citrinin and Kidney-Diseases

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Citrinin; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Oxalates; Polyuria; Poultry Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thirst

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Canada; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Citrinin; Female; Fetal Death; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Patulin; Penicillic Acid; Poultry Diseases; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichothecenes; Vulvovaginitis; Zearalenone

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins produced mainly by fungal species Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium citrinum, respectively, which have been found to occur together in various food and feed commodities. In the present study, both OTA and CIT were evaluated for their potential to induce oxidative damage by determining lipid peroxidation (LPO) through malondialdehyde (MDA) assay and apoptosis by flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis and renal ultrastructural morphology in rabbits fed with diets containing OTA (0.75 mg/kg feed), CIT (15 mg/kg feed) and OTA + CIT (0.75 and 15 mg/kg feed, respectively) up to 60 days. The concentration of MDA was found significantly higher in OTA and combination-treated groups. OTA and combination-treated groups revealed more apoptotic cells in flow cytometry when compared with the CIT-treated group. Characteristic DNA fragmentation, as evidenced by ladder pattern in electrophoresis appeared in the toxin-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, interstitial cells showed nuclear fragmentation and cytoplasmic blebbing in OTA- and CIT-treated groups; whereas, proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells, besides interstitial cells, showed nuclear fragmentation in the combined treatment group. The results suggested that low concentrations of OTA and CIT either alone or in combination induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner and LPO in the rabbit kidney, which appeared to play a major role in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, the interaction of these two nephrotoxic mycotoxins was found to be additive.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Citrinin; Kidney Diseases; Lipid Peroxidation; Ochratoxins; Rabbits

Monascus species have traditionally been used in Asian food, with rice as their fermentation substrate. Red mold rice (RMR) contains citrinin, a nephrotoxic agent capable of exerting oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. We investigated the components in RMR that could minimize the adverse effects of citrinin. Combining chemical separations and bioactivity assays, we identified an antioxidative component called deferricoprogen (DFC) in the fermented rice of Monascus purpureus NTU 568. The DFC structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra analysis. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activity of DFC was similar to that of vitamin E. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis showed the effect of DFC and citrinin on cell viability and cell cycle. DFC was found to be protective against the cytotoxicity and cell death induced by citrinin on human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. DFC also demonstrated anti-apoptotic property in preventing citrinin-induced apoptosis.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Caspases; Citrinin; Diketopiperazines; Fermentation; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Hydroxamic Acids; Kidney Diseases; Monascus; Oryza

Many mould strains, in particular Aspergillus and/or Penicillium, are able to develop on olive and produce ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or citrinin (CIT) and/or aflatoxin B (AFB) after harvest, during drying and storage of olives. The development of fungi on olives is responsible for the reduction of nutritional quality of olive because they can disturb the synthesis of the fatty acids. OTA, CIT and AFB are particularly dangerous for health, inducing cancer of urinary tracts or liver carcinoma. In this study, ten olive samples bought at retailer and at supermarket in Morocco were analyzed for their OTA, CIT and AFB contents. These three mycotoxins were extracted simultaneously by a method based on solvent partition validated in-house, then separated by HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector. All olive samples contain OTA ranging from LOQ to 1.02 microg/kg. Respectively, 50 and 25% from retailer and supermarket samples were contaminated by more than 0.65 microg/kg. In addition, 80% of olive samples contained CIT above LOD, and 100% of olive tested contained AFB above 0.5 microg/kg. As simultaneous presence of these toxins increases toxic risks, it is thus essential to have a good control of the conservation of olives after harvest.

Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrinin; Food Contamination; Fruit; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Morocco; Neoplasms; Ochratoxins; Olea; Reproducibility of Results; Swine

Experiments with Neisseria meningitidis have shown that Fe3+ to some extent can reverse the toxicity of ochratoxin A and citrinin, as measured by inhibition zones around impregnated paper discs. Similar phenomena were observed with the less toxic ochratoxin B. Zearalenone also inhibited growth, but its effect was not counteracted by iron. The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol did not inhibit bacterial growth at all. Desferal (deferoxamine) also inhibited growth of meningococci, but iron totally abolished this inhibition. The results indicate that ochratoxin A and citrinin interfere with iron metabolism in this organism but that other additional toxic mechanisms are involved as well since a marked growth inhibition by both toxins was also observed in the presence of iron. One function of ochratoxin A and citrinin in nature could consequently be to affect the iron uptake of other competing microorganisms. Since both toxins interfere with iron and both cause nephropathy, a possible connection between these properties and lipid peroxidation is also briefly discussed.

Topics: Chlorides; Citrinin; Ferric Compounds; Kidney Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycotoxins; Neisseria meningitidis; Ochratoxins

Topics: Animals; Citrinin; Cortisone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fruit; Homeopathy; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mice; Organomercury Compounds; Plant Extracts

To assess renal function changes in acute nephrotoxicosis in dogs, the development and evolution of renal damage during induced citrinin intoxication were studied. Six dogs (experimental group) were given 10 mg citrinin/kg/BW every 24 h during 2 d, and 5 dogs (control group) received exclusively the diluent (1 ml 1% sodium carbonate/kg/BW/d for 2 d). The dogs were daily submitted to physical examination, urinalysis and blood biochemistry analyses (blood urea, serum creatinine, potassium, sodium and glucose) during 2 w. The citrinin-induced renal lesions were mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule and characterized by proteinuria, glucosuria and the presence of numerous granular casts in the urine sediment; these could be detected before elevations in blood urea and creatinine. Glucosuria was the earliest abnormality found and lasted 5 d, while proteinuria and cylindruria were observed from days 1 to 5 and from days 1 to 15, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly affected as observed by blood urea and creatinine elevations from days 2 to 5. Urine analysis is a useful tool for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity since most nephrotoxins act primarily on the proximal convoluted tubule.

Topics: Animals; Citrinin; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Male

Citrinin was given to rabbits as a single oral dose of 120 or 67 mg/kg. Rabbits were killed at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours post dosing, and the kidneys were fixed by intravascular perfusion. Ultrastructural alterations were evident by 4 hours after treatment. In the proximal tubule, alterations were brush border disruption, cytoplasmic rarefaction, and swelling of interdigitating processes. At higher doses, mitochondria were condensed and distorted. Medullary and straight cortical distal tubules had marked distention of the intercellular spaces and disorganization of interdigitating processes. Changes in cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts were similar but less severe. Renal alterations were suggestive of damage to membrane structure and/or transport functions and interference with cellular bioenergetics. Leukocytic infiltration was associated with damaged tubules indicating a contribution of inflammation to the development of the lesions.

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Citrinin; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules, Collecting; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mycotoxins; Rabbits

The toxic effects of citrinin in turkeys and ducklings was studied in four trials. Citrinin dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide-70% ethanol solution (3:1, volume/volume) was administered by gavage to male turkey poults and male white Pekin ducklings. When seven-day-old ducklings were given doses of citrinin between 30 to 110 mg/kg body weight, most of the treated ducklings which died (49/80) did so within four to 12 hours. Blood samples were collected sequentially at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration from seven-day-old ducklings given the single lethal dose (LD50). The alterations included hyperkalemia (P less than or equal to 0.01) and metabolic acidosis characterized by reduced blood pH (P less than or equal to 0.01) and base excess (P less than or equal to 0.01). Fourteen-day-old turkeys and ducklings given 56 or 57 mg/kg, respectively, were killed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. The principal alteration in both species was nephrosis that was more severe in turkeys than in ducklings. Tubular necrosis was the dominant lesion at three to 72 hours in turkeys and at six to 24 hours in ducklings. Hepatic and lymphoid lesions occurred in both turkeys and ducklings treated with citrinin.

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Citrinin; Ducks; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Mycotoxins; Necrosis; Poultry Diseases; Rats; Turkeys

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrinin; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Diseases; Male; p-Aminohippuric Acid; Probenecid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Benzopyrans; Citrinin; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Necrosis; Organoids; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Citrinin; Glutathione; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Rats; Sulfhydryl Compounds

Topics: Animals; Birds; Carcinogens; Citrinin; Food Contamination; Haplorhini; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Oxalates; Swine; Teratogens

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Citrinin; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Lethal Dose 50; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Citrinin; Kidney Diseases; Rats

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Citrinin; Horse Diseases; Horses; Kidney Diseases; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Acetates; Aminohippuric Acids; Animals; Bicarbonates; Citrinin; In Vitro Techniques; Inulin; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kinetics; Male; Ochratoxins; Phenylalanine; Rats