choline and Choline Deficiency studies

Choline Deficiency: A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Choline depletion is seen in cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency in spite of enzyme treatment and may result in liver, fatty acid, and muscle abnormalities."	9.22	Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Altes, TA; Dougherty, KA; Elci, O; Hommel, KA; Maqbool, A; Mascarenhas, MR; Moore, J; Schall, JI; Shaw, W; Stallings, VA; Wang, DJ, 2016)
"There is significant histologic and biochemical overlap between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis associated with choline deficiency."	9.16	Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ( Colvin, RM; Diehl, A; Guerrerio, AL; Lavine, JE; Mohan, P; Molleston, JP; Murray, KF; Scheimann, AO; Schwartz, AK; Schwimmer, JB; Torbenson, MS, 2012)
"Our goal was to determine whether choline deficiency results in a decreased capacity to methylate homocysteine."	9.11	Choline deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Gaffney, CE; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
" The available data indicate that DEA induces mouse liver tumors by a non-genotoxic mode of action that involves its ability to cause choline deficiency."	8.82	Review of the carcinogenic activity of diethanolamine and evidence of choline deficiency as a plausible mode of action. ( Kamendulis, LM; Leung, HW; Stott, WT, 2005)
" Despite enzyme substitution, low pancreatic phospholipase A2 (sPLaseA2-IB) activity causes fecal loss of bile phosphatidylcholine and choline deficiency."	8.02	Resolution of severe hepatosteatosis in a cystic fibrosis patient with multifactorial choline deficiency: A case report. ( Bernhard, W; Graepler-Mainka, U; Grimmel, M; Haack, TB; Machann, J; Shunova, A; Utz, P, 2021)
"This study aimed to investigate the effects of choline deficiency on intestinal inflammation of fish after Aeromonas hydrophila infection and the potential molecular mechanisms."	7.85	Intestinal immune responses of Jian carp against Aeromonas hydrophila depressed by choline deficiency: Varied change patterns of mRNA levels of cytokines, tight junction proteins and related signaling molecules among three intestinal segments. ( Feng, L; Jiang, J; Jiang, WD; Liu, Y; Wu, P; Zhang, YA; Zhou, XQ, 2017)
"C57BL/6-GFP transgenic mice were fed with a choline-deficient diet in order to establish a fatty liver model."	7.85	Choline-Deficient-Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Is a Metastasis-Resistant Microenvironment. ( Aoki, H; Hasegawa, K; Hoffman, RM; Kunisada, T; Matsumoto, T; Moriwaki, H; Nakamura, M; Saji, S; Shimizu, M; Suetsugu, A, 2017)
" Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells."	7.85	A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors. ( Feng, L; Jiang, J; Jiang, WD; Liu, Y; Wu, P; Zhang, YA; Zhao, J; Zhou, XQ, 2017)
"This study demonstrates that prenatal choline deficiency has profound effects by delaying neurodevelopment as evidenced by structural and metabolic MRI assessments."	7.83	Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig. ( Dilger, RN; Getty, CM; Mudd, AT; Sutton, BP, 2016)
"We examined whether perinatal maternal dietary choline deficiency influences porcine-milk composition."	7.83	Perinatal Dietary Choline Deficiency in Sows Influences Concentrations of Choline Metabolites, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids in Milk throughout Lactation. ( Alexander, LS; Caudill, MA; Dilger, RN; Getty, CM; Johnson, SK; Malysheva, OV; Mudd, AT, 2016)
"Fibroblasts from a patient with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), who presented with low plasma choline and betaine, were studied to determine the metabolic characteristics of the choline deficiency."	7.81	Mechanism of choline deficiency and membrane alteration in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome primary skin fibroblasts. ( Bakovic, M; da Costa, KA; Johnson, AR; Michel, V; Mudd, HS; Schenkel, LC; Singh, RK; Zeisel, SH, 2015)
"The results indicated that betaine or beet could completely suppress the hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deficiency resulting from stimulating the homocysteine removal by both remethylation and cystathionine formation."	7.81	[Betaine-enriched beet suppresses hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deficiency in rats]. ( Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Lu, J; Sugiyama, K; Sun, L; Wang, Q, 2015)
"Weanling rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop kidney oxidative damage, tubular and cortical kidney necrosis, renal failure and animal death."	7.79	The protective effect of menhaden oil in the oxidative damage and renal necrosis due to dietary choline deficiency. ( Boveris, A; Monserrat, AJ; Ossani, GP; Repetto, MG, 2013)
"The mechanism by which feeding a higher casein diet results in resistance to choline deprivation-induced hyperhomocysteinemia was investigated in rats."	7.78	Factors contributing to the resistivity of a higher casein diet against choline deficiency-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. ( Liu, Y; Liu, YQ; Mori, M; Morita, T; Sugiyama, K, 2012)
"When dietary choline is restricted, most men and postmenopausal women develop multiorgan dysfunction marked by hepatic steatosis (choline deficiency syndrome (CDS))."	7.77	Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. ( da Costa, KA; Davis, IJ; Galanko, JA; Patel, M; Resseguie, ME; Zeisel, SH, 2011)
") of saline (control) or kainic acid to induce seizures and were euthanized 16 days later."	7.77	Prenatal choline deficiency does not enhance hippocampal vulnerability after kainic acid-induced seizures in adulthood. ( Blusztajn, JK; Glenn, MJ; Mellott, TJ; Tognoni, CM; Williams, CL; Wong-Goodrich, SJ, 2011)
"To study role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats."	7.76	[Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats]. ( Chen, XR; Kwada, N; Mu, YP; Ogawa, T; Xi, XH, 2010)
"Patients with homocystinuria due to remethylation defects have an isolated brain choline deficiency, probably secondary to depletion of labile methyl groups produced by the transmethylation pathway."	7.74	Reduced brain choline in homocystinuria due to remethylation defects. ( Blom, HJ; Boulanger, Y; Debray, FG; Decarie, JC; Jakobs, C; Khiat, A; Lambert, M; Levy, E; Lortie, A; Mitchell, GA; Orquin, J; Ramos, F; Roy, MS; Struys, E; Verhoeven, NM, 2008)
" The hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deprivation was effectively suppressed by betaine or methionine supplementation."	7.74	Choline deprivation induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats fed low methionine diets. ( Morita, T; Ohuchi, S; Setoue, M; Sugiyama, K, 2008)
"Supplementation of maternal diet with the essential nutrient, choline, during the second half of pregnancy in rats causes long-lasting improvements in spatial memory in the offspring and protects them from the memory decline characteristic of old age."	7.74	Prenatal choline deficiency increases choline transporter expression in the septum and hippocampus during postnatal development and in adulthood in rats. ( Blusztajn, JK; Kowall, NW; Lopez-Coviella, I; Mellott, TJ, 2007)
"Previous studies show that acute choline deficiency (CD) triggers apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes (CWSV-1 cells)."	7.73	Regulation of choline deficiency apoptosis by epidermal growth factor in CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes. ( Albright, CD; Craciunescu, CN; da Costa, KA; Klem, E; Mar, MH; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
"Choline availability in the diet during pregnancy alters fetal brain biochemistry with resulting behavioral changes that persist throughout the lifetime of the offspring."	7.72	Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus. ( Albright, CD; Craciunescu, CN; Kowall, NW; Mar, MH; Siwek, DF; Williams, CL; Zeisel, SH, 2003)
"Choline deficiency (CD) is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma and CD-induced apoptosis may be implicated in cellular malignant transformation."	7.72	Reactive oxygen species in choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. ( Broyles, RH; Floyd, RA; Guo, WX; Hensley, KL; Kotake, Y; Pye, QN; Stewart, CA; Williamson, KS, 2004)
"Treatment of rats with choline during brain development results in long-lasting enhancement of spatial memory whereas choline deficiency has the opposite effect."	7.71	Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in primary cultures of fetal neurons. ( Fernandes, A; Mar, MH; Meeker, RB; Yen, CL; Zeisel, SH, 2001)
"Prenatal choline supplementation can protect rats against cognitive deficits induced by status epilepticus induced by the cholinergic agent pilocarpine [J."	7.71	Seizure-induced memory impairment is reduced by choline supplementation before or after status epilepticus. ( Blusztajn, JK; Cermak, JM; Holmes, GL; Liu, Z; Neill, JC; Sarkisian, MR; Stafstrom, CE; Yang, Y, 2002)
" Our previous studies have shown this to be caused, at least in part, by choline deficiency."	7.69	Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. ( Ament, ME; Buchman, AL; Dubin, MD; Gornbein, J; Jenden, DJ; Moukarzel, AA; Rice, KM; Roch, M, 1995)
" Behavioural effects of chronic manipulations of dietary choline in rats in the early stages of aging are reported."	7.68	Dietary choline manipulations and behavioural modifications in rats in the early stages of aging. ( Fundarò, A; Paschero, A, 1991)
"The effect of choline deficiency on the de novo pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis in the lung was investigated in rats fed a washed soy protein (lipotrophic) diet deficient in choline and methionine for 2-3 wk."	7.67	Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by rat lung during choline deficiency. ( Chander, A; Dodia, C; Fisher, AB; Yost, RW, 1986)
" Experimental evidence obtained in rats suggest that the precipitous fall in maternal liver choline concentration nearing the end of pregnancy could lead to a severe reduction in the lipotropic activity of the liver."	7.66	Can tetracycline-induced fatty liver in pregnancy be attributed to choline deficiency? ( Gwee, MC, 1982)
"A transient choline deficiency was induced in young rats subsequently fed a nutritionally complete purified diet during recovery periods of 0 to 119 days."	7.66	Choline deficiency and the reversibility of renal lesions in rats. ( Keith, MO; Tryphonas, L, 1978)
"Studies were conducted to determine the effect of choline deficiency on utilization of various labeled precursors of choline and rate of choline biosynthesis in mature Japanese quail."	7.65	Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. ( Jensen, LS; Kushwaha, RP, 1975)
"The influence of several factors on the development of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (pancreatic necrosis) with fat necrosis in mice fed DL-ethionine with a choline-deficient diet has been investigated."	7.65	Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice. Influence of the age and sex of the animals and of dietary ethionine, choline, methionine, and adenine sulfate. ( Lombardi, B; Rao, NK, 1975)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces several forms of liver disorders involving fat disposition in hepatocytes ranging from simple steatosis to the severe stage, namely, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)."	6.82	A Comparison of the Gene Expression Profiles of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease between Animal Models of a High-Fat Diet and Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Ahmeda, AF; Al Zarzour, RH; Alsalahi, A; Alshawsh, MA; Alshehade, SA; Mahmoud, AM; Saghir, SAM, 2022)
"Choline was discovered to be an essential nutrient for some humans approximately one decade ago."	6.48	Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones. ( Zeisel, SH, 2012)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, but is also formed by de novo synthesis."	6.47	Choline and betaine in health and disease. ( Ueland, PM, 2011)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, and its deficiency causes steatohepatitis."	5.91	Intestinal Atp8b1 dysfunction causes hepatic choline deficiency and steatohepatitis. ( Abukawa, D; Ando, T; Azuma, Y; Fukuda, A; Hayashi, H; Inui, A; Kaji, S; Kasahara, M; Kusuhara, H; Mizuno, S; Mizuno, T; Nakano, S; Okamoto, T; Sabu, Y; Sakamoto, S; Shimizu, S; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, S; Tamura, R; Zen, Y, 2023)
"Melatonin was administered at 20 mg/kg during the last 2 weeks."	5.72	Melatonin Attenuates Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage in Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Colares, JR; da Silva, JB; Hartmann, RM; Marroni, CA; Marroni, NP; Miguel, FM; Picada, JN; Schemitt, EG, 2022)
" While the rich bioavailability research of curcumin, BDMC is the poor studies."	5.43	Hepatoprotective Effect and Synergism of Bisdemethoycurcumin against MCD Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. ( Ahn, YS; Cha, SW; Han, SH; Kang, OH; Kim, SB; Kong, R; Kwon, DY; Lee, YS; Seo, YS, 2016)
"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to hepatic pathologies, including simple fatty liver (SFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis, that may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma."	5.43	Effects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Hepatic CYP2B1 and in Vivo Bupropion Disposition in Rats Fed a High-Fat or Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Cho, HJ; Cho, SJ; Chong, S; Chung, SJ; Kang, IM; Kim, DD; Kim, SB; Lee, JI; Yoon, IS, 2016)
"Choline is a precursor to phosphatidylcholine (PC), a structural molecule in cellular membranes that is crucial for cell growth and function."	5.42	Choline deficiency impairs intestinal lipid metabolism in the lactating rat. ( Curtis, JM; da Silva, RP; Field, CJ; Goruk, S; Jacobs, RL; Kelly, KB; Leonard, KA; Lewis, ED; Proctor, SD; Vine, DF, 2015)
"Quercetin (50 mg/kg) was given by oral route daily."	5.38	Quercetin treatment ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ( González-Gallego, J; Marcolin, E; Marroni, N; San-Miguel, B; Tieppo, J; Tuñón, MJ; Vallejo, D, 2012)
"Despite choline deficiency, the level of choline and acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransfease (ChAT) significantly increased in the brain."	5.37	Interaction between total body gamma-irradiation and choline deficiency triggers immediate modulation of choline and choline-containing moieties. ( Batra, V; Devasagayam, TP; Kislay, B, 2011)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, and deficiency causes liver and muscle dysfunction."	5.36	Metabolomic profiling can predict which humans will develop liver dysfunction when deprived of dietary choline. ( Berger, A; da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Jia, W; Lawton, KA; Milburn, MV; Sha, W; Zeisel, SH, 2010)
"Choline is a selective agonist for the alpha7 nicotinic receptor which appears in development before acetylcholine is present."	5.35	Perinatal choline deficiency produces abnormal sensory inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Adams, CE; Kisley, MA; Mellott, TJ; Robbins, E; Stevens, KE, 2008)
"Choline is a required nutrient, and some humans deplete quickly when fed a low-choline diet, whereas others do not."	5.33	Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Kohlmeier, M; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
"Choline is an important nutrient that is actively transported from mother to fetus across the placenta and from mother to infant across the mammary gland."	5.29	Pregnancy and lactation are associated with diminished concentrations of choline and its metabolites in rat liver. ( da Costa, KA; Mar, MH; Zeisel, SH; Zhou, Z, 1995)
"We suggest that choline deficiency altered the protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction within liver and this contributed to hepatic carcinogenesis in these animals."	5.29	Effects of prolonged (1 year) choline deficiency and subsequent re-feeding of choline on 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol, fatty acids and protein kinase C in rat liver. ( Chang, J; da Costa, KA; Garner, SC; Zeisel, SH, 1995)
"Post-Triton hyperphospholipidemia was also less pronounced in CD rats."	5.25	Choline-deficiency fatty liver: impaired release of hepatic triglycerides. ( Lombardi, B; Pani, P; Schlunk, FF, 1968)
"In the presence of choline deficiency, absorption of intraluminal endotoxin may contribute to the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis."	5.24	INFLUENCE OF NEOMYCIN AND INGESTED ENDOTOXIN IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLINE DEFICIENCY CIRRHOSIS IN THE ADULT RAT. ( BROITMAN, SA; GOTTLIEB, LS; ZAMCHECK, N, 1964)
"Choline depletion is seen in cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency in spite of enzyme treatment and may result in liver, fatty acid, and muscle abnormalities."	5.22	Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Altes, TA; Dougherty, KA; Elci, O; Hommel, KA; Maqbool, A; Mascarenhas, MR; Moore, J; Schall, JI; Shaw, W; Stallings, VA; Wang, DJ, 2016)
"There is significant histologic and biochemical overlap between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis associated with choline deficiency."	5.16	Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ( Colvin, RM; Diehl, A; Guerrerio, AL; Lavine, JE; Mohan, P; Molleston, JP; Murray, KF; Scheimann, AO; Schwartz, AK; Schwimmer, JB; Torbenson, MS, 2012)
"Choline deficiency leads to steatohepatitis, elevated transaminases, susceptibility to septic shock, and an increased risk of central catheter thrombosis."	5.15	Oral choline supplementation in children with intestinal failure. ( Boctor, EM; Conner, KG; DeJong, R; Guerrerio, AL; Hamper, UM; Hampsey, J; Mattis, L; Scheimann, AO; Sheth, S; Stasinopoulos, DM, 2011)
"Severe choline deficiency adversely affects cellular methylation and DNA integrity, with potentially serious implications for disease risk."	5.14	Choline intake exceeding current dietary recommendations preserves markers of cellular methylation in a genetic subgroup of folate-compromised men. ( Abratte, CM; Caudill, MA; Shin, W; Vermeylen, F; Yan, J, 2010)
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the dietary requirements for choline in healthy men and women and to investigate the clinical sequelae of choline deficiency."	5.12	Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. ( Allen, RH; daCosta, KA; Fischer, LM; Kwock, L; Lu, TS; Stabler, SP; Stewart, PW; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"Our goal was to determine whether choline deficiency results in a decreased capacity to methylate homocysteine."	5.11	Choline deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Gaffney, CE; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
"Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain."	5.01	Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. ( Bernhard, W; Franz, AR; Poets, CF, 2019)
" The available data indicate that DEA induces mouse liver tumors by a non-genotoxic mode of action that involves its ability to cause choline deficiency."	4.82	Review of the carcinogenic activity of diethanolamine and evidence of choline deficiency as a plausible mode of action. ( Kamendulis, LM; Leung, HW; Stott, WT, 2005)
"Choline deficiency causes hepatocyte proliferation, apoptosis and transformation."	4.79	Choline. A nutrient that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell death, and cell transformation. ( Zeisel, SH, 1996)
"Pregnancy and lactation are periods when maternal reserves of choline are depleted."	4.79	Choline: essential for brain development and function. ( Zeisel, SH, 1997)
" Previously, we reported a dietary mouse NASH model with a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino-acid-defined, high-fat diet containing shortening without trans fatty acids (CDAA-HF-T[-]), which rapidly induces fibrosis and proliferative lesions in the liver."	4.31	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis in mice fed a modified choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid-defined diet and the role of signal changes. ( Abe, A; Miyajima, K; Nakae, D; Nakane, S; Suzuki-Kemuriyama, N; Yuki, M, 2023)
" Despite enzyme substitution, low pancreatic phospholipase A2 (sPLaseA2-IB) activity causes fecal loss of bile phosphatidylcholine and choline deficiency."	4.02	Resolution of severe hepatosteatosis in a cystic fibrosis patient with multifactorial choline deficiency: A case report. ( Bernhard, W; Graepler-Mainka, U; Grimmel, M; Haack, TB; Machann, J; Shunova, A; Utz, P, 2021)
" The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form choline has been extensively studied in the context of fatty liver disease."	3.96	Disruption of hepatic one-carbon metabolism impairs mitochondrial function and enhances macrophage activity in methionine-choline-deficient mice. ( da Silva, RP; Eudy, BJ; Fernandez, G; Lai, J; Mathews, CE; McDermott, CE, 2020)
" To induce liver steatosis and inflammation, we fed C57/black female mice (8 weeks old) a methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD diet) for 6 weeks."	3.96	Automated thermal imaging for the detection of fatty liver disease. ( Balint-Lahat, N; Ben-Ari, Z; Brzezinski, RY; Finchelman, JM; Grossman, E; Hoffer, O; Leor, J; Levin-Kotler, L; Lewis, N; Naftali-Shani, N; Ovadia-Blechman, Z; Rabin, N; Safran, M; Sternfeld, A; Tepper-Shaihov, O; Unis, R; Zimmer, Y, 2020)
" In the present study, we used our malignant lymphoma metastatic mouse model to compare the effect of a choline-deficient-diet (CDD) and the control diet (CD) on fibroblasts in CTCs."	3.91	Choline-deficient-diet Decreases Fibroblasts in the Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Microenvironment. ( Hoffman, RM; Kunisada, T; Matsuura, K; Nakamura, M; Satake, T; Shimizu, M; Suetsugu, A, 2019)
" As TPN-associated complications are partially related to choline deficiency, we aimed to address whether choline supplementation could attenuate OOLE-induced enterocyte apoptosis."	3.88	Supplementary choline attenuates olive oil lipid emulsion-induced enterocyte apoptosis through suppression of CELF1/AIF pathway. ( Cai, W; Gong, ZZ; Wen, J; Xiao, YT; Yan, JK; Zhang, T; Zhu, J, 2018)
"This study aimed to investigate the effects of choline deficiency on intestinal inflammation of fish after Aeromonas hydrophila infection and the potential molecular mechanisms."	3.85	Intestinal immune responses of Jian carp against Aeromonas hydrophila depressed by choline deficiency: Varied change patterns of mRNA levels of cytokines, tight junction proteins and related signaling molecules among three intestinal segments. ( Feng, L; Jiang, J; Jiang, WD; Liu, Y; Wu, P; Zhang, YA; Zhou, XQ, 2017)
"C57BL/6-GFP transgenic mice were fed with a choline-deficient diet in order to establish a fatty liver model."	3.85	Choline-Deficient-Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Is a Metastasis-Resistant Microenvironment. ( Aoki, H; Hasegawa, K; Hoffman, RM; Kunisada, T; Matsumoto, T; Moriwaki, H; Nakamura, M; Saji, S; Shimizu, M; Suetsugu, A, 2017)
" Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells."	3.85	A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors. ( Feng, L; Jiang, J; Jiang, WD; Liu, Y; Wu, P; Zhang, YA; Zhao, J; Zhou, XQ, 2017)
"This study demonstrates that prenatal choline deficiency has profound effects by delaying neurodevelopment as evidenced by structural and metabolic MRI assessments."	3.83	Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig. ( Dilger, RN; Getty, CM; Mudd, AT; Sutton, BP, 2016)
"We examined whether perinatal maternal dietary choline deficiency influences porcine-milk composition."	3.83	Perinatal Dietary Choline Deficiency in Sows Influences Concentrations of Choline Metabolites, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids in Milk throughout Lactation. ( Alexander, LS; Caudill, MA; Dilger, RN; Getty, CM; Johnson, SK; Malysheva, OV; Mudd, AT, 2016)
"Fibroblasts from a patient with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), who presented with low plasma choline and betaine, were studied to determine the metabolic characteristics of the choline deficiency."	3.81	Mechanism of choline deficiency and membrane alteration in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome primary skin fibroblasts. ( Bakovic, M; da Costa, KA; Johnson, AR; Michel, V; Mudd, HS; Schenkel, LC; Singh, RK; Zeisel, SH, 2015)
"Weanling male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop acute kidney injury."	3.81	Short-term menhaden oil rich diet changes renal lipid profile in acute kidney injury. ( Denninghoff, VC; Díaz, ML; Monserrat, AJ; Ossani, GP; Uceda, AM; Uicich, R, 2015)
"The results indicated that betaine or beet could completely suppress the hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deficiency resulting from stimulating the homocysteine removal by both remethylation and cystathionine formation."	3.81	[Betaine-enriched beet suppresses hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deficiency in rats]. ( Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Lu, J; Sugiyama, K; Sun, L; Wang, Q, 2015)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, and choline deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity."	3.80	Carnitine modulates crucial myocardial adenosine triphosphatases and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities in choline-deprived rats. ( Kalafatakis, KG; Karkalousos, PL; Koulouris, AV; Liapi, CA; Mourouzis, IS; Strilakou, AA; Stylianaki, AT; Tsakiris, ST, 2014)
"Choline deficiency has been shown to induce liver fat accumulation in both rodent and human studies."	3.80	Higher dietary choline intake is associated with lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver in normal-weight Chinese women. ( Gao, YT; Li, H; Shu, XO; Xiang, YB; Yang, G; Yu, D; Zhang, X; Zheng, W, 2014)
"Weanling rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop kidney oxidative damage, tubular and cortical kidney necrosis, renal failure and animal death."	3.79	The protective effect of menhaden oil in the oxidative damage and renal necrosis due to dietary choline deficiency. ( Boveris, A; Monserrat, AJ; Ossani, GP; Repetto, MG, 2013)
"To dissociate the effects of dietary folate and choline deficiency on Shmt1-related NTD sensitivity, we determined NTD incidence in embryos from Shmt1-null dams fed diets deficient in either folate or choline."	3.78	Dietary folate, but not choline, modifies neural tube defect risk in Shmt1 knockout mice. ( Abarinov, EV; Beaudin, AE; Caudill, M; Malysheva, O; Perry, CA; Stover, PJ, 2012)
"Reduced folate and choline status resulted in severe fetal growth restriction (FGR) and impaired fertility in litters harvested from Mthfd1(gt/+) dams, but embryonic Mthfd1(gt/+) genotype did not affect fetal growth."	3.78	Maternal Mthfd1 disruption impairs fetal growth but does not cause neural tube defects in mice. ( Allen, RH; Beaudin, AE; Perry, CA; Stabler, SP; Stover, PJ, 2012)
"Macrovesicular and microvescular steatosis were induced in rats using methylcholine deficiency and choline deficiency diets."	3.78	Quantification of macrovesicular and microvesicular hepatic steatosis in rats using 3.0-T ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ( Chang, YC; Chao, PH; Chen, CL; Cheng, YF; Chiu, TM; Lai, CY; Ou, HY; Wei, YC; Yu, CY; Yu, PC, 2012)
"The mechanism by which feeding a higher casein diet results in resistance to choline deprivation-induced hyperhomocysteinemia was investigated in rats."	3.78	Factors contributing to the resistivity of a higher casein diet against choline deficiency-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. ( Liu, Y; Liu, YQ; Mori, M; Morita, T; Sugiyama, K, 2012)
"When dietary choline is restricted, most men and postmenopausal women develop multiorgan dysfunction marked by hepatic steatosis (choline deficiency syndrome (CDS))."	3.77	Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. ( da Costa, KA; Davis, IJ; Galanko, JA; Patel, M; Resseguie, ME; Zeisel, SH, 2011)
"We examined whether genetic disruption of the Shmt1 gene in mice induces NTDs in response to maternal folate and choline deficiency and whether a corresponding disruption in de novo thymidylate biosynthesis underlies NTD pathogenesis."	3.77	Shmt1 and de novo thymidylate biosynthesis underlie folate-responsive neural tube defects in mice. ( Abarinov, EV; Allen, RH; Beaudin, AE; Chu, S; Noden, DM; Perry, CA; Stabler, SP; Stover, PJ, 2011)
") of saline (control) or kainic acid to induce seizures and were euthanized 16 days later."	3.77	Prenatal choline deficiency does not enhance hippocampal vulnerability after kainic acid-induced seizures in adulthood. ( Blusztajn, JK; Glenn, MJ; Mellott, TJ; Tognoni, CM; Williams, CL; Wong-Goodrich, SJ, 2011)
"Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic dysfunction."	3.76	Whole-blood-free choline and choline metabolites in infants who require chronic parenteral nutrition therapy. ( Buchman, AL; Iyer, K; Karza, K; Keys, L; Kumar, P; Sentongo, TA, 2010)
"To study role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats."	3.76	[Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats]. ( Chen, XR; Kwada, N; Mu, YP; Ogawa, T; Xi, XH, 2010)
"Patients with homocystinuria due to remethylation defects have an isolated brain choline deficiency, probably secondary to depletion of labile methyl groups produced by the transmethylation pathway."	3.74	Reduced brain choline in homocystinuria due to remethylation defects. ( Blom, HJ; Boulanger, Y; Debray, FG; Decarie, JC; Jakobs, C; Khiat, A; Lambert, M; Levy, E; Lortie, A; Mitchell, GA; Orquin, J; Ramos, F; Roy, MS; Struys, E; Verhoeven, NM, 2008)
" The hyperhomocysteinemia induced by choline deprivation was effectively suppressed by betaine or methionine supplementation."	3.74	Choline deprivation induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats fed low methionine diets. ( Morita, T; Ohuchi, S; Setoue, M; Sugiyama, K, 2008)
"An increased supply of the essential nutrient choline during fetal development [embryonic day (E) 11-17] in rats causes life-long improvements in memory performance, whereas choline deficiency during this time impairs certain aspects of memory."	3.74	Prenatal choline availability modulates hippocampal and cerebral cortical gene expression. ( Blusztajn, JK; Diesl, V; Follettie, MT; Hill, AA; Lopez-Coviella, I; Mellott, TJ, 2007)
"Supplementation of maternal diet with the essential nutrient, choline, during the second half of pregnancy in rats causes long-lasting improvements in spatial memory in the offspring and protects them from the memory decline characteristic of old age."	3.74	Prenatal choline deficiency increases choline transporter expression in the septum and hippocampus during postnatal development and in adulthood in rats. ( Blusztajn, JK; Kowall, NW; Lopez-Coviella, I; Mellott, TJ, 2007)
"Previous studies show that acute choline deficiency (CD) triggers apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes (CWSV-1 cells)."	3.73	Regulation of choline deficiency apoptosis by epidermal growth factor in CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes. ( Albright, CD; Craciunescu, CN; da Costa, KA; Klem, E; Mar, MH; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
"Choline availability in the diet during pregnancy alters fetal brain biochemistry with resulting behavioral changes that persist throughout the lifetime of the offspring."	3.72	Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus. ( Albright, CD; Craciunescu, CN; Kowall, NW; Mar, MH; Siwek, DF; Williams, CL; Zeisel, SH, 2003)
" The addition of choline or carnitine to the choline-deficient diet did not induce a gain in body weight, while the addition of either betaine or methionine to the choline-deficient diet, or of methionine to the choline-deficient diet with choline significantly increased the body weight."	3.71	Influence of dietary methionine level on the liver metallothionein mRNA level in rats. ( Aoyama, Y; Kanno, T; Kikuchi, H; Kurasaki, M; Nocianitri, KA; Sakakibara, S, 2002)
"Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic abnormalities in adult volunteers and patients administered total parenteral nutrition (TPN)."	3.71	Plasma choline in normal newborns, infants, toddlers, and in very-low-birth-weight neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition. ( Awal, M; Belfort, M; Bryant, D; Buchman, AL; Burns, P; Dorman, K; Jenden, DJ; Killip, D; Moukarzel, A; Roch, M; Schanler, R; Sohel, M, 2001)
"Treatment of rats with choline during brain development results in long-lasting enhancement of spatial memory whereas choline deficiency has the opposite effect."	3.71	Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in primary cultures of fetal neurons. ( Fernandes, A; Mar, MH; Meeker, RB; Yen, CL; Zeisel, SH, 2001)
"Prenatal choline supplementation can protect rats against cognitive deficits induced by status epilepticus induced by the cholinergic agent pilocarpine [J."	3.71	Seizure-induced memory impairment is reduced by choline supplementation before or after status epilepticus. ( Blusztajn, JK; Cermak, JM; Holmes, GL; Liu, Z; Neill, JC; Sarkisian, MR; Stafstrom, CE; Yang, Y, 2002)
"Choline availability in the diet during pregnancy alters fetal brain biochemistry with resulting behavioral changes that persist throughout the lifetime of the offspring."	3.70	Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat. ( Albright, CD; Friedrich, CB; Mar, MH; Tsai, AY; Zeisel, SH, 1999)
" In an attempt to define the tumorigenic mechanism of DEA, N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) formation in vivo and development of choline deficiency were examined in mice."	3.70	Potential mechanisms of tumorigenic action of diethanolamine in mice. ( Bartels, MJ; Brzak, KA; Mar, M; Markham, DA; Stott, WT; Thornton, CM; Zeisel, SH, 2000)
"Choline deficiency may develop in malnourished patients, those with cirrhosis, and those who require total parenteral nutrition."	3.70	Changes in plasma free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations in chronic hemodialysis patients. ( Buchman, AL; Jenden, D; Roch, M; Suki, WN, 2000)
" Our previous studies have shown this to be caused, at least in part, by choline deficiency."	3.69	Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. ( Ament, ME; Buchman, AL; Dubin, MD; Gornbein, J; Jenden, DJ; Moukarzel, AA; Rice, KM; Roch, M, 1995)
"Previous reports in animals indicate that choline deficiency alters carnitine metabolism."	3.69	Restricting food intake does not exacerbate the effects of a choline-deficient diet on tissue carnitine concentrations in rats. ( Krasin, B; Sheard, NF, 1994)
"Effects of inhibitors of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism on the development of fatty liver, cirrhosis, glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive nodules and the generation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet, were examined in male Fischer 344 rats by feeding CDAA diets supplemented with the inhibitors for 12 and 30 weeks."	3.69	Inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, and p-bromophenacylbromide, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, of both cirrhosis and enzyme-altered nodules caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. ( Denda, A; Endoh, T; Horiguchi, K; Kobayashi, E; Konishi, Y; Nakae, D; Noguchi, O; Ogasawara, H; Sugimura, M; Tamura, K; Tang, Q; Tsujiuchi, T, 1996)
"Choline deficiency, via deprivation of labile methyl groups, is associated with a greatly increased incidence of hepatocarcinoma in experimental animals."	3.68	Accumulation of 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol with increased membrane-associated protein kinase C may be the mechanism for spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in choline-deficient rats. ( Blusztajn, JK; Cochary, EF; da Costa, KA; Garner, SC; Zeisel, SH, 1993)
"The effect of FUT-175, a new synthetic trypsin inhibitor, was evaluated in a lethal model of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by feeding mice a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet (CDE diet)."	3.68	Effect of protease inhibitor FUT-175 on acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in mice. ( Frey, CF; Isaji, S; Ruebner, B; Stanten, R; Suzuki, M, 1992)
"This study was performed to elucidate the role of bacterial infection in acute pancreatitis in young female mice fed a choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0."	3.68	Role of bacterial infection in diet-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. ( Carlson, J; Frey, CF; Isaji, S; Ruebner, B; Suzuki, M, 1992)
" Behavioural effects of chronic manipulations of dietary choline in rats in the early stages of aging are reported."	3.68	Dietary choline manipulations and behavioural modifications in rats in the early stages of aging. ( Fundarò, A; Paschero, A, 1991)
"Choline deficiency is associated with triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver, and is the only nutritional state known to trigger hepatic cancer spontaneously."	3.67	1,2-sn-diacylglycerol accumulates in choline-deficient liver. A possible mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis via alteration in protein kinase C activity? ( Blusztajn, JK; Zeisel, SH, 1989)
"Choline and phosphatidylcholine tissue concentrations were examined in mice treated with long-term (18-22 month) dietary choline enrichment, choline deficiency, or phosphatidylcholine enrichment."	3.67	Brain and serum levels of choline and lecithin resulting from long-term administration. ( Muma, NA; Rowell, PP, 1986)
"The effect of choline deficiency on the de novo pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis in the lung was investigated in rats fed a washed soy protein (lipotrophic) diet deficient in choline and methionine for 2-3 wk."	3.67	Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by rat lung during choline deficiency. ( Chander, A; Dodia, C; Fisher, AB; Yost, RW, 1986)
" Experimental evidence obtained in rats suggest that the precipitous fall in maternal liver choline concentration nearing the end of pregnancy could lead to a severe reduction in the lipotropic activity of the liver."	3.66	Can tetracycline-induced fatty liver in pregnancy be attributed to choline deficiency? ( Gwee, MC, 1982)
"Biliary cholesterol excretion closely parallels lecithin excretion in the rat and may be increased by feeding an excess of choline and decreased by choline deficiency."	3.66	Regulation of body cholesterol pools. Influence of cholesterol input and excretion in an animal model. ( Robins, S; Russo, A, 1979)
"A transient choline deficiency was induced in young rats subsequently fed a nutritionally complete purified diet during recovery periods of 0 to 119 days."	3.66	Choline deficiency and the reversibility of renal lesions in rats. ( Keith, MO; Tryphonas, L, 1978)
"Studies were conducted to determine the effect of choline deficiency on utilization of various labeled precursors of choline and rate of choline biosynthesis in mature Japanese quail."	3.65	Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. ( Jensen, LS; Kushwaha, RP, 1975)
"The influence of several factors on the development of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (pancreatic necrosis) with fat necrosis in mice fed DL-ethionine with a choline-deficient diet has been investigated."	3.65	Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice. Influence of the age and sex of the animals and of dietary ethionine, choline, methionine, and adenine sulfate. ( Lombardi, B; Rao, NK, 1975)
"Early effects of choline deficiency were studied in rats."	3.64	Diurnal changes in liver and plasma lipids of choline-deficient rats. ( Lang, JM; Rosenfeld, B, 1966)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces several forms of liver disorders involving fat disposition in hepatocytes ranging from simple steatosis to the severe stage, namely, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)."	2.82	A Comparison of the Gene Expression Profiles of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease between Animal Models of a High-Fat Diet and Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Ahmeda, AF; Al Zarzour, RH; Alsalahi, A; Alshawsh, MA; Alshehade, SA; Mahmoud, AM; Saghir, SAM, 2022)
"Choline is an essential nutrient and can also be obtained by de novo synthesis via an oestrogen responsive pathway."	2.77	Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women. ( Bonham, MP; Duffy, ME; McCormack, JM; McNulty, H; Molloy, AM; Robson, PJ; Scott, JM; Strain, JJ; Ueland, PM; Wallace, JM; Walsh, PM; Ward, M, 2012)
"Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, and part of this requirement is met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT)."	2.76	Docosahexaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine may be a potential marker for in vivo phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in humans. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Sanders, LM; Zeisel, SH, 2011)
"A dose-response effect of rs12325817 on the risk of choline-related organ dysfunction was observed in premenopausal women: 80%, 43%, and 13% of women with 2, 1, or 0 alleles, respectively, developed organ dysfunction."	2.75	Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Galanko, J; Kwock, L; Zeisel, SH, 2010)
"Choline plays an important role in eye health and disease."	2.72	Role of Choline in Ocular Diseases. ( Hwang, JS; Shin, YJ, 2021)
"Choline is a conditionally essential nutrient in this population."	2.67	Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. ( Ament, ME; Buchman, AL; Dubin, M; Eckhert, CD; Gornbein, J; Jenden, D; Moukarzel, A; Rice, K; Roch, MH, 1992)
"Choline was discovered to be an essential nutrient for some humans approximately one decade ago."	2.48	Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones. ( Zeisel, SH, 2012)
"Choline is a ubiquitous water soluble nutrient, often associated with the B vitamins; however, not yet officially defined as a B vitamin."	2.48	An introduction to the nutrition and metabolism of choline. ( Hollenbeck, CB, 2012)
"Choline is an essential nutrient for humans."	2.48	Choline nutrition programs brain development via DNA and histone methylation. ( Blusztajn, JK; Mellott, TJ, 2012)
"Choline (Ch) is an important nutrient that is involved in many physiological functions."	2.48	Choline deprivation: an overview of the major hepatic metabolic response pathways. ( Al-Humadi, H; Al-Saigh, R; Kyriakaki, A; Liapi, C; Zarros, A, 2012)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, but is also formed by de novo synthesis."	2.47	Choline and betaine in health and disease. ( Ueland, PM, 2011)
"Choline is a quaternary amine endogenously synthesized from the amino acid methionine or absorbed via the portal circulation."	2.45	The addition of choline to parenteral nutrition. ( Buchman, AL, 2009)
"Choline was officially recognized as an essential nutrient by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1998."	2.45	Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. ( da Costa, KA; Zeisel, SH, 2009)
"Choline is a major dietary source of methyl-groups (one of choline's metabolites, betaine, participates in the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine); also choline is needed for the biosynthesis of cell membranes, bioactive phospholipids and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine."	2.44	Gene response elements, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics influence the human dietary requirement for choline. ( Zeisel, SH, 2007)
" Later work indicated that in rats and mice, diets deficient in labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, folate) produced fatty liver and that long-term administration of diets deficient in choline and methionine also caused hepatocellular carcinoma."	2.44	Methionine metabolism and liver disease. ( Lu, SC; Martínez-Chantar, ML; Mato, JM, 2008)
"Choline is an essential nutrient needed for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; for normal cholinergic neurotransmission; for normal muscle function; for lipid transport from liver; and it is the major source of methyl groups in the diet."	2.43	Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. ( Zeisel, SH, 2006)
"Choline is a dietary component essential for normal function of all cells."	2.41	Choline: needed for normal development of memory. ( Zeisel, SH, 2000)
" Chronic administration of a false cholinergic transmitter in the diets of weanling rats mimicked such a state which, if maintained for a protracted period, produced many of the features of PDD in humans."	2.39	Continuing the search for cholinergic factors in cognitive dysfunction. ( Russell, RW, 1996)
"Dietary choline deficiency altered hippocampal networks associated with microtubule function and postsynaptic membrane regulation."	1.91	Dietary choline intake is necessary to prevent systems-wide organ pathology and reduce Alzheimer's disease hallmarks. ( Bartholomew, SK; Bilal, A; Blackwood, EA; Dave, N; Decker, A; Glembotski, C; Judd, JM; Karr, T; McDonough, I; Sandler, J; Sarette, P; Tallino, S; Velazquez, R; Villarreal Espinosa, O; Winslow, W; Winstone, JK, 2023)
"However, its impact on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development remains unclear."	1.91	Icariin Supplementation Suppresses the Markers of Ferroptosis and Attenuates the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice Fed a Methionine Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Choi, H; Choi, J; Chung, J, 2023)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, and its deficiency causes steatohepatitis."	1.91	Intestinal Atp8b1 dysfunction causes hepatic choline deficiency and steatohepatitis. ( Abukawa, D; Ando, T; Azuma, Y; Fukuda, A; Hayashi, H; Inui, A; Kaji, S; Kasahara, M; Kusuhara, H; Mizuno, S; Mizuno, T; Nakano, S; Okamoto, T; Sabu, Y; Sakamoto, S; Shimizu, S; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, S; Tamura, R; Zen, Y, 2023)
"Melatonin was administered at 20 mg/kg during the last 2 weeks."	1.72	Melatonin Attenuates Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage in Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Colares, JR; da Silva, JB; Hartmann, RM; Marroni, CA; Marroni, NP; Miguel, FM; Picada, JN; Schemitt, EG, 2022)
"Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenolic compound."	1.72	Chlorogenic acid alleviated liver fibrosis in methionine and choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and its mechanism. ( Guo, Q; Ji, L; Kai, G; Lu, B; Miao, H; Ouyang, H; Wei, M, 2022)
"Choline is an essential nutrient and a primary dietary source of methyl groups that are vital for brain development."	1.62	Low Maternal Dietary Intake of Choline Regulates Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression Via Histone H3K27me3 in Fetal Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells. ( Bai, Y; Chen, X; Dai, L; Guan, X; Ma, J; Qu, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, Q, 2021)
"Choline is an important nutrient during pregnancy and lactation."	1.62	Liver choline metabolism and gene expression in choline-deficient mice offspring differ with gender. ( Akiyama, K; Kumrungsee, T; Miyachi, Y; Tsukuda, Y; Yanaka, N, 2021)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic seatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the major health problems world wide, because of increased abdominal obesity."	1.56	Reduced Serum Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in a Choline-Deficient L-Amino Acid-Defined High-Fat Diet (CDAHFD)-Induced Mouse Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). ( Hiraoka, Y; Kume, N; Shimizu, R; Torii, H; Yasuda, D, 2020)
"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of liver disease characterized by steatosis, necroinflammation, and fibrosis, resulting in cirrhosis and cancer."	1.56	A trans fatty acid substitute enhanced development of liver proliferative lesions induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. ( Abe, A; Miyajima, K; Nakae, D; Ogawa, S; Sano, R; Suzuki-Kemuriyama, N; Uno, K; Watanabe, A; Yuki, M, 2020)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in western countries, with a continuously rising incidence."	1.51	Intestinal Microbiota Protects against MCD Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis. ( Bennek, E; Candels, LS; Elfers, C; Gassler, N; Heymann, F; Kilic, K; Mohs, A; Penders, J; Schneider, KM; Schneider, LB; Trautwein, C, 2019)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important co-morbidity associated with obesity and a precursor to steatohepatitis."	1.46	Enhanced offspring predisposition to steatohepatitis with maternal high-fat diet is associated with epigenetic and microbiome alterations. ( Alfaro, M; Chintapalli, SV; Kang, P; Shankar, K; Thakali, KM; Wankhade, UD; Zhong, Y, 2017)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and ranges from isolated steatosis to NASH."	1.46	Fatty acids in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Focus on pentadecanoic acid. ( Beretta, L; Fallon, M; Gjuka, D; Harrison, SA; Ioannou, GN; Shen, H; Song, X; Stevenson, HL; Wang, J; Yoo, SY; Yoo, W, 2017)
"Choline (Ch) is an essential nutrient that acts as a cognitive facilitator when administered during perinatal periods, and it has been recognised as a 'pharmacological' agent that can ease cognitive dysfunctions provoked by exposure to damaging stimuli during early developmental stages."	1.46	Dietary choline during periadolescence attenuates cognitive damage caused by neonatal maternal separation in male rats. ( Carías Picón, D; de Brugada Sauras, I; Moreno Gudiño, H, 2017)
" While the rich bioavailability research of curcumin, BDMC is the poor studies."	1.43	Hepatoprotective Effect and Synergism of Bisdemethoycurcumin against MCD Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. ( Ahn, YS; Cha, SW; Han, SH; Kang, OH; Kim, SB; Kong, R; Kwon, DY; Lee, YS; Seo, YS, 2016)
"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to hepatic pathologies, including simple fatty liver (SFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis, that may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma."	1.43	Effects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Hepatic CYP2B1 and in Vivo Bupropion Disposition in Rats Fed a High-Fat or Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet. ( Cho, HJ; Cho, SJ; Chong, S; Chung, SJ; Kang, IM; Kim, DD; Kim, SB; Lee, JI; Yoon, IS, 2016)
" Previous studies have shown that the long-term administration of a diet lacking essential one-carbon nutrients such as methionine, choline and folic acid (methyl donors) caused global DNA hypermethylation in the brain."	1.42	Methyl-donor deficiency in adolescence affects memory and epigenetic status in the mouse hippocampus. ( Ishii, D; Kawai, K; Mashimo, Y; Matsuda, S; Matsuzawa, D; Shimizu, E; Sutoh, C; Tomizawa, H, 2015)
"Choline is a precursor to phosphatidylcholine (PC), a structural molecule in cellular membranes that is crucial for cell growth and function."	1.42	Choline deficiency impairs intestinal lipid metabolism in the lactating rat. ( Curtis, JM; da Silva, RP; Field, CJ; Goruk, S; Jacobs, RL; Kelly, KB; Leonard, KA; Lewis, ED; Proctor, SD; Vine, DF, 2015)
"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by combined pathology of steatosis, lobular inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular degeneration, with systemic symptoms of diabetes or hyperlipidemia, all in the absence of alcohol abuse."	1.39	Persistent fibrosis in the liver of choline-deficient and iron-supplemented L-amino acid-defined diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rat due to continuing oxidative stress after choline supplementation. ( Matsumoto, M; Miyamae, Y; Noto, T; Oishi, Y; Takeuchi-Yorimoto, A; Yamada, A, 2013)
"Betaine was associated with the KOLT, TMT-A and COWAT, but after adjustments for potential confounders, the associations lost significance."	1.39	Plasma free choline, betaine and cognitive performance: the Hordaland Health Study. ( Bjelland, I; Drevon, CA; Engedal, K; Nurk, E; Nygaard, HA; Refsum, H; Smith, DA; Tell, GS; Ueland, PM; Vollset, SE, 2013)
"Choline is an essential nutrient required for early development."	1.39	Long-lasting effects of prenatal dietary choline availability on object recognition memory ability in adult rats. ( Carias, D; de Brugada, I; Gallo, M; Moreno, HC, 2013)
"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease that causes fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis."	1.38	Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates methionine choline deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in C57BL/6 mice. ( Kim, HS; Kim, JG; Kim, MK; Lee, IK; Lee, KU; Min, AK; Park, KG; Seo, HY, 2012)
"Quercetin (50 mg/kg) was given by oral route daily."	1.38	Quercetin treatment ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ( González-Gallego, J; Marcolin, E; Marroni, N; San-Miguel, B; Tieppo, J; Tuñón, MJ; Vallejo, D, 2012)
"Despite choline deficiency, the level of choline and acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransfease (ChAT) significantly increased in the brain."	1.37	Interaction between total body gamma-irradiation and choline deficiency triggers immediate modulation of choline and choline-containing moieties. ( Batra, V; Devasagayam, TP; Kislay, B, 2011)
"The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is still unclear."	1.36	Nitric oxide plays a crucial role in the development/progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet-fed rat model. ( Fujita, K; Inamori, M; Iwasaki, T; Kirikoshi, H; Maeyama, S; Nakajima, A; Nozaki, Y; Saito, S; Takahashi, H; Terauchi, Y; Wada, K; Yoneda, M, 2010)
"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by the association of steatosis with hepatic cell injury, lobular inflammation and fibrosis."	1.36	Curcumin limits the fibrogenic evolution of experimental steatohepatitis. ( Arena, U; Caligiuri, A; Delogu, W; Galastri, S; Laffi, G; Marra, F; Milani, S; Novo, E; Parola, M; Pinzani, M; Provenzano, A; Vizzutti, F; Zamara, E, 2010)
"Choline is an essential nutrient, and deficiency causes liver and muscle dysfunction."	1.36	Metabolomic profiling can predict which humans will develop liver dysfunction when deprived of dietary choline. ( Berger, A; da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Jia, W; Lawton, KA; Milburn, MV; Sha, W; Zeisel, SH, 2010)
"Choline is a selective agonist for the alpha7 nicotinic receptor which appears in development before acetylcholine is present."	1.35	Perinatal choline deficiency produces abnormal sensory inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Adams, CE; Kisley, MA; Mellott, TJ; Robbins, E; Stevens, KE, 2008)
"Choline is an essential nutrient that serves as a donor of metabolic methyl groups used during gestation to establish the epigenetic DNA methylation patterns that modulate tissue-specific gene expression."	1.35	Raising gestational choline intake alters gene expression in DMBA-evoked mammary tumors and prolongs survival. ( Blusztajn, JK; Davison, JM; Kovacheva, VP; Mellott, TJ; O'Brien, MJ; Rogers, AE; Yang, S, 2009)
"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis."	1.35	Melatonin ameliorates methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. ( Akin, H; Atug, O; Avsar, E; Celikel, C; Eren, F; Imeryuz, N; Ozdogan, O; Ozguner, F; Tahan, G; Tahan, V; Tarcin, O; Tozun, N; Uzun, H, 2009)
"Choline is an important nutrient for humans and animals."	1.34	Choline cannot be replaced by propanolamine in mice. ( Li, Z; Vance, DE, 2007)
"Choline is a required nutrient, and some humans deplete quickly when fed a low-choline diet, whereas others do not."	1.33	Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans. ( da Costa, KA; Fischer, LM; Kohlmeier, M; Zeisel, SH, 2005)
"In the MCD dietary model of steatohepatitis, NF-kappaB is activated early and is an important proinflammatory mediator of lesion development, but steatohepatitis occurs independently of TNF synthesis and TNFR-1 activation."	1.33	NF-kappaB activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis. ( Dela Peña, A; Farrell, G; Field, J; George, J; Jones, B; Leclercq, I, 2005)
"Choline is an essential nutrient for animals and humans."	1.32	Prenatal choline supplementation advances hippocampal development and enhances MAPK and CREB activation. ( Blusztajn, JK; Meck, WH; Mellott, TJ; Williams, CL, 2004)
"At the termination of the treatment, the body weight of SAM P8 was markedly lower than that of the equal aged senescence-resistant prone 1 (SAM R1), but this was conspicuously recovered to the level of SAM R1 by SDT treatment."	1.30	Improvement of cerebral ATP and choline deficiencies by Shao-Yin-Ren Shi-Quang-Da-Bu-Tang in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8. ( Joo, HJ; Jung, KY; Lee, MY; Ma, JY; Park, JH; Yang, JM, 1999)
"Choline is an important nutrient that is actively transported from mother to fetus across the placenta and from mother to infant across the mammary gland."	1.29	Pregnancy and lactation are associated with diminished concentrations of choline and its metabolites in rat liver. ( da Costa, KA; Mar, MH; Zeisel, SH; Zhou, Z, 1995)
"The effects of acute and chronic administration of MKC-231, a new choline uptake enhancer, and two other nootropic agents, linopiridine (Dup 996) and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on working memory deficits and decreased hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) content were studied in a delayed non-matching to sample task, using a T-maze, in ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A)-treated mice."	1.29	MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer, ameliorates working memory deficits and decreased hippocampal acetylcholine induced by ethylcholine aziridinium ion in mice. ( Abe, E; Itoh, T; Masuda, Y; Murai, S; Odashima, J; Saito, H, 1994)
"We suggest that choline deficiency altered the protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction within liver and this contributed to hepatic carcinogenesis in these animals."	1.29	Effects of prolonged (1 year) choline deficiency and subsequent re-feeding of choline on 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol, fatty acids and protein kinase C in rat liver. ( Chang, J; da Costa, KA; Garner, SC; Zeisel, SH, 1995)
"The prevalence of plasma choline deficiency, i."	1.28	Choline may be an essential nutrient in malnourished patients with cirrhosis. ( Bonkovsky, HL; Chawla, RK; Kutner, MH; Wolf, DC, 1989)
"In contrast to methotrexate exposure, choline deficiency increased the mitochondrial glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity."	1.27	Effect of methotrexate on long-chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of rats fed a standard or a defined, choline-deficient diet. ( Aarsaether, N; Aarsland, A; Berge, RK; Svardal, A; Ueland, PM, 1988)
"We investigated how choline deficiency affected hepatic lipogenesis, apolipoprotein synthesis, and lipoprotein secretion."	1.27	The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes. ( Vance, DE; Yao, ZM, 1988)
"Dietary choline deficiency lowered the biological value of casein only slightly."	1.26	Hepatic free choline and betaine and the utilization of dietary protein in the choline-deficient rat. ( Arvidson, GA; Asp, NG, 1982)
"This effects seem caused by the choline deficiency."	1.25	[Nutritional needs of adult Drosophila: influence of lecithins and of choline chloride on the fecundity, the fertility and the size of ova]. ( van Herrewege, J, 1975)
"If choline was omitted from the diet, a significant increase of fatty acid synthetase activity was observed after two feedings of the deficient diet."	1.25	Regulation by dietary choline of hepatic fatty acid synthetase in the rat. ( Rosenfeld, B, 1973)
"Post-Triton hyperphospholipidemia was also less pronounced in CD rats."	1.25	Choline-deficiency fatty liver: impaired release of hepatic triglycerides. ( Lombardi, B; Pani, P; Schlunk, FF, 1968)
"In the presence of choline deficiency, absorption of intraluminal endotoxin may contribute to the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis."	1.24	INFLUENCE OF NEOMYCIN AND INGESTED ENDOTOXIN IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLINE DEFICIENCY CIRRHOSIS IN THE ADULT RAT. ( BROITMAN, SA; GOTTLIEB, LS; ZAMCHECK, N, 1964)
"4."	1.24	LIVER LIPIDS OF CHOLINE-DEFICIENT RATS. ( BABCOCK, R; LYMAN, RL; MILJANICH, P; SHANNON, A; TINOCO, J, 1965)

Research

Studies (532)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Body Mass Index

Change in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Score (Histologic Feature Scores Determined by Standardized Scoring of Liver Biopsies) From Baseline at 96 Weeks of Treatment

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	302 (56.77)	18.7374
1990's	51 (9.59)	18.2507
2000's	55 (10.34)	29.6817
2010's	91 (17.11)	24.3611
2020's	33 (6.20)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Glade, MJ	1
Crook, MA	1
Alshawsh, MA	1
Alsalahi, A	1
Alshehade, SA	1
Saghir, SAM	1
Ahmeda, AF	1
Al Zarzour, RH	1
Mahmoud, AM	1
Yao, H	1
Xu, H	1
Qiu, S	1
Chen, J	1
Lin, Z	1
Zhu, J	2
Sun, X	1
Gao, Q	1
Chen, X	3
Xi, C	1
Huang, D	1
Zhang, F	1
Gao, S	1
Wang, Z	2
Zhang, J	2
Liu, X	1
Ren, G	1
Tao, X	1
Li, M	1
Chen, W	1
Miguel, FM	1
Picada, JN	1
da Silva, JB	1
Schemitt, EG	1
Colares, JR	1
Hartmann, RM	1
Marroni, CA	1
Marroni, NP	1
Miao, H	1
Ouyang, H	1
Guo, Q	1
Wei, M	1
Lu, B	2
Kai, G	1
Ji, L	1
Zhu, B	1
Li, H	2
Guo, X	2
Wu, C	2
Wang, F	1
Li, Q	1
Xie, L	1
Glaser, S	1
Francis, H	1
Alpini, G	1
Aljobaily, N	1
Krutsinger, K	1
Viereckl, MJ	1
Joly, R	1
Menlove, B	1
Cone, B	1
Suppes, A	1
Han, Y	1
Dave, N	1
Judd, JM	1
Decker, A	1
Winslow, W	1
Sarette, P	1
Villarreal Espinosa, O	1
Tallino, S	1
Bartholomew, SK	1
Bilal, A	1
Sandler, J	1
McDonough, I	1
Winstone, JK	1
Blackwood, EA	1
Glembotski, C	1
Karr, T	1
Velazquez, R	1
Zhen, Q	1
Liang, Q	1
Wang, H	1
Zheng, Y	1
Lu, Z	1
Bian, C	1
Zhao, X	1
Gnocchi, D	1
Afonso, MB	1
Cavalluzzi, MM	1
Lentini, G	1
Ingravallo, G	1
Sabbà, C	1
Rodrigues, CMP	1
Mazzocca, A	1
Wu, S	1
Wu, Y	1
Lin, L	1
Ruan, C	1
Li, F	1
Chen, R	1
Du, H	1
Zhang, X	2
Luo, X	1
Suzuki-Kemuriyama, N	3
Abe, A	3
Nakane, S	2
Yuki, M	3
Miyajima, K	3
Nakae, D	5
Choi, J	1
Choi, H	1
Chung, J	1
Tamura, R	1
Sabu, Y	1
Mizuno, T	1
Mizuno, S	1
Nakano, S	1
Suzuki, M	3
Abukawa, D	1
Kaji, S	1
Azuma, Y	1
Inui, A	1
Okamoto, T	1
Shimizu, S	1
Fukuda, A	1
Sakamoto, S	1
Kasahara, M	1
Takahashi, S	1
Kusuhara, H	1
Zen, Y	1
Ando, T	1
Hayashi, H	1
Li, X	1
Wang, TX	1
Huang, X	1
Li, Y	2
Sun, T	1
Zang, S	1
Guan, KL	1
Xiong, Y	1
Liu, J	1
Yuan, HX	1
Yasuda, D	1
Torii, H	1
Shimizu, R	1
Hiraoka, Y	1
Kume, N	1
Eudy, BJ	1
McDermott, CE	1
Fernandez, G	1
Mathews, CE	1
Lai, J	1
da Silva, RP	2
Mori, Y	1
Kawakami, Y	1
Kanzaki, K	1
Otsuki, A	1
Kimura, Y	1
Kanji, H	1
Tanaka, R	1
Tsukayama, I	1
Hojo, N	1
Suzuki-Yamamoto, T	1
Kawakami, T	1
Takahashi, Y	1
Wang, P	1
Cong, M	1
Liu, T	1
Liu, L	2
Sun, S	1
Sun, L	2
Zhu, Z	1
Ma, H	1
You, H	1
Zhang, H	1
Jia, J	1
Brzezinski, RY	1
Levin-Kotler, L	1
Rabin, N	1
Ovadia-Blechman, Z	1
Zimmer, Y	1
Sternfeld, A	1
Finchelman, JM	1
Unis, R	1
Lewis, N	1
Tepper-Shaihov, O	1
Naftali-Shani, N	1
Balint-Lahat, N	1
Safran, M	1
Ben-Ari, Z	1
Grossman, E	1
Leor, J	1
Hoffer, O	1
Guan, X	1
Dai, L	1
Ma, J	1
Zhang, Q	2
Qu, S	1
Bai, Y	1
Wang, Y	2
Haberl, EM	1
Pohl, R	1
Rein-Fischboeck, L	1
Höring, M	1
Krautbauer, S	1
Liebisch, G	1
Buechler, C	1
Uno, K	2
Ogawa, S	2
Watanabe, A	2
Sano, R	2
Liu, C	1
Zhao, M	1
Lu, Y	1
Liu, P	1
Yang, H	1
Yang, J	1
Yao, Y	1
Gámez-Belmonte, R	1
Tena-Garitaonaindia, M	1
Hernández-Chirlaque, C	1
Córdova, S	1
Ceacero-Heras, D	1
de Medina, FS	1
Martínez-Augustin, O	1
Yang, YM	1
Matsuda, M	1
Seki, E	1
Jiang, D	1
Lin, S	1
Cheng, Y	1
Pan, J	1
Ding, W	1
Chen, Y	1
Fan, J	1
Miyachi, Y	1
Akiyama, K	1
Tsukuda, Y	1
Kumrungsee, T	2
Yanaka, N	2
Tillmann, S	1
Awwad, HM	1
MacPherson, CW	1
Happ, DF	1
Treccani, G	1
Geisel, J	1
Tompkins, TA	1
Ueland, PM	5
Wegener, G	1
Obeid, R	1
Hwang, JS	1
Shin, YJ	1
Bernhard, W	3
Shunova, A	1
Machann, J	1
Grimmel, M	1
Haack, TB	1
Utz, P	1
Graepler-Mainka, U	1
Di Pasqua, LG	1
Berardo, C	1
Cagna, M	1
Mannucci, B	1
Milanesi, G	1
Croce, AC	1
Ferrigno, A	1
Vairetti, M	1
Wu, P	2
Liu, Y	4
Jiang, WD	2
Jiang, J	2
Zhang, YA	2
Zhou, XQ	2
Feng, L	2
Wankhade, UD	1
Zhong, Y	1
Kang, P	1
Alfaro, M	1
Chintapalli, SV	1
Thakali, KM	1
Shankar, K	1
Nakamura, M	2
Suetsugu, A	2
Hasegawa, K	1
Matsumoto, T	1
Aoki, H	1
Kunisada, T	2
Shimizu, M	2
Saji, S	1
Moriwaki, H	1
Hoffman, RM	2
Mitsumoto, K	1
Watanabe, R	1
Nakao, K	1
Yonenaka, H	1
Hashimoto, T	1
Kato, N	1
Ganz, AB	1
Klatt, KC	2
Caudill, MA	4
Ikawa-Yoshida, A	1
Matsuo, S	1
Kato, A	1
Ohmori, Y	1
Higashida, A	1
Kaneko, E	1
Matsumoto, M	3
Yan, JK	1
Gong, ZZ	1
Wen, J	1
Xiao, YT	1
Zhang, T	1
Cai, W	1
Yoo, W	1
Gjuka, D	1
Stevenson, HL	1
Song, X	1
Shen, H	1
Yoo, SY	1
Wang, J	1
Fallon, M	1
Ioannou, GN	1
Harrison, SA	1
Beretta, L	1
Zeisel, SH	37
Alshammari, GM	1
Balakrishnan, A	1
Chinnasamy, T	1
Poets, CF	2
Franz, AR	2
Schneider, KM	1
Mohs, A	1
Kilic, K	1
Candels, LS	1
Elfers, C	1
Bennek, E	1
Schneider, LB	1
Heymann, F	2
Gassler, N	1
Penders, J	1
Trautwein, C	2
Wortmann, SB	1
Mayr, JA	1
Hedtke, V	1
Bakovic, M	3
Kim, JW	1
Hahn, KR	1
Yoo, DY	1
Jung, HY	1
Hwang, IK	1
Seong, JK	1
Yoon, YS	1
Matsuura, K	1
Satake, T	1
Pogribny, IP	2
Kutanzi, K	2
Melnyk, S	2
de Conti, A	2
Tryndyak, V	2
Montgomery, B	1
Pogribna, M	1
Muskhelishvili, L	1
Latendresse, JR	2
James, SJ	3
Beland, FA	2
Rusyn, I	3
Takeuchi-Yorimoto, A	2
Noto, T	2
Yamada, A	1
Miyamae, Y	1
Oishi, Y	1
Denninghoff, V	1
Ossani, G	1
Uceda, A	1
Rugnone, M	1
Fernández, E	1
Fresno, C	1
González, G	1
Díaz, ML	2
Avagnina, A	1
Elsner, B	1
Monserrat, A	1
Strilakou, AA	1
Tsakiris, ST	1
Kalafatakis, KG	1
Stylianaki, AT	1
Karkalousos, PL	1
Koulouris, AV	1
Mourouzis, IS	1
Liapi, CA	1
Yu, D	1
Shu, XO	1
Xiang, YB	1
Yang, G	1
Gao, YT	1
Zheng, W	1
Schenkel, LC	1
Singh, RK	1
Michel, V	2
da Costa, KA	15
Johnson, AR	1
Mudd, HS	1
Deminice, R	1
de Castro, GS	1
Francisco, LV	1
da Silva, LE	1
Cardoso, JF	1
Frajacomo, FT	1
Teodoro, BG	1
Dos Reis Silveira, L	1
Jordao, AA	1
Tomizawa, H	1
Matsuzawa, D	1
Ishii, D	1
Matsuda, S	1
Kawai, K	1
Mashimo, Y	1
Sutoh, C	1
Shimizu, E	1
Shimozono, R	1
Nishimura, K	1
Akiyama, H	1
Funamoto, S	1
Izawa, A	1
Sai, T	1
Kunita, K	1
Kainoh, M	1
Suzuki, T	1
Kawada, N	1
Ossani, GP	2
Denninghoff, VC	1
Uceda, AM	1
Uicich, R	1
Monserrat, AJ	3
Han, F	1
Lu, J	1
Wang, Q	1
Sugiyama, K	4
Huang, Z	1
Machado, MV	2
Michelotti, GA	2
Xie, G	2
Almeida Pereira, T	1
de Almeida, TP	2
Boursier, J	2
Bohnic, B	2
Guy, CD	2
Diehl, AM	2
Mudd, AT	2
Getty, CM	2
Sutton, BP	1
Dilger, RN	2
Kelly, KB	1
Lewis, ED	2
Leonard, KA	1
Goruk, S	2
Curtis, JM	2
Vine, DF	1
Proctor, SD	1
Field, CJ	2
Jacobs, RL	2
Schall, JI	1
Mascarenhas, MR	1
Maqbool, A	1
Dougherty, KA	1
Elci, O	1
Wang, DJ	1
Altes, TA	1
Hommel, KA	1
Shaw, W	1
Moore, J	1
Stallings, VA	1
Surzenko, N	1
Friday, WB	1
Moreno Gudiño, H	1
Carías Picón, D	1
de Brugada Sauras, I	1
Kim, SB	2
Kang, OH	1
Lee, YS	1
Han, SH	1
Ahn, YS	1
Cha, SW	1
Seo, YS	1
Kong, R	1
Kwon, DY	2
Li, YH	1
Choi, DH	1
Lee, EH	1
Seo, SR	1
Lee, S	1
Cho, EH	1
Yamaura, Y	1
Kanki, M	1
Ide, T	1
Nakata, A	1
Cho, SJ	1
Cho, HJ	1
Chong, S	1
Chung, SJ	1
Kang, IM	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Phase II Study: LYM-X-SORB™, an Organized Lipid Matrix: Fatty Acids and Choline in CF[NCT00406536]	Phase 2	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
The Impact Of Choline Administration On Oxidative Stress And Clinical Outcome Of Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD[NCT05200156]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-01	Recruiting
Human Requirements for the Nutrient Choline[NCT00065546]		43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04302168]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Recruiting
Clinical Research Network in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children (TONIC)[NCT00063635]	Phase 3	173 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Clinical Research Network in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Non-Diabetic Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS)[NCT00063622]	Phase 3	247 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Supply of Term and Preterm Neonates With Choline, Lipids and Vitamines[NCT02027584]		414 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-11-30	Completed
Nahrungsergänzung Mit Cholin- Und Docosahexaensäure Bei Sehr Unreifen Frühgeborenen[NCT02509728]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Completed
Multi-paramEtric Imaging to Assess Treatment REsponse After Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Brain Metastases[NCT04626206]		12 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-12-31	Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Intervention	kg/m-squared (Mean)
Metformin	1.3
Vitamin E	2.1
Placebo	1.9

Histological activity was assessed using the NAFLD activity score on a scale of 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating more severe disease; the components of this measure include steatosis (0-3), lobular inflammation (0-3), and hepatocellular ballooning (0-2). (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Change in QOL- Psychosocial Health

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Metformin	-1.1
Vitamin E	-1.8
Placebo	-0.7

Change in self-reported QOL physical health Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (version 4.0) scores were recorded to range from 0 to 100 with increasing scores indicating better quality of life. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Change in Quality of Life (QOL) Scores- Physical Health

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Metformin	4.0
Vitamin E	6.0
Placebo	5.6

Change in Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Change in Serum Vitamin E Levels

Number of Participants With Improvement in Ballooning Degradation Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Metformin	5.4
Vitamin E	7.6
Placebo	5.4

Intervention	IU/L (Mean)
Metformin	-21.5
Vitamin E	-22.8
Placebo	-20.4

Intervention	mg/L (Mean)
Metformin	-0.5
Vitamin E	9.4
Placebo	-0.9

Ballooning is assessed on a scale of 0 to 2 with higher scores indicating more severe ballooning. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in ballooning score at 96 weeks compared to baseline, which indicates improvement in ballooning. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Liver Fibrosis Score

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	22
Vitamin E	22
Placebo	10

Fibrosis is assessed on a scale of 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating more severe fibrosis. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in fibrosis score at 96 weeks compared to baseline, which indicates improvement in fibrosis. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Lobular Inflammation Score

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	22
Vitamin E	18
Placebo	19

Lobular inflammation is assessed on a scale of 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating more severe lobular inflammation. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in lobular inflammation score at 96 weeks compared to baseline, which indicates improvement in lobular inflammation. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Steatosis Score

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	23
Vitamin E	22
Placebo	20

Steatosis is assessed on a scale of 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating more severe steatosis. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in steatosis score at 96 weeks compared to baseline, which indicates improvement in steatosis. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Sustained Reduction in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) to Either 50% of Baseline Value or < 40 IU/L

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	26
Vitamin E	27
Placebo	19

The primary outcome was sustained reduction in ALT level, defined as 50% or less of the baseline level or 40 IU/L or less at each visit from 48 to 96 weeks of treatment. (NCT00063635)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Fibrosis

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	9
Vitamin E	15
Placebo	10

Fibrosis is assessed on a scale of 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating more severe fibrosis. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in fibrosis score, which indicates improvement in fibrosis. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Hepatocellular Ballooning

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	31
Vitamin E	33
Placebo	22

Hepatocellular ballooning is assessed on a scale of 0 to 2 with higher scores indicating more severe hepatocellular ballooning. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in hepatocellular ballooning score, which indicates improvement in hepatocellular ballooning. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Lobular Inflammation

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	31
Vitamin E	40
Placebo	21

Lobular inflammation is assessed on a scale of 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating more severe lobular inflammation. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in lobular inflammation score, which indicates improvement in lobular inflammation. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Activity Defined by Change in Standardized Scoring of Liver Biopsies at Baseline and After 96 Weeks of Treatment.

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	41
Vitamin E	43
Placebo	25

Total nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity was assessed on a scale of 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating more severe disease; the components of this measure include steatosis (assessed on a scale of 0 to 3), lobular inflammation (assessed on a scale of 0 to 3), and hepatocellular ballooning (assessed on a scale of 0 to 2). The primary outcome was an improvement in histological findings from baseline to 96 weeks, which required an improvement by 1 or more points in the hepatocellular ballooning score; no increase in the fibrosis score; and either a decrease in the activity score for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to a score of 3 or less or a decrease in the activity score of at least 2 points, with at least a 1-point decrease in either the lobular inflammation or steatosis score. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Improvement in Steatosis

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	27
Vitamin E	36
Placebo	16

Steatosis is assessed on a scale of 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating more severe steatosis. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants that experienced a decrease in steatosis score, which indicates improvement in steatosis. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Number of Participants With Resolution of Definite Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	48
Vitamin E	43
Placebo	22

The criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was definite or possible steatohepatitis (assessed by a pathologist) with an activity score of 5 or more, or definite steatohepatitis (confirmed by two pathologists) with an activity score of 4. This secondary outcome measure is the number of participants who met this definition at baseline and did not meet this definition after 96 weeks of treatment and thus had a resolution of steatohepatitis. (NCT00063622)
Timeframe: baseline and 96 weeks

Article	Year
A Comparison of the Gene Expression Profiles of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease between Animal Models of a High-Fat Diet and Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, Jan-27, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatocytes; Humans; M	2022
Role of Choline in Ocular Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Apr-29, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diabetic Retinopathy; Dry Eye Syndromes; Eye Di	2021
Common Genetic Variants Alter Metabolism and Influence Dietary Choline Requirements. Nutrients, 2017, Aug-04, Volume: 9, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predispo	2017
Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. European journal of nutrition, 2019, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Betaine; Child Development; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth W	2019
Choline-related-inherited metabolic diseases-A mini review. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 2019, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Supplements; Disease Progression; Humans; Liver; Metab	2019
Choline transport for phospholipid synthesis: An emerging role of choline transporter-like protein 1. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2019, Volume: 244, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Humans; Liv	2019
The addition of choline to parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 137, Issue:5 Suppl Topics: Aged; Burns; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Female; Humans; Lactation; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver D	2009
Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutrition reviews, 2009, Volume: 67, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Choline Defici	2009
Choline: clinical nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic approaches for identification of functions and dietary requirements. World review of nutrition and dietetics, 2010, Volume: 101 Topics: Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Epigenesis, Genetic; Fetal Development; Genetic Variation; Human	2010
Choline and betaine in health and disease. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 2011, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Betaine; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Disease; Eating; Health; Humans; Models, Biological;	2011
The supply of choline is important for fetal progenitor cells. Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 2011, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Brain; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Developmental Biology; Diet; DNA Methylation; Em	2011
Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones. Mutation research, 2012, May-01, Volume: 733, Issue:1-2 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; DNA Breaks; DNA Damage; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genomic Instabili	2012
An introduction to the nutrition and metabolism of choline. Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry, 2012, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Humans; Nutritional Status; Signal Transduction	2012
Choline nutrition programs brain development via DNA and histone methylation. Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry, 2012, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; DNA Methylation; Female; Histones; Humans; Nutritional	2012
Choline deprivation: an overview of the major hepatic metabolic response pathways. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2012, Volume: 47, Issue:8-9 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Fatty Liver; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases	2012
Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies on DNA methylation and carcinogenesis in rat liver. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 2003, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; DNA Methylation; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gas	2003
CHOLINE DEFICIENCY IN BABOON AND RAT. Nutrition reviews, 1965, Volume: 23 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Haplorhini; Humans; Liver Diseases; Papio; Rats; Researc	1965
Review of the carcinogenic activity of diethanolamine and evidence of choline deficiency as a plausible mode of action. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 2005, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Ethanolamines; Female; Hum	2005
An overview of evidence for a causal relationship between dietary availability of choline during development and cognitive function in offspring. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2006, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cell Size; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cognition; Critical Period	2006
Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. Annual review of nutrition, 2006, Volume: 26 Topics: Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Male; Nutritional Requirement	2006
Gene response elements, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics influence the human dietary requirement for choline. IUBMB life, 2007, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Epigenesis, Genetic; Estrogens; Folic Acid; Human	2007
Methionine metabolism and liver disease. Annual review of nutrition, 2008, Volume: 28 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Liver Diseases; Liver Neoplasms	2008
Lecithin and choline in human health and disease. Nutrition reviews, 1994, Volume: 52, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Humans; Neoplasms; Nutritional Requirements; Phosphatidylcholi	1994
Choline and human nutrition. Annual review of nutrition, 1994, Volume: 14 Topics: Animals; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Humans; Neoplasms; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena;	1994
The AF64A model of cholinergic hypofunction: an update. Life sciences, 1996, Volume: 58, Issue:22 Topics: Animals; Aziridines; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cholinergic Antagonists; Disease Models, An	1996
Continuing the search for cholinergic factors in cognitive dysfunction. Life sciences, 1996, Volume: 58, Issue:22 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cognition Disorders; Down-Regulation; Humans; Recep	1996
The role of folate, choline, and methionine in carcinogenesis induced by methyl-deficient diets. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1996, Volume: 399 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Liver Neoplas	1996
Choline. A nutrient that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell death, and cell transformation. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1996, Volume: 399 Topics: Animals; Cell Death; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Choline; Choline Def	1996
Choline: essential for brain development and function. Advances in pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 44 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Female; Humans; Infant, Newbo	1997
Diet, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1997, Volume: 422 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Epidermal Growth Factor; Humans; Neoplasms; S	1997
Choline: needed for normal development of memory. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2000, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Suppl Topics: Animals; Brain; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Eggs; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lactation;	2000
Effects on the diet on brain neurotransmitters. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1977, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain; Catecholamines; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet;	1977
Choline. Nutrition reviews, 1978, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Enzyme Activation; Growth Inhibitors; Humans;	1978
Choline: a conditionally essential nutrient for humans. Nutrition reviews, 1992, Volume: 50, Issue:4 ( Pt 1) Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Humans; Liver	1992
Labile methyl groups and the promotion of cancer. Annual review of nutrition, 1986, Volume: 6 Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Carcinogens; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; DNA; Folic Acid; Folic	1986
Involvement of water-soluble vitamins in diseases of swine. Journal of animal science, 1985, Volume: 60, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biotin; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Folic Acid; F	1985
Relationship of ethanol to choline metabolism in the liver: a review. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1973, Volume: 26, Issue:11 Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Disease Models,	1973
[Physiopathology of ethylic steatosis]. Lyon medical, 1972, Jan-23, Volume: 227, Issue:2 Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Alcoholism; Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dogs; Ethanol; Fatty Live	1972
Influence of alcohol and choline deficiency upon rat liver uptake of choline. Nutrition reviews, 1971, Volume: 29, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Ethanol; Liver; Male; Nutritional Requirement	1971
Diurnal changes in plasma and liver lipids in rats in initial stages of choline deficiency. Nutrition reviews, 1966, Volume: 24, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; In Vitro Techniques; Lipid Metabolism; Li	1966
Prevention of renal necrosis in rats fed diets lacking choline. Nutrition reviews, 1966, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Fats; Kidney Cortex Necrosis; Kidney Diseases; Rats	1966

Article	Year
Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2016, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological P	2016
Choline intake exceeding current dietary recommendations preserves markers of cellular methylation in a genetic subgroup of folate-compromised men. The Journal of nutrition, 2010, Volume: 140, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; DNA Damage; DNA Methylation; Dose-Response Rel	2010
Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Alleles; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Estrogens	2010
Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Alleles; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Estrogens	2010
Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Alleles; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Estrogens	2010
Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Alleles; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Estrogens; Estrogens	2010
Docosahexaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine may be a potential marker for in vivo phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2011, Volume: 93, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Cholesterol, Dietary; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Docosahexaen	2011
Oral choline supplementation in children with intestinal failure. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2011, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Supplemen	2011
Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women. The British journal of nutrition, 2012, Volume: 108, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Aging; Betaine; Biomarkers; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Met	2012
Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Biopsy; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cohort Studies; Cross-Se	2012
Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Biopsy; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cohort Studies; Cross-Se	2012
Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Biopsy; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cohort Studies; Cross-Se	2012
Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Biopsy; Child; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cohort Studies; Cross-Se	2012
Choline deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2005, Volume: 81, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cross-Over Studies; Homocysteine;	2005
Choline deficiency increases lymphocyte apoptosis and DNA damage in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2006, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Caspase 3; Caspases; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Co	2006
Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2007, Volume: 85, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Liver;	2007
Lymphocyte gene expression in subjects fed a low-choline diet differs between those who develop organ dysfunction and those who do not. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2007, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Choline Dehydrogenase; Cluster Analysis; DNA; Female; Gene	2007
In vivo methylation capacity is not impaired in healthy men during short-term dietary folate and methyl group restriction. The Journal of nutrition, 1995, Volume: 125, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Carnitine; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Creatinine; Cross-Over Studies;	1995
Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology, 1992, Volume: 102, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Carnitine; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Fat	1992

choline and Choline Deficiency