chondroitin and Cartilage-Diseases

Articular cartilage defects are most often caused by trauma and osteoarthritis and less commonly by metabolic disorders of the subchondral bone, such as osteonecrosis and osteochondritis dissecans. Such defects do not heal spontaneously in adults and can lead to secondary osteoarthritis. Medications are indicated for symptomatic relief. Slow-acting drugs in osteoarthritis (SADOA), such as glucosamine and chondroitin, are thought to prevent cartilage degeneration. Reconstructive surgical treatment strategies aim to form a repair tissue or to unload compartments of the joint with articular cartilage damage.. In this article, we selectively review the pertinent literature, focusing on original publications of the past 5 years and older standard texts. Particular attention is paid to guidelines and clinical studies with a high level of evidence, along with review articles, clinical trials, and book chapters.. There have been only a few randomized trials of medical versus surgical treatments. Pharmacological therapies are now available that are intended to treat the cartilage defect per se, rather than the associated symptoms, yet none of them has yet been shown to slow or reverse the progression of cartilage destruction. Surgical débridement of cartilage does not prevent the progression of osteoarthritis and is thus not recommended as the sole treatment. Marrow-stimulating procedures and osteochondral grafts are indicated for small focal articular cartilage defects, while autologous chondrocyte implantationis mainly indicated for larger cartilage defects. These surgical reconstructive techniques play a lesser role in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteotomy near the knee joint is indicated for axial realignment when unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee causes axis deviation.. Surgical reconstructive techniques can improve joint function and thereby postpone the need for replacement of the articular surface with an artificial joint.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthroplasty; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Glucosamine; Humans; Joints; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

Topics: Alkylating Agents; Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin; Collagen; Corticosterone; DNA; Dogs; Glycosaminoglycans; Hemarthrosis; Hemophilia A; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Weight; Osteoarthritis; Protein Biosynthesis; Proteoglycans; Rabbits; Sulfates; Synovitis; Time Factors

Topics: Arthroplasty; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Glucosamine; Humans; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

In order to determine if either the proteoglycans or collagen in the cartilagenous epiphyses of a Miniature Poodle with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia were abnormal, the cartilage was dissociatively extracted in 4 M guanidine HCl in the presence of protease inhibitors and subjected to isopycnic cesium chloride dissociative density gradient ultracentrifugation. Dissociative extraction solubilized 97% of the uronic acid and 88% of the protein. Uronic acid distributed anomalously in the density gradient in that about 1/3 was recovered in each of the D1 (1.58 g/ml), D2 (1.49 g/ml) and D3 (1.44 g/ml) fractions. Proteoglycans in the D1, D2 and D3 fractions also eluted from Sepharose CL-2B columns in a manner indicative of monomers of a smaller apparent hydrodynamic size than those from normal canine growth plate or articular cartilage. D1, D2 and D3 monomers subjected to the sodium borohydride reaction followed by chromatography on a Sepharose CL-6B column yielded glycosaminoglycan chain molecular weights of 10,200 (D1), 7600 (D2) and 6200 (D3). High pressure liquid chromatography on a Whatman Partisil 10PAC column of the chondroitinase AC II digests of D1, D2 and D3 fractions revealed that 60% of the D1, 81% of the D2 and 88% of the D3 unsaturated disaccharides eluted in the delta DiOS-delta DiHA position. Subsequent HPLC of the unsaturated disaccharides on the Hypersil APS column resulted in the recovery of 97% of the nonsulfated unsaturated disaccharides in the delta DiOS position. Associative extraction in 0.5 M guanidine followed by associative gradient ultracentrifugation resulted in the recovery of 27% of the uronic acid in the aA1 and 47% in the aA2 fractions. Two dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis of the CNBr peptides of the collagen isolated by pepsin digestion and 0.9 M NaCl precipitation revealed type II collagen. This study has demonstrated that spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia in a Miniature Poodle is characterized by cartilage containing undersulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan.

Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Chondroitin Sulfates; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Growth Plate; Male; Radiography

Topics: Adolescent; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Calcium; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Child; Chondroitin; Chondroitin Sulfates; Collagen; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratan Sulfate

Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Chondroitin Sulfates; Homozygote; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity; Sulfurtransferases

Topics: Biopsy; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Ear; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polychondritis, Relapsing

Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Joint Diseases; Keratins

Topics: Aortic Aneurysm; Biopsy; Cartilage Diseases; Chondroitin; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscular Atrophy; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Prednisolone; Sulfates

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Chondroitin; Fracture Fixation; Hypertrophy; Knee; Knee Joint; Metals; Rabbits; Sulfates; Sulfur Isotopes