chondroitin-sulfates and Staphylococcal-Infections

Chondroitin sulfate-Nisin nanogels (CS-N NGs) were prepared by electrostatic interaction for nisin delivery as an antibacterial agent in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by some clinical strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The physical properties of CS-N NGs were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter of obtained CS-N NGs was about 65 nm and the stability of nanogels was assessed by zeta potential measurement. Enzyme and pH-responsibility of CS-N NGs due to the presence of susceptible bonds in chondroitin sulfate resulted in effective and controlled release of nisin in the simulated infectious medium. Also, the ability of prepared CS-N NGs for eradicating clinical methicillin resistance S. aureus strain was confirmed by Broth Microdilution Method (BMD) and the cytotoxicity analysis was carried out on Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) cells by MTT assay method. Based on the results, this versatile drug carrier could efficiently deliver the cationic antimicrobial peptides as a natural antibiotic for growth inhibition of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains and further destroying the bacteria in the treatment of subcutaneous infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cells, Cultured; Chondroitin Sulfates; Drug Carriers; Fibroblasts; Humans; Nanogels; Nisin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Bacterial Toxins; Chondroitin Sulfates; Collagen; Debridement; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Drainage; Enterotoxins; Exotoxins; Hand; Humans; Knee Joint; Leukocidins; Male; Necrosis; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy; Skin Transplantation; Soft Tissue Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Synovectomy

To evaluate the efficacy of adding either linezolid or daptomycin to Optisol-GS donor storage medium in reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination of donor corneas.. Optisol-GS was supplemented with either linezolid at 2×, 4×, or 10× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or daptomycin and calcium at 5× or 50× MIC. Unsupplemented control groups were also used. Gentamicin-sensitive and gentamicin-resistant isolates of MRSA were added, and vials were refrigerated for 48 hours followed by sampling for viable colony counts immediately upon removal from refrigeration and after warming to room temperature for 3 hours. Safety studies of Optisol-GS supplemented with 50× MIC daptomycin and calcium were performed by evaluating the central corneal thickness and endothelial cell density of the donor cornea. Stability of daptomycin in Optisol-GS at storage was also tested.. No added benefit was observed with linezolid supplementation to Optisol-GS against gentamicin-sensitive MRSA, with reduction in viable colony counts by >90% in all groups. No benefit was observed with linezolid supplementation against gentamicin-resistant MRSA, with the majority of inocula remaining viable in all groups. Viable counts of gentamicin-sensitive MRSA and gentamicin-resistant MRSA were effectively reduced with both 5× MIC and 50× MIC daptomycin supplementation. 50× MIC daptomycin-supplemented Optisol-GS had no appreciable effect on the central corneal thickness or endothelial cell density of the donor cornea and was stable at storage for 14 days.. The addition of daptomycin to Optisol-GS significantly increases the anti-MRSA activity of the medium without any apparent negative effects on donor corneal tissue.

Topics: Acetamides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chondroitin Sulfates; Colony Count, Microbial; Complex Mixtures; Cornea; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Daptomycin; Dextrans; Drug Stability; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gentamicins; Humans; Linezolid; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Oxazolidinones; Pilot Projects; Staphylococcal Infections; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Adult; Burns; Chondroitin Sulfates; Collagen; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Shock, Septic; Staphylococcal Infections; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Cements; Calcium Phosphates; Chondroitin Sulfates; Femoral Fractures; Femur; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Osteomyelitis; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Succinates; Vancomycin

Bacterial keratitis is an ocular infection with the potential to cause significant visual impairment. Increasing patterns of antibiotic resistance have necessitated the development of new antimicrobial agents for use in bacterial keratitis and other serious ocular infections. With a view to exploring the use of novel antimicrobial peptides in the management of ocular infection, we performed a series of experiments using synthetic antimicrobial peptides designed for the eradication of common and serious ophthalmic pathogens.. Experiments were performed with three clinical ocular isolates--Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis--in three experimental settings: (1) in vitro in a controlled system of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, (2) in vitro in modified chondroitin sulfate-based corneal preservation media (Optisol), and (3) in an in vivo animal model (rabbit) simulating bacterial keratitis. In all cases, outcomes were measured by quantitative microbiological techniques.. The candidate peptides (CCI A, B, and C and COL-1) produced a total reduction of the test pathogens in phosphate buffered saline. In modified Optisol, the peptides were effective against S epidermidis at all temperatures, demonstrated augmented activity at 23 degrees C against the gram-positive organisms, but were ineffective against P aeruginosa. The addition of EDTA to the medium augmented the killing of P aeruginosa but made no difference in the reduction of gram-positive organisms. In an in vivo rabbit model of Pseudomonas keratitis, COL-1 demonstrated neither clinical nor microbicidal efficacy and appeared to have a very narrow dosage range, outside of which it appeared to be toxic to the ocular surface.. Our data indicate that the antimicrobial peptides we tested were effective in vitro but not in vivo. In an age of increasing antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial peptides, developed over millions of years as innate defense mechanisms by plants and animals, may have significant potential for development as topical agents for the management of severe bacterial keratitis. However, modifications of the peptides, the drug delivery systems, or both, will be necessary for effective clinical application.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chondroitin Sulfates; Complex Mixtures; Cornea; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Dextrans; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Gentamicins; Humans; Keratitis; Organ Preservation; Peptide Fragments; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rabbits; Sheep; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis

To determine the functional response of synovium to infection, and the influence of infected synovium on articular cartilage metabolism.. Synovium and articular cartilage explants from the midcarpal and tarsocrural joints of adult horses.. For experiment 1, synovium explants were incubated as follows: control--incubation in standard medium, infected (I)--incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, and infected-filtered (IF)--incubation with medium collected from the infected group and filtered (0.22-micron filter). Daily collected medium was assayed for interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations. For experiment 2, cartilage explants were incubated as follows: control--incubation in standard medium, and IF--incubation in medium collected from infected synovium cultures and filtered. After 48 hours, explant proteoglycan synthesis and endogenous proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan contents were determined.. IL-1 beta and IL-6 values were significantly increased in synovium explants from the I and IF groups. Hyaluronan concentration was lower in I and IF groups. Proteoglycan synthesis and content, and total glycosaminoglycan and chondroitin sulfate concentrations, were significantly decreased in cartilage from the IF group.. Bacterial infection was associated with decreased HA concentration and increased mediator release. These effects were also observed despite elimination of bacteria. Exposure to sterile but previously infected medium decreased articular cartilage matrix synthesis and composition.. Resident synovial cells may contribute appreciably to articular damage during bacterial infection in the absence of migrant inflammatory cells. This response is prolonged despite elimination of the bacteria.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Infectious; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin Sulfates; Glycosaminoglycans; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hyaluronic Acid; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Organ Culture Techniques; Proteoglycans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Synovial Membrane

This retrospective study of 549 corneo-scleral rim cultures shows that gentamicin, used in MK and K-Sol medium storage at 4 degrees C, has decreased donor contamination from 43% in whole-globe storage to 13%, but failed to eliminate coagulase negative staphylococci (37%), streptococci (28%) and fungi (28%). Donor-to-host transmitted staphylococcal and streptococcal endophthalmitis have been reported previously. We present the first documented case of donor-to-recipient transmitted fungal endophthalmitis following corneal transplantation using corneas stored in MK or K-Sol solution at 4 degrees C; Candida albicans was isolated. Recommendations are made to assess critically the true incidence of donor fungal contamination and the necessity of adding anti-mycotic agents to preservation medium for 4 degrees C storage. In the absence of ideal antimicrobial cover for corneal preservation solutions, stringent prophylactic measures to reduce contamination and continued monitoring of corneo-scleral rim cultures are warranted, if the poor visual consequences of donor-to-host transmitted endophthalmitis are to be avoided.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chondroitin Sulfates; Corneal Transplantation; Endophthalmitis; Gentamicins; HEPES; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Organ Preservation; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

The timing and molecular profile of cartilage destruction in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infectious arthritis and killed Mycobacterium butyricum adjuvant arthritis are presented. Infectious arthritis was studied for 3 weeks; cartilage samples were analyzed at 2, 10, and 21 days. At 48 h postinfection, glycosaminoglycan content was reduced by 20% (p less than 0.05) in E. coli infected knees and by 42% (p less than 0.05) in tibial plateau cartilage of S. aureus infected knees. By the 3rd week of infection, glycosaminoglycan losses amounted to as much as 73% (p less than 0.005). In comparison, collagen losses were not significant prior to the 3rd week of infection, at which time 42% (p less than 0.05) was lost. Adjuvant arthritic tibial plateau cartilage was examined at 1, 3 and 12 weeks. Glycosaminoglycans decreased by 42% the 1st week, plateauing at 62% by the 3rd and 12th weeks. Collagen degradation began at 3 weeks (28% loss, p less than 0.10) and by the 12th week was reduced by 49% (p less than 0.005). Analysis of the individual species of glycosaminoglycan showed a parallel loss of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Fractionation of glycosaminoglycans with respect to size produced no evidence of shortened chains in cartilage from infected joints. Hyaluronic acid losses were greatest when collagen was significantly decreased. The pattern by which chondroitin and keratan sulfates are lost demonstrates that a prominent feature of infectious and noninfectious inflammatory arthritis is a rapid loss of proteoglycan subunits that precedes collagen loss.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Infectious; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin Sulfates; Chromatography, Gel; Collagen; Escherichia coli Infections; Hyaluronic Acid; Keratan Sulfate; Mycobacterium; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors