis in pediatrics. ( Brunaugh, A; Koleng, JJ; Martins, PP; Parekh, J; Smyth, HDC; Trementozzi, A; Warnken, Z, 2023)
"TBI-166, derived from riminophenazine analogues, shows more potent anti-TB activity than clofazimine and is being assessed against tuberculosis (TB) in a phase IIa clinical trial in China."	8.12	Superior Efficacy of a TBI-166, Bedaquiline, and Pyrazinamide Combination Regimen in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis. ( Chen, X; Ding, Y; Fu, L; Guo, S; Liu, H; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Wang, N; Zhang, W; Zhu, H, 2022)
"The antileprosy drug clofazimine was recently repurposed as part of a newly endorsed short-course regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis."	7.88	Impact of Clofazimine Dosing on Treatment Shortening of the First-Line Regimen in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis. ( Almeida, DV; Ammerman, NC; Bautista, EM; Bester, LA; Betoudji, F; Chaisson, RE; Chang, YS; Grosset, JH; Guo, H; Li, SY; Moodley, C; Ngcobo, B; Nuermberger, E; Omansen, TF; Pillay, L; Saini, V; Singh, SD; Swanson, RV; Tapley, A; Tasneen, R; Tyagi, S, 2018)
"While the data were limited, Cfz was associated with a risk for adverse drug reactions comparable to that of first-line TB treatment, which could be reasonably managed under programmatic conditions."	6.50	Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. ( Dotsenko, S; Falzon, D; Hwang, TJ; Jafarov, A; Jaramillo, E; Keshavjee, S; Lunte, K; Nunn, P; Wares, DF; Weyer, K, 2014)
"Clofazimine (CFZ) is an important component of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended all-oral drug regimen for treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."	4.31	Development of low-cost, weight-adjustable clofazimine mini-tablets for treatment of tuberculosis in pediatrics. ( Brunaugh, A; Koleng, JJ; Martins, PP; Parekh, J; Smyth, HDC; Trementozzi, A; Warnken, Z, 2023)
"TBI-166, derived from riminophenazine analogues, shows more potent anti-TB activity than clofazimine and is being assessed against tuberculosis (TB) in a phase IIa clinical trial in China."	4.12	Superior Efficacy of a TBI-166, Bedaquiline, and Pyrazinamide Combination Regimen in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis. ( Chen, X; Ding, Y; Fu, L; Guo, S; Liu, H; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Wang, N; Zhang, W; Zhu, H, 2022)
"The antileprosy drug clofazimine was recently repurposed as part of a newly endorsed short-course regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis."	3.88	Impact of Clofazimine Dosing on Treatment Shortening of the First-Line Regimen in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis. ( Almeida, DV; Ammerman, NC; Bautista, EM; Bester, LA; Betoudji, F; Chaisson, RE; Chang, YS; Grosset, JH; Guo, H; Li, SY; Moodley, C; Ngcobo, B; Nuermberger, E; Omansen, TF; Pillay, L; Saini, V; Singh, SD; Swanson, RV; Tapley, A; Tasneen, R; Tyagi, S, 2018)
"Large studies on bedaquiline used to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are lacking."	3.85	Effectiveness and safety of bedaquiline-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB: a multicentre study. ( Akkerman, O; Aleksa, A; Alffenaar, JW; Amale, R; Artsukevich, J; Belilovski, E; Borisov, SE; Bruchfeld, J; Caminero, JA; Carpena Martinez, I; Centis, R; Codecasa, L; D'Ambrosio, L; Dalcolmo, M; Davies Forsman, L; Denholm, J; Dheda, K; Douglas, P; Duarte, R; Enwerem, M; Esmail, A; Fadul, M; Filippov, A; Gaga, M; Ganatra, S; Garcia-Fuertes, JA; García-García, JM; González Montaner, P; Gualano, G; Jonsson, J; Kunst, H; Lau, JS; Lazaro Mastrapa, B; Manga, S; Manika, K; Maryandyshev, A; Migliori, GB; Mullerpattan, J; Oelofse, S; Ortelli, M; Palmero, DJ; Palmieri, F; Papalia, A; Papavasileiou, A; Payen, MC; Pontali, E; Robalo Cordeiro, C; Romero Leyet, R; Saderi, L; Sadutshang, TD; Sanukevich, T; Skrahina, A; Solodovnikova, V; Sotgiu, G; Spanevello, A; Teran Troya, JL; Tiberi, S; Topgyal, S; Toscanini, F; Tramontana, AR; Udwadia, ZF; Viggiani, P; White, V; Zumla, A, 2017)
"Using Cfz to treat MDR tuberculosis promotes cavity closure, accelerates sputum culture conversion, and improves treatment success rates."	2.80	Clofazimine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study in China. ( Gu, J; Hao, X; Li, F; Li, M; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Tang, S; Wang, X; Wu, M; Yao, L; Zeng, L; Zhang, Z; Zhu, Y, 2015)
"Fluoroquinolones, clofazimine, and bedaquiline had the lowest incidence of adverse events leading to permanent drug discontinuation, whereas second-line injectable drugs, aminosalicylic acid, and linezolid had the highest incidence."	2.66	Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. ( Ahmad, N; Baghaei, P; Barkane, L; Benedetti, A; Brode, SK; Brust, JCM; Campbell, JR; Chang, VWL; Falzon, D; Guglielmetti, L; Isaakidis, P; Kempker, RR; Kipiani, M; Kuksa, L; Lan, Z; Lange, C; Laniado-Laborín, R; Menzies, D; Nahid, P; Rodrigues, D; Singla, R; Udwadia, ZF, 2020)
"While the data were limited, Cfz was associated with a risk for adverse drug reactions comparable to that of first-line TB treatment, which could be reasonably managed under programmatic conditions."	2.50	Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. ( Dotsenko, S; Falzon, D; Hwang, TJ; Jafarov, A; Jaramillo, E; Keshavjee, S; Lunte, K; Nunn, P; Wares, DF; Weyer, K, 2014)
"Clofazimine (CFZ) is a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used in the treatment of leprosy worldwide."	2.49	Systematic review of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Gopal, M; Metcalfe, JZ; O'Donnell, MR; Padayatchi, N, 2013)
"Bedaquiline (BDQ) is a relatively new core drug, targeting the respiratory chain in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)."	1.91	Bedaquiline- and clofazimine- selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants: further insights on resistance driven largely by Rv0678. ( Andries, K; Coeck, N; de Jong, BC; Mulders, W; Rigouts, L; Snobre, J; Tzfadia, O; Villellas, MC, 2023)
"Bedaquiline resistance was associated with poorer treatment outcomes."	1.72	Assessment of epidemiological and genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes of resistance to bedaquiline in patients treated for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. ( Bhyat, Z; Conradie, F; Enwerem, M; Ferreira, H; Hughes, J; Ismail, F; Ismail, NA; Joseph, L; Kock, Y; Letsaolo, V; Maartens, G; Meintjes, G; Moultrie, H; Ndjeka, N; Ngcamu, D; Okozi, N; Omar, SV; Padanilam, X; Reuter, A; Romero, R; Schaaf, S; Te Riele, J; van der Meulen, M; Variava, E, 2022)
" The results of our Greco universal response surface analysis showed that CFZ was at least additive with a clear trend towards synergy when combined with PMD, BDQ and LZD against Mtb in all explored metabolic states under in vitro checkerboard assay conditions."	1.72	Evaluating the effect of clofazimine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis given alone or in combination with pretomanid, bedaquiline or linezolid. ( Almoslem, M; Drusano, GL; Duncanson, B; Kim, S; Louie, A; Myrick, J; Neely, M; Nole, J; Peloquin, CA; Scanga, CA; Schmidt, S; Yamada, W, 2022)
"Concomitant use of Bdq and Dlm, along with linezolid and clofazimine, is safe and effective for MDR/RR-TB patients with extensive disease."	1.72	Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes From a 14-Country Cohort of Patients With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treated Concomitantly With Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Other Second-Line Drugs. ( Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Franke, MF; Grium Tefera, D; Hewison, C; Holtzman, D; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Jacques Leblanc, G; Khan, PY; Khan, U; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leonovich, O; Mamsa, S; Manzur-Ul-Alam, M; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Myint, Z; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rafi Siddiqui, M; Rashitov, M; Rich, ML; Salahuddin, N; Salia, G; Sánchez, E; Serobyan, A; Seung, KJ; Varaine, F; Vetushko, D; Yeghiazaryan, L, 2022)
" The median Cmin was 0."	1.62	Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline, delamanid and clofazimine in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Al-Shaer, MH; Alghamdi, WA; Barbakadze, K; Kempker, RR; Kipiani, M; Mikiashvili, L; Peloquin, CA, 2021)
"This features mimic Gitelman's syndrome which is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting kidneys causing electrolyte disturbances."	1.56	Gitelman-like syndrome: A rare complication of using aminoglycosides in tuberculosis - A case report. ( E R, V; Keny, S; Lawande, D; Parrikar, A, 2020)
" Weight-based dosing in patients <50 kg and ≥50 kg must be considered to achieve optimal treatment outcomes and reduce adverse events."	1.56	Dose-related treatment outcomes in South African patients prescribed clofazimine for drug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Misra, N; Naidoo, P; Padayatchi, N, 2020)
"There is an association between dose-weight interaction and adverse events."	1.51	Dose-related adverse events in South African patients prescribed clofazimine for drug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Misra, N; Naidoo, P; Padayatchi, N, 2019)
"BDQ and DLM given together in a salvage regimen is efficacious with low rate of adverse events."	1.51	Early efficacy and safety of Bedaquiline and Delamanid given together in a "Salvage Regimen" for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Khalid, UK; Mathuria, KK; Munjal, SK; Myneedu, VP; Puri, MM; Sarin, R; Singla, N; Singla, R; Verma, A; Vohra, V, 2019)
"Bedaquiline (BDQ) was approved for treatment of drug resistant TB (DR-TB) under Conditional Access Programme (CAP) of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) and was also implemented in the National Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases (NITRD)."	1.51	Initial experience of bedaquiline implementation under the National TB Programme at NITRD, Delhi, India. ( Khalid, UK; Kumar Verma, A; Mathuria, KK; Munjal, S; Myneedu, VP; Puri, MM; Sarin, R; Singla, N; Singla, R; Vohra, V, 2019)
"Clofazimine (CFZ) is a promising candidate drug for use in the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients."	1.51	Synergistic activities of clofazimine with moxifloxacin or capreomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China. ( Jiang, Y; Li, G; Li, M; Liu, H; Liu, Z; Wan, K; Wang, R; Xu, D; Xu, Z; Zhao, LL; Zhao, X, 2019)
" As CFZ is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4) in vitro, and BDQ a substrate of CYP3A4, there is a potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction that may result in increased BDQ exposure when co-administered with CFZ, which could increase the toxicity of BDQ."	1.48	Pharmacokinetic interaction between bedaquiline and clofazimine in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Brill, MJE; Maartens, G; Pandie, M; Svensson, EM, 2018)
"Clofazimine (CLO) is a promising candidate drug for use in the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients."	1.42	In vitro synergistic activity of clofazimine and other antituberculous drugs against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. ( Li, T; Pang, Y; Qu, G; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2015)
"The most important adverse drug event was hearing impairment, which occurred in 46 of 106 (43%) patients."	1.42	High effectiveness of a 12-month regimen for MDR-TB patients in Cameroon. ( Abena Foe, JL; Aït-Khaled, N; Kuaban, C; Noeske, J; Rieder, HL; Trébucq, A, 2015)
"Clofazimine (CZM) is an antileprosy drug that was recently repurposed for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis."	1.42	Mode of Action of Clofazimine and Combination Therapy with Benzothiazinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ( Cole, ST; Lechartier, B, 2015)
"Clofazimine has shown activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant strains in vitro and in animal studies."	1.38	Clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. ( Jiang, RH; Xiao, HP; Xu, HB, 2012)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	2 (1.98)	18.2507
2000's	2 (1.98)	29.6817
2010's	61 (60.40)	24.3611
2020's	36 (35.64)	2.80

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
endTB (Expand New Drugs for TB) Observational Study: Treatment of MDR-TB With Regimens Containing Bedaquiline or Delamanid[NCT03259269]		2,804 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-04-01	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Multi-center Clinical Trial of Short Course Treatment for Newly Diagnosed Rifampicin Resistant Tuberculosis[NCT04545788]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-01	Recruiting
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patients With BCGosis/Itis[NCT03984890]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Recruiting
A Study of Ultrashort PRS Regimen V in the Treatment of MDR-TB[NCT05278988]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Recruiting
Culture Free Diagnosis and Follow-up of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients[NCT03303963]		3,356 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-05-04	Completed
Pharmacometrics to Advance Novel Regimens for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis[NCT03827811]		625 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-01-30	Recruiting
A Phase 2 Trial to Evaluate the Early Bactericidal Activity, Safety and Tolerability of the Following: TMC207 Plus PA-824 Plus Pyrazinamide Plus Clofazimine, TMC207 Plus PA-824 Plus Pyrazinamide, TMC207 Plus PA-824 Plus Clofazimine Alone, TMC207 Plus Pyra[NCT01691534]	Phase 2	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
An Open Label, Randomized Controlled Trial to Establish the Efficacy and Safety of a Study Strategy Consisting of 6 Months of Bedaquiline (BDQ), Delamanid (DLM), and Linezolid (LNZ), With Levofloxacin (LVX) and Clofazimine (CFZ) Compared to the Current So[NCT04062201]	Phase 3	402 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-22	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Intervention	log10CFU/ml/day (Mean)
TMC207, PA-824, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-PA-Z-C)	0.115
TMC207, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide (J-PA-Z)	0.167
TMC207, PA-824 and Clofazimine (J-PA-C)	0.076
TMC207, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-Z-C)	0.124
Pyrazinamide (Z)	0.036
Clofazimine (C)	-0.017
Rifafour	0.151

Intervention	percentage of change in time/day (Mean)
TMC207, PA-824, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-PA-Z-C)	6.3
TMC207, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide (J-PA-Z)	7.0
TMC207, PA-824 and Clofazimine (J-PA-C)	4.3
TMC207, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-Z-C)	4.9
Pyrazinamide (Z)	2.0
Clofazimine (C)	-0.3
Rifafour	6.3

Intervention	percentage of change in time/day (Mean)
TMC207, PA-824, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-PA-Z-C)	10.6
TMC207, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide (J-PA-Z)	13.2
TMC207, PA-824 and Clofazimine (J-PA-C)	6.0
TMC207, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-Z-C)	9.1
Pyrazinamide (Z)	4.7
Clofazimine (C)	2.1
Rifafour	12.9

clofazimine and Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (101)

Authors

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Early Bactericidal Activity (EBA) Measured as the Daily Rate of Change in log10 CFUs (Colony Forming Units) of M. Tuberculosis in Sputum on Solid Media (Days 0-14).

EBA Expressed as the Daily Percentage Change in Time to Positive (TTP) Signal in Liquid Culture for M. Tuberculosis (Days 0-14)

EBA Expressed as the Daily Percentage Change in TTP Signal in Liquid Culture for M. Tuberculosis (Day 0-2)

EBA Expressed as the Daily Percentage Change in TTP Signal in Liquid Culture for M. Tuberculosis (Days 7-14)

EBA Measured as the Daily Rate of Change in log10 CFUs of M. Tuberculosis in Sputum on Solid Media (Days 0-2)

EBA Measured as the Daily Rate of Change in log10 CFUs of M. Tuberculosis in Sputum on Solid Media (Days 7-14)

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Authors	Studies
Zhang, D	1
Lu, Y	5
Liu, K	1
Liu, B	1
Wang, J	7
Zhang, G	1
Zhang, H	1
Liu, Y	8
Wang, B	5
Zheng, M	1
Fu, L	4
Hou, Y	1
Gong, N	1
Lv, Y	1
Li, C	3
Cooper, CB	1
Upton, AM	1
Yin, D	2
Ma, Z	1
Huang, H	3
Poce, G	1
Cocozza, M	1
Consalvi, S	1
Biava, M	1
Vargas, R	1
Freschi, L	1
Spitaleri, A	1
Tahseen, S	1
Barilar, I	1
Niemann, S	2
Miotto, P	1
Cirillo, DM	3
Köser, CU	2
Farhat, MR	1
Ismail, NA	4
Omar, SV	3
Moultrie, H	1
Bhyat, Z	1
Conradie, F	2
Enwerem, M	4
Ferreira, H	2
Hughes, J	4
Joseph, L	1
Kock, Y	1
Letsaolo, V	1
Maartens, G	4
Meintjes, G	3
Ngcamu, D	1
Okozi, N	1
Padanilam, X	2
Reuter, A	1
Romero, R	2
Schaaf, S	1
Te Riele, J	2
Variava, E	2
van der Meulen, M	1
Ismail, F	1
Ndjeka, N	3
Kim, S	2
Louie, A	1
Drusano, GL	1
Almoslem, M	1
Myrick, J	1
Nole, J	1
Duncanson, B	1
Peloquin, CA	3
Scanga, CA	1
Yamada, W	1
Neely, M	1
Schmidt, S	1
Haas, DW	1
Abdelwahab, MT	1
van Beek, SW	1
Baker, P	1
Bradford, Y	1
Ritchie, MD	1
Wasserman, S	1
Beeri, K	1
Gandhi, NR	1
Svensson, EM	2
Denti, P	1
Brust, JCM	3
Huerga, H	2
Khan, U	3
Bastard, M	2
Mitnick, CD	4
Lachenal, N	2
Khan, PY	2
Seung, KJ	5
Melikyan, N	2
Ahmed, S	2
Rich, ML	3
Varaine, F	2
Osso, E	2
Rashitov, M	1
Salahuddin, N	2
Salia, G	1
Sánchez, E	1
Serobyan, A	1
Rafi Siddiqui, M	1
Grium Tefera, D	1
Vetushko, D	2
Yeghiazaryan, L	1
Holtzman, D	1
Islam, S	1
Kumsa, A	1
Jacques Leblanc, G	1
Leonovich, O	1
Mamsa, S	1
Manzur-Ul-Alam, M	2
Myint, Z	1
Padayachee, S	1
Franke, MF	2
Hewison, C	2
Kabahita, JM	1
Kabugo, J	1
Kakooza, F	1
Adam, I	1
Guido, O	1
Byabajungu, H	1
Namutebi, J	1
Namaganda, MM	1
Lutaaya, P	1
Otim, J	1
Kakembo, FE	1
Kanyerezi, S	1
Nabisubi, P	1
Sserwadda, I	1
Kasule, GW	1
Nakato, H	1
Musisi, K	1
Oola, D	1
Joloba, ML	1
Mboowa, G	1
Zhao, X	2
Mei, Y	1
Guo, Z	2
Si, S	1
Ma, X	1
Li, Y	2
Song, D	1
Heysell, SK	1
Mpagama, SG	1
Ogarkov, OB	1
Conaway, M	1
Zhdanova, S	1
Pholwat, S	1
Alshaer, MH	1
Chongolo, AM	1
Mujaga, B	1
Sariko, M	1
Saba, S	1
Rahman, SMM	1
Uddin, MKM	1
Suzdalnitsky, A	1
Moiseeva, E	1
Zorkaltseva, E	1
Koshcheyev, M	1
Vitko, S	1
Mmbaga, BT	1
Kibiki, GS	1
Pasipanodya, JG	1
Banu, S	1
Houpt, ER	1
Ding, Y	1
Zhu, H	3
Zhang, W	1
Guo, S	2
Chen, X	4
Wang, N	2
Liu, H	2
Liu, F	1
Gao, J	2
Gao, M	1
Shu, W	2
Xie, L	1
Sun, Y	1
Zhang, L	1
Li, L	2
Pang, Y	6
Singh, K	1
Sharma, S	1
Banerjee, T	1
Gupta, A	1
Anupurba, S	1
Garcia-Prats, AJ	2
Starke, JR	1
Waning, B	1
Kaiser, B	1
Seddon, JA	1
Yao, G	1
Zhu, M	3
Nie, Q	1
Chen, N	1
Tu, S	1
Zhou, Y	1
Xiao, F	1
Li, X	1
Chen, H	1
Trevisi, L	1
Hernán, MA	1
Atwood, SA	1
Avaliani, Z	1
Llanos, F	1
Zarli, K	1
Binegdie, AB	1
Adnan, S	1
Melikyan, A	1
Gelin, A	1
Isani, AK	1
Daugarina, Z	1
Nkundanyirazo, P	1
Putri, FA	1
Vilbrun, C	1
Khan, M	1
Diriba, G	1
Alemu, A	1
Yenew, B	1
Tola, HH	1
Gamtesa, DF	1
Mollalign, H	1
Eshetu, K	1
Moga, S	1
Abdella, S	1
Tollera, G	1
Kebede, A	1
Dangisso, MH	1
Warnken, Z	1
Trementozzi, A	1
Martins, PP	1
Parekh, J	1
Koleng, JJ	1
Smyth, HDC	1
Brunaugh, A	1
Xu, J	3
Li, D	1
Shi, J	2
Ge, F	1
Mu, X	1
Nuermberger, E	3
Singh, DK	1
Bhaskar, A	1
Pahuja, I	1
Shaji, A	1
Moitra, B	1
Shi, Y	1
Dwivedi, VP	1
Das, G	1
Ali, AM	1
Radtke, KK	1
Hesseling, AC	1
Winckler, J	1
Schaaf, HS	1
Draper, HR	1
Solans, BP	1
van der Laan, L	1
Fourie, B	1
Nielsen, J	1
Savic, RM	1
Snobre, J	1
Villellas, MC	1
Coeck, N	2
Mulders, W	2
Tzfadia, O	1
de Jong, BC	3
Andries, K	3
Rigouts, L	3
Mok, S	1
Roycroft, E	1
Flanagan, PR	1
Wagener, J	1
Fitzgibbon, MM	1
Koval, A	1
Katanaev, VL	1
Patil, SB	1
Tamirat, M	1
Khazhidinov, K	1
Ardizzoni, E	1
Atger, M	1
Austin, A	1
Baudin, E	1
Bekhit, M	1
Bektasov, S	1
Berikova, E	1
Bonnet, M	2
Caboclo, R	1
Chaudhry, M	1
Chavan, V	1
Cloez, S	1
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Van Deun, A	4
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Supply, P	1
E R, V	1
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Wang, L	1
Wang, Y	1
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Xu, S	2
Yu, W	1
Chiwala, G	1
Gao, Y	1
Liu, Z	2
Sapkota, S	1
Lu, Z	1
Guo, L	1
Khan, SA	1
Zhong, N	1
Zhang, T	1
Alghamdi, WA	1
Al-Shaer, MH	1
Barbakadze, K	1
Mikiashvili, L	1
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Khan, S	1
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D'Ambrosio, L	4
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Migliori, GB	7
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Romero Leyet, R	1
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Alffenaar, JW	1
Maryandyshev, A	1
Belilovski, E	1
Ganatra, S	1
Skrahina, A	1
Akkerman, O	1
Aleksa, A	1
Amale, R	1
Artsukevich, J	1
Bruchfeld, J	1
Carpena Martinez, I	1
Codecasa, L	1
Denholm, J	1
Douglas, P	1
Duarte, R	1
Esmail, A	2
Fadul, M	1
Filippov, A	1
Davies Forsman, L	1
Gaga, M	1
Garcia-Fuertes, JA	1
García-García, JM	1
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Jonsson, J	1
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Lazaro Mastrapa, B	1
Teran Troya, JL	1
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Manika, K	1
González Montaner, P	1
Mullerpattan, J	1
Oelofse, S	1
Ortelli, M	1
Palmero, DJ	1
Palmieri, F	1
Papalia, A	1
Papavasileiou, A	1
Payen, MC	1
Pontali, E	1
Robalo Cordeiro, C	1
Saderi, L	1
Sadutshang, TD	2
Sanukevich, T	1
Solodovnikova, V	1
Spanevello, A	1
Topgyal, S	1
Toscanini, F	1
Tramontana, AR	1
Viggiani, P	1
White, V	1
Zumla, A	1
Piubello, A	2
Scardigli, A	2
Bouzid, F	1
Astier, H	1
Osman, DA	1
Javelle, E	1
Hassan, MO	1
Simon, F	1
Garnotel, E	1
Drancourt, M	1
Yoon, HY	1
Jo, KW	1
Nam, GB	1
Shim, TS	3
Sangana, R	1
Gu, H	1
Chun, DY	1
Einolf, HJ	1
Brill, MJE	1
Pandie, M	1
Ravensbergen, SJ	1
Louka, C	1
Lokate, M	1
Bathoorn, E	1
Pournaras, S	1
van der Werf, TS	2
de Lange, WCM	1
Stienstra, Y	1
Akkerman, OW	2
Zhang, Q	1
Ye, Z	2
Li, F	2
Liu, P	2
Wu, T	2
Wu, W	1
Qin, Z	2
Deng, Q	1
Ammerman, NC	1
Swanson, RV	1
Bautista, EM	1
Almeida, DV	1
Saini, V	1
Omansen, TF	1
Guo, H	1
Chang, YS	1
Li, SY	2
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Tasneen, R	1
Tyagi, S	2
Betoudji, F	1
Moodley, C	1
Ngcobo, B	1
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Bester, LA	1
Singh, SD	1
Chaisson, RE	1
Grosset, JH	1
Rancoita, PMV	1
Cugnata, F	1
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Crook, DW	1
Fowler, PW	1
Mirnejad, R	1
Asadi, A	1
Khoshnood, S	1
Mirzaei, H	1
Heidary, M	1
Fattorini, L	1
Ghodousi, A	1
Darban-Sarokhalil, D	1
Duan, H	1
Li, Z	2
Cai, C	1
Xia, Y	1
Chen, G	1
Wang, S	1
Chu, L	1
Ismail, N	3
Peters, RPH	2
Ahuja, SD	1
Alffenaar, JC	1
Anderson, LF	1
Bang, D	1
Barry, PM	1
Bastos, ML	1
Behera, D	1
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Cai, Y	1
Caumes, E	1
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Gler, MT	1
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Holtz, TH	1
Jarlsberg, L	1
Keshavjee, S	2
Khan, FA	1
Koenig, SP	1
Koh, WJ	2
Kritski, A	1
Kvasnovsky, CL	1
Kwak, N	1
Lee, M	1
Leimane, V	1
Leung, CC	2
Leung, EC	1
Li, PZ	1
Lowenthal, P	1
Maciel, EL	1
Marks, SM	1
Mase, S	1
Mbuagbaw, L	1
Milanov, V	1
Miller, AC	1
Modongo, C	1
Mohr, E	2
Monedero, I	1
O'Donnell, MR	3
Palmero, D	1
Pape, JW	1
Podewils, LJ	1
Reynolds, I	1
Riekstina, V	1
Robert, J	1
Rodriguez, M	1
Seaworth, B	1
Schnippel, K	2
Smith, SE	1
Sukhbaatar, G	1
Tabarsi, P	1
Trajman, A	1
Trieu, L	1
Veziris, N	1
Viiklepp, P	2
Vilbrun, SC	1
Walsh, K	1
Westenhouse, J	1
Yew, WW	2
Yim, JJ	1
Zetola, NM	1
Zignol, M	1
Doan, TN	1
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Emeto, TI	1
McCaw, JM	1
McBryde, ES	1
Master, I	1
Chotoo, S	1
Singh, N	1
Bantubani, N	1
Chesov, D	1
Zhang, Y	1
Sarin, R	2
Vohra, V	2
Singla, N	2
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Munjal, SK	1
Khalid, UK	2
Myneedu, VP	2
Verma, A	1
Mathuria, KK	2
Munjal, S	1
Kumar Verma, A	1
Li, G	1
Xu, Z	1
Jiang, Y	1
Zhao, LL	1
Li, M	2
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Wang, R	1
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Tam, CM	1
Yoo, JW	1
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Kim, WS	1
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Nunn, AJ	1
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Phillips, PP	1
Chiang, CY	1
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Zhang, Z	2
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Tang, S	1
Yao, L	1
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Zeng, L	1
Liu, G	1
Wu, M	1
Zhu, Y	1
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Mendel, CM	1
Salfinger, M	2
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Noeske, J	1
Aït-Khaled, N	1
Abena Foe, JL	1
Trébucq, A	1
Lechartier, B	1
Cole, ST	1
Mohapatra, PR	1
Wang, QF	1
Chu, NH	1
Almeida, D	1
Ioerger, T	1
Mdluli, K	1
Grosset, J	1
Sacchettini, J	1
Lamprecht, DA	1
Finin, PM	1
Rahman, MA	1
Cumming, BM	1
Russell, SL	1
Jonnala, SR	1
Adamson, JH	1
Steyn, AJ	1
Chuang, YM	1
Dutta, NK	1
Hung, CF	1
Wu, TC	1
Rubin, H	1
Karakousis, PC	1
Kaniga, K	1
Hoffner, S	1
Kaur, D	1
Lounis, N	2
Metchock, B	1
Pfyffer, GE	1
McNaughton, A	1
Blackmore, T	1
McNaughton, H	1
Wallis, RS	1
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Lingtsang, RD	1
Villellas, C	1
Meehan, CJ	1
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Cox, H	2
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Zheng, MQ	1
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Dey, T	1
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Köksal, D	1
Köksal, AS	1
Jagannath, C	1
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Kailasam, S	1
O'Sullivan, JF	1
Gangadharam, PR	1
Fisher, M	1
Tomlinson, DR	1
Coker, RJ	1

Intervention	log10CFU/ml/day (Mean)
TMC207, PA-824, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-PA-Z-C)	0.161
TMC207, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide (J-PA-Z)	0.196
TMC207, PA-824 and Clofazimine (J-PA-C)	0.062
TMC207, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-Z-C)	0.132
Pyrazinamide (Z)	0.080
Clofazimine (C)	0.018
Rifafour	0.141

Intervention	log10CFU/ml/day (Mean)
TMC207, PA-824, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-PA-Z-C)	0.085
TMC207, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide (J-PA-Z)	0.146
TMC207, PA-824 and Clofazimine (J-PA-C)	0.085
TMC207, Pyrazinamide and Clofazimine (J-Z-C)	0.118
Pyrazinamide (Z)	0.022
Clofazimine (C)	-0.038
Rifafour	0.157

Article	Year
SAR analysis of new anti-TB drugs currently in pre-clinical and clinical development. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2014, Oct-30, Volume: 86 Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Structure-Activity Relationship;	2014
Epidemiology of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2023, Volume: 132 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Fluoroquinolones; Human	2023
Clofazimine: A journey of a drug. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2023, Volume: 167 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Drug Discovery; Humans; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	2023
Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 2020, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Canada; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug-Relat	2020
Systematic review of mutations associated with resistance to the new and repurposed Mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs bedaquiline, clofazimine, linezolid, delamanid and pretomanid. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2020, 08-01, Volume: 75, Issue:8 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Humans; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests	2020
Clofazimine: A useful antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, Volume: 105 Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculos	2018
Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 2018, 09-08, Volume: 392, Issue:10150 Topics: Amikacin; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Carbapenems; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Thera	2018
Systematic review of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Humans; Microb	2013
WHO group 5 drugs and difficult multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review with cohort analysis and meta-analysis. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2013, Volume: 57, Issue:9 Topics: Acetamides; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; beta-Lactams; Clofazimine; Cohort Studies; Databases, Bibl	2013
Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ open, 2014, Jan-02, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Clofazimine; Cohort Studies; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Humans; Leprostatic Agents; Pr	2014
Group 5 drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: individual patient data meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Cohort Studies; Drug Therapy, Combination; F	2017
Elucidating the role of clofazimine for the treatment of tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2016, 12-01, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	2016
Outcomes of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2013, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculos	2013

Article	Year
Improved outcomes following addition of bedaquiline and clofazimine to a treatment regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Journal of international medical research, 2023, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Humans; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	2023
Effectiveness of Bedaquiline Use beyond Six Months in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2023, 06-01, Volume: 207, Issue:11 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Humans; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	2023
Evaluating newly approved drugs in combination regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with fluoroquinolone resistance (endTB-Q): study protocol for a multi-country randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2023, Nov-30, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Clofazimine; Extensively Drug-Resistant	2023
Treatment Outcome of a Shorter Regimen Containing Clofazimine for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis: A Randomized Control Trial in China. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020, 08-14, Volume: 71, Issue:4 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; China; Clofazimine; Humans; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculo	2020
Drug Effect of Clofazimine on Persisters Explains an Unexpected Increase in Bacterial Load in Patients. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2020, 04-21, Volume: 64, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Load; Clofazimine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug De	2020
Clofazimine for Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2018, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; China; Clofazimine; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Fem	2018
Clofazimine improves clinical outcomes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Mu	2019
Evaluation of a standardized treatment regimen of anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (STREAM): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2014, Sep-09, Volume: 15 Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bangladesh; Clinical Protocols; Clofazimine; Drug Administration Schedule; Dr	2014
Clofazimine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study in China. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015, May-01, Volume: 60, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; China; Clofazimine; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensit	2015
Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2015, Apr-15, Volume: 191, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV	2015
Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2015, Apr-15, Volume: 191, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV	2015
Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2015, Apr-15, Volume: 191, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV	2015
Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2015, Apr-15, Volume: 191, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clofazimine; Diarylquinolines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV	2015