Page last updated: 2024-10-25

clioquinol and Syndrome

clioquinol has been researched along with Syndrome in 63 studies

Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.
5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Syndrome: A characteristic symptom complex.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" One type of SMON is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica which has a very high frequency of occurrence in association with administration of clioquinol."7.66Clioquinol intoxication occurring in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with reference to SMON outside of Japan. ( Hanakago, R; Uono, M, 1981)
" One type of SMON is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica which has a very high frequency of occurrence in association with administration of clioquinol."3.66Clioquinol intoxication occurring in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with reference to SMON outside of Japan. ( Hanakago, R; Uono, M, 1981)
"A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly."3.65Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy from a patient with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. ( de Coster, W; de Reuck, J; Otte, G; Thiery, E; vander Eecken, H, 1977)
"Those patients with complete or near complete blindness were profoundly handicapped so that the ratio of patients with a life-long institutionalization was high compared to the groups with less severe visual disturbance."1.31[Analysis of SMON at 30 years after its outbreak ending: special reference to those patients with blindness]. ( Iwashita, H; Konagaya, M; Matsuoka, Y; Nakae, K, 2002)
"Subacute myelopathy was seen in six patients, optico-myelopathy in two, and myeloneuropathy only once."1.27SMON as seen from Bombay. ( Wadia, NH, 1984)
" Pharmacokinetic studies in the dog demonstrated that the compound was well absorbed; the bioavailability was 36% of the dose of 1 mg/kg."1.27Metabolism of 14C-iodochlorhydroxyquin in the dog and the rat. ( Inaba, T; Jurima, M; Kalow, W, 1984)
"Clioquinol can increase the penetration of metallic cations through cellular membranes by forming lipophilic metal-chelates."1.27The aetiology of SMON may involve an interaction between clioquinol and environmental metals. ( Tjälve, H, 1984)
"A case of acrodermatitis enteropathica occurred with corneal changes consisting of linear subepithelial corneal opacities."1.25Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Corneal involvement with histochemical and electron micrographic studies. ( Doughman, DJ; Harris, JE; Hill, CW; Warshawsky, RS, 1975)
"8 g/kg) in shorter periods (19-47 days) and there was no difference between each group on the increasing dosage and on fixed dosage."1.25Neurotoxity of iodoxyquinoline: a further study on beagle dogs. ( Ikeda, H; Kuroda, S; Otsuki, S; Tateishi, J, 1975)

Research

Studies (63)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199054 (85.71)18.7374
1990's4 (6.35)18.2507
2000's4 (6.35)29.6817
2010's1 (1.59)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Perez, DR1
Sklar, LA1
Chigaev, A1
Konagaya, M1
Matsuoka, Y1
Nakae, K2
Iwashita, H2
Igata, A2
Yamanaka, Y1
Asahina, M1
Akaogi, Y1
Koyama, Y1
Hattori, T1
Thomas, PK3
Wadia, NH4
Gilland, O1
Hansson, O2
Herxheimer, A1
Soffer, M1
Basdevant, A1
Sarragoussi, JJ1
Raison, J1
Guy-Grand, B1
Massons Cirera, J1
Zunzunegui Costas, J1
Titus Alvareda, F1
Schaumburg, HH1
Spencer, PS1
Kaeser, HE1
Pallis, CA1
Rose, FC2
Jurima, M1
Kalow, W1
Inaba, T1
Pallis, C1
Tjälve, H1
Okada, H1
Aoki, K2
Ohno, Y1
Kitazawa, S1
Ohtani, M2
Sturtevant, FM1
Hanakago, R1
Uono, M1
Matsuki, Y1
Yoshimura, S1
Abe, M1
Arbiser, JL1
Kraeft, SK1
van Leeuwen, R1
Hurwitz, SJ1
Selig, M1
Dickersin, GR1
Flint, A1
Byers, HR1
Chen, LB1
Tabira, T1
Bernard, G1
Griffith, RW1
Otte, G2
de Coster, W2
Thiery, E2
de Reuck, J2
vander Eecken, H2
Worden, AN1
Heywood, R1
Lee, JA1
Shigematsu, I3
Yanagawa, H2
Asao, M1
Fabiani, F1
Sinibaldi, L1
Warshawsky, RS1
Hill, CW1
Doughman, DJ1
Harris, JE1
Tateishi, J3
Kono, R1
Shiraki, H1
Kuroda, S2
Ikeda, H2
Otsuki, S1
Sobue, I1
Yamamoto, S1
Kusui, K1
Tamura, Z2
Toyokura, Y2
Takasu, T2
Matsuoka, O1
Török, E1
Földes, G1
Frank, K1
Kereszty, M1
Kiss, P1
Molnár, A1
Révesz, T1
Rosner, E1
Szigeti, R1
Török, I1
Hayakawa, K1
Imanari, T1
Buchanan, DS1
Mathew, R1
Gupta, PS1
Kasamaki, A1
Furuya, K1
Kanamitsu, M1
Sonoda, K1
Vanĕcek, J1
Fink, Z1
Matsuda, M1
Yanagisawa, N1
Tsukada, N1
Katahira, K1
Kobayshi, T1
Higashida, T1
Kamae, S1
Nakajima, Y1
Fujimoto, S1
Bhasin, DK1
Raina, R1
Mehta, SK1
Arora, MM1
Wolffers, I1
Oakley, GP1
Ferrier, TM1
Eadie, MJ1
Dahl, KB1
Vitale, C1
Feldman, JL1
Hubault, A1
Weisbecker, J1
Bechetoille, A1
de Sèze, S1

Reviews

6 reviews available for clioquinol and Syndrome

ArticleYear
Clioquinol: To harm or heal.
    Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2019, Volume: 199

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Asian People; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Clioquinol; Cyclic

2019
Selective vulnerability of the centrifugal and centripetal axons of primary sensory neurons.
    Muscle & nerve, 1982, Volume: 5, Issue:9S

    Topics: Acrylamides; Animals; Axons; Clioquinol; Dogs; Ganglia, Spinal; Haplorhini; Humans; Nerve Degenerati

1982
[SMON and pharmacokinetics of chinoform with special reference to animal species difference].
    Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1997, Volume: 117, Issue:10-11

    Topics: Amebicides; Animals; Cats; Clioquinol; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Lipid Peroxid

1997
[Neurotoxicity of chinoform].
    Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 1999, Issue:27 Pt 2

    Topics: Acute Disease; Amebicides; Clioquinol; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Quality of Life; Severity o

1999
[Neurotoxicity of chinoform].
    Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica, 1976, Volume: 67, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cats; Child; Clioquinol; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Myeli

1976
Introductory review of subacute myeolo-optico-neuropathy (SMON) and its studies done by the SMON Research Commission.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1975

Other Studies

57 other studies available for clioquinol and Syndrome

ArticleYear
[Analysis of SMON at 30 years after its outbreak ending: special reference to those patients with blindness].
    No to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 2002, Volume: 54, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Blindness; Clioquinol; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Japan; Mal

2002
[Contribution of Japanese researchers to progress in the field of neurology in the last 100 years: SMON].
    Nihon Naika Gakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine, 2002, Aug-10, Volume: 91, Issue:8

    Topics: Clioquinol; History, 20th Century; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

2002
Diminished skin vasodilator response to local heating in patients with long-standingsubacute myelo-optico-neuropathy.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 2007, Sep-15, Volume: 260, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Autonomic Dysreflexia; Autonomic Nervous System Dise

2007
Neurotoxicity of halogenated hydroxyquinolines: non-Japanese cases.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1984, Volume: 100

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Japan; Optic Atrophy; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Spi

1984
SMON as seen from Bombay.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1984, Volume: 100

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; India; Japan; Male; Middle Aged;

1984
A neurological evaluation of purported cases of SMON in Sweden.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1984, Volume: 100

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Mal

1984
Idiosyncratic neurotoxicity: clioquinol and bismuth.
    Lancet (London, England), 1980, Apr-19, Volume: 1, Issue:8173

    Topics: Austria; Bismuth; Brain Diseases; Clioquinol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; France; Humans; Japa

1980
Neurotoxicity of oxyquinolines.
    Lancet (London, England), 1980, Jun-07, Volume: 1, Issue:8180

    Topics: Abdomen; Clioquinol; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Pain; Syndrome

1980
Oxyquinoline toxicity.
    Lancet (London, England), 1983, Mar-26, Volume: 1, Issue:8326 Pt 1

    Topics: Clioquinol; Diverticulum; Drug Combinations; France; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Middle Aged; M

1983
[A case of myelo-optic neuropathy preceded by abdominal symptoms].
    Medicina clinica, 1983, Jun-04, Volume: 80, Issue:20

    Topics: Abdomen; Clioquinol; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Atrophy; Pain; Spinal Cord

1983
Central distal axonopathy syndromes: newly recognized models of naturally occurring human degenerative disease.
    Annals of neurology, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Axons; Central Nervous System Diseases; Clioquinol; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Humans; L

1984
Metabolism of 14C-iodochlorhydroxyquin in the dog and the rat.
    Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics, 1984, Volume: 7, Issue:3

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bile; Biological Availability; Clioquinol; Dogs; Female; Hydroxyquino

1984
Some thoughts on 'SMON'.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1984, Volume: 100

    Topics: Clioquinol; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Japan; Optic Atrophy; Spinal Cord Di

1984
The aetiology of SMON may involve an interaction between clioquinol and environmental metals.
    Medical hypotheses, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:3

    Topics: Clioquinol; Drug Interactions; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Japan; Metals; M

1984
Effects of metal-containing drugs taken simultaneously with clioquinol upon clinical features of SMON.
    The Journal of toxicological sciences, 1984, Volume: 9, Issue:4

    Topics: Clioquinol; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Metals; Middle Aged; Motor A

1984
Zinc deficiency, acrodermatitis enteropathica, optic atrophy, subacute myelo-optic neuropathy, and 5,7-dihalo-8-quinolinols.
    Pediatrics, 1980, Volume: 65, Issue:3

    Topics: Acrodermatitis; Clioquinol; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Myelitis; Optic Atrophy; Optic Neuritis; Oxyq

1980
Clioquinol intoxication occurring in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with reference to SMON outside of Japan.
    Clinical toxicology, 1981, Volume: 18, Issue:12

    Topics: Acrodermatitis; Adult; Clioquinol; Global Health; Humans; Japan; Male; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syn

1981
Clioquinol-zinc chelate: a candidate causative agent of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
    Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 1998, Volume: 4, Issue:10

    Topics: Chelating Agents; Clioquinol; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondria; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; S

1998
Clioquinol's return: cautions from Japan.
    Science (New York, N.Y.), 2001, Jun-22, Volume: 292, Issue:5525

    Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clioquinol; Humans; Japan; Mice; Mye

2001
Clioquinol.
    Lancet (London, England), 1977, Apr-30, Volume: 1, Issue:8018

    Topics: Benzoates; Clioquinol; Drug Combinations; Drug Industry; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Oxyquinoline; Qui

1977
Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy from a patient with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
    Journal of neurology, 1977, May-13, Volume: 215, Issue:2

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Myelin Sheath; Myelitis; Neuromusc

1977
Toxicity of oxyquinolines.
    Lancet (London, England), 1977, May-28, Volume: 1, Issue:8022

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Oxyquinoline; Syndrome

1977
Clioquinol toxicity.
    Lancet (London, England), 1978, Jan-28, Volume: 1, Issue:8057

    Topics: Animals; Clioquinol; Dogs; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1978
Data on clioquinol and S.M.O.N.
    Lancet (London, England), 1978, Sep-30, Volume: 2, Issue:8092 Pt 1

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Japan; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1978
Data on clioquinol and S.M.O.N.
    Lancet (London, England), 1978, Oct-28, Volume: 2, Issue:8096

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Japan; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1978
Clioquinol and S.M.O.N.: Reanalysis of original data.
    Lancet (London, England), 1979, Feb-24, Volume: 1, Issue:8113

    Topics: Clioquinol; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Japan; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Population Surveillance; Syndr

1979
S.M.O.N. in Italy.
    Lancet (London, England), 1977, Sep-10, Volume: 2, Issue:8037

    Topics: Adult; Clioquinol; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Italy; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrom

1977
Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Corneal involvement with histochemical and electron micrographic studies.
    Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1975, Volume: 93, Issue:3

    Topics: Acrodermatitis; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Clioquinol; Corneal Opacity; Histocytochemistry; Hu

1975
The neuropathology of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy, "SMON", in the humans: --with special reference to the quinoform intoxication.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Child; Clioquinol; Cranial Nerves; Diencepha

1975
Neurotoxity of iodoxyquinoline: a further study on beagle dogs.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Clioquinol; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Intestines; Kidney; Liver;

1975
Prognosis of SMON patients.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; P

1975
Epidemiological approach to SMON (subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy).
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clioquinol; Female; Follow-Up Studies

1975
Subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON) and clioquinol: -A response to doubts about clioquinol causation theory-.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Clioquinol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Japan; Myelitis; Optic

1975
Outline of the joint SMON investigation by the clinical section.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Clioquinol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Japan; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1975
Clinical chemistry of clioquinol.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Middle

1975
Experimental studies utilizing radionuclide-labelled clioquinol as tracer in vivo.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Biotransformation; Clioquinol; Digestive System; Humans; Liver; Myelitis;

1975
Clinical features of SMON.
    Japanese journal of medical science & biology, 1975, Volume: 28 Suppl

    Topics: Adult; Clioquinol; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuri

1975
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. A toxic or a viral etiology?
    Acta neurologica Belgica, 1976, Volume: 76, Issue:5-6

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1976
[Enteropathic acrodermatitis].
    Orvosi hetilap, 1977, Jun-19, Volume: 118, Issue:25

    Topics: Acrodermatitis; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Child; Clioquinol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fema

1977
Some observations on SMON from Bombay.
    Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1977, Volume: 40, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; India; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis;

1977
Relationship between neurological symptoms and concentrations of clioquinol in serum and nervous systems of beagle dogs.
    Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1977, Volume: 25, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Clioquinol; Dogs; Female; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1977
[SMON syndrome].
    Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 1977,Spring, Volume: 35 Suppl 1

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1977
Iatrogenic causes of neurologic disorders: part 1. Affect, convulsions, and encephalopathies.
    Geriatrics, 1978, Volume: 33, Issue:8

    Topics: Affective Symptoms; Aged; Antiparkinson Agents; Brain Diseases; Clioquinol; Cognition Disorders; Hum

1978
Sub-acute myelo-optico neuropathy (a case report).
    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 1978, Volume: 26, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Clioquinol; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1978
Demonstration of antibody activity to clioquinol in sera of experimental rabbits and patients with subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy.
    The Journal of toxicological sciences, 1978, Volume: 3, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Specificity; Clioquinol; Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

1978
SMON and other socially induced diseases in Japan.
    Social science & medicine, 1978, Volume: 12, Issue:6A

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Japan; Life Style; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Social Isolation; Social Security;

1978
[Subacute myelo-optic neuritis].
    Ceskoslovenska pediatrie, 1979, Volume: 34, Issue:11

    Topics: Clioquinol; Humans; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Syndrome

1979
[Subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes and ageing in patients with SMON].
    Arerugi = [Allergy], 1991, Volume: 40, Issue:9

    Topics: Aged; Aging; Clioquinol; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Subsets; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Nervous

1991
Ethnic differences in drugs and xenobiotics. Clioquinol.
    Progress in clinical and biological research, 1986, Volume: 214

    Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; My

1986
Chinese acupuncture treatment for SMON patients.
    Chinese medical journal, 1986, Volume: 99, Issue:11

    Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; M

1986
Assessment of neurotoxicity of clioquinol (Enterovioform) by visual evoked potentials. A preliminary communication.
    Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 1985, Volume: 4, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Clioquinol; Diarrhea; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Male; Mid

1985
[The history of quinolines].
    Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1985, Jun-29, Volume: 129, Issue:26

    Topics: Clioquinol; History, 20th Century; Humans; Hydroxyquinolines; Japan; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Quino

1985
The neurotoxicity of the halogenated hydroxyquinolines. A commentary.
    JAMA, 1973, Jul-23, Volume: 225, Issue:4

    Topics: Abdomen; Anti-Infective Agents; Central Nervous System; Chlorquinaldol; Clioquinol; Disease Outbreak

1973
Clioquinol encephalopathy.
    The Medical journal of Australia, 1973, Dec-01, Volume: 2, Issue:22

    Topics: Adult; Brain Diseases; Clioquinol; Cognition Disorders; Female; Headache; Humans; Male; Memory Disor

1973
Is there SMON in India?
    Neurology India, 1973, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Clioquinol; Female; Humans; India; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Pain

1973
[Acrodermatitis enteropathica treated with iodochloroxyquinolin].
    Ugeskrift for laeger, 1974, Jan-28, Volume: 136, Issue:5

    Topics: Acrodermatitis; Adult; Clioquinol; Humans; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Nails, Malformed; Syndrome

1974
[Subacute neuromyelitis with optic neuritis following chloroiodoquine. A new case].
    Annales de medecine interne, 1974, Volume: 125, Issue:12

    Topics: Clioquinol; Colitis; Constipation; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuromyelitis Op

1974