Compounds > choline
Page last updated: 2024-10-16

choline and Cardiovascular Diseases

choline has been researched along with Cardiovascular Diseases in 80 studies

Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationships of circulating choline and betaine with cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke in patients with ischemic stroke."8.02Plasma choline and betaine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke. ( Bu, X; Che, B; Du, J; He, J; Ju, Z; Miao, M; Peng, H; Wang, A; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2021)
"Among our African-American participants, higher dietary choline intake was associated with a lower risk of incident ischemic stroke, and thus putative dietary benefits."7.88Dietary choline and betaine; associations with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease risk and incidence of CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke: the Jackson Heart Study. ( Bidulescu, A; Dibaba, DT; Millard, HR; Musani, SK; Talegawkar, SA; Taylor, HA; Tucker, KL, 2018)
"Phosphorylcholine (PC) is an important pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern."5.62Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. ( Bergman, A; Dahlbom, I; de Jong, RCM; de Vries, MR; Ewing, MM; Frostegård, J; Jukema, JW; Karabina, SAP; Karper, JC; Kuiper, J; MacArthur, MR; Mitchell, JR; Ninio, E; Nordzell, M; Peters, EAB; Pettersson, K; Quax, PHA; Sexton, D, 2021)
" Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is produced from the metabolism of dietary choline and L-carnitine by intestinal microbiota, and many studies have shown that this important product inhibits cholesterol metabolism, induces platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and promotes atherosclerosis."5.41The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. ( Cai, XC; Han, HX; He, M; Kang, XX; Liu, X; Lv, EH; Tian, JQ; Wang, YT; Wen, PB; Xiao, L; Zhang, MY; Zhen, J; Zhou, Z, 2023)
" Other research has shown that betaine and choline seem to be more effective than folate at reducing hyperhomocysteinemia and impacting cardiovascular outcomes suggesting they may be limiting."4.89The nutritional burden of methylation reactions. ( Bertolo, RF; McBreairty, LE, 2013)
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."4.21 ( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; 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García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; 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"We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationships of circulating choline and betaine with cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke in patients with ischemic stroke."4.02Plasma choline and betaine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke. ( Bu, X; Che, B; Du, J; He, J; Ju, Z; Miao, M; Peng, H; Wang, A; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2021)
"Whole-blood choline, plasma choline and serum choline are emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases (CVD)."3.96Association of life style and dietary habits with blood choline and cardiovascular outcome. ( Ahmed, S; Ali, MA; Gondal, TA; Imran, M; Iqbal, MA; Javid, I; Mahomoodally, MF; Nasir, M; Nazir, MM; Pasha, TN; Sharifi-Rad, J; Ullah, A, 2020)
" Furthermore, unlike chronic dietary choline, TML supplementation in mice failed to elevate plasma TMAO or heighten thrombosis potential in vivo."3.88Untargeted metabolomics identifies trimethyllysine, a TMAO-producing nutrient precursor, as a predictor of incident cardiovascular disease risk. ( Allayee, H; Buffa, JA; Cajka, T; DiDonato, JA; Fiehn, O; Gu, X; Han, Y; Hartiala, JA; Hazen, SL; Hurd, AG; Kerby, RL; Li, L; Li, XS; Lüscher, TF; Nemet, I; Obeid, S; Rey, FE; Roberts, AB; Romano, KA; Shahen, CJ; Skye, SM; Tang, WHW; Wagner, MA; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2018)
"Among our African-American participants, higher dietary choline intake was associated with a lower risk of incident ischemic stroke, and thus putative dietary benefits."3.88Dietary choline and betaine; associations with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease risk and incidence of CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke: the Jackson Heart Study. ( Bidulescu, A; Dibaba, DT; Millard, HR; Musani, SK; Talegawkar, SA; Taylor, HA; Tucker, KL, 2018)
"Hyperhomocysteinemia, a proposed risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is also observed in other common disorders."3.72Homocysteine-betaine interactions in a murine model of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. ( Castro, C; Chen, Z; Garrow, T; Genest, J; Laryea, MD; Lussier-Cacan, S; Mar, MH; Rozen, R; Schwahn, BC; Wendel, U; Zeisel, SH, 2003)
"Hyperhomocysteinemia has undoubtedly a central role in such a prominent cardiovascular burden."2.66Vitamin B Supplementation and Nutritional Intake of Methyl Donors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Critical Review of the Impact on Epigenetic Machinery. ( Bergamini, C; Capelli, I; Cappuccilli, M; Cianciolo, G; Conte, D; Donati, G; Giacomelli, FA; La Manna, G; Natali, T, 2020)
"Phenylacetylglutamine, for example, was recently shown to promote adverse cardiovascular phenotypes in the host via interaction with multiple ARs (adrenergic receptors)-a class of key receptors that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis."2.66Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease. ( Hazen, SL; Weeks, TL; Witkowski, M, 2020)
"Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life."2.66The Relationship between Choline Bioavailability from Diet, Intestinal Microbiota Composition, and Its Modulation of Human Diseases. ( Allison, J; Arboleya, S; Arias, JL; Arias, N; Gueimonde, M; Higarza, SG; Kaliszewska, A, 2020)
"Glycine also has the property to enhance the quality of sleep and neurological functions."2.55Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. ( Begum, PS; Rajagopal, S; Razak, MA; Viswanath, B, 2017)
"Atherosclerosis is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle strongly impacts its onset and progression."1.72TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. ( Blanco, R; Daimiel, L; Dávalos, A; Díez-Ricote, L; Micó, V; Ordovás, JM; Ruiz-Valderrey, P; Tomé-Carneiro, J, 2022)
"Phosphorylcholine (PC) is an important pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern."1.62Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. ( Bergman, A; Dahlbom, I; de Jong, RCM; de Vries, MR; Ewing, MM; Frostegård, J; Jukema, JW; Karabina, SAP; Karper, JC; Kuiper, J; MacArthur, MR; Mitchell, JR; Ninio, E; Nordzell, M; Peters, EAB; Pettersson, K; Quax, PHA; Sexton, D, 2021)
"Choline is an essential nutrient; however, the associations of choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic risk remain unclear."1.62Associations of circulating choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis. ( Albanes, D; Cai, H; Cai, Q; Eliassen, H; Elliott, P; Fornage, M; Gerszten, RE; Guasch-Ferré, M; Harada, S; Herrington, DM; Karaman, I; Lipworth, LP; Matthews, CE; Menni, C; Meyer, KA; Moore, SC; Ose, J; Palmer, ND; Pan, XF; Shu, XO; Tzoulaki, I; Ulrich, CM; Wagenknecht, LE; Wang, TJ; Yang, JJ; Yu, D; Zheng, W; Zhu, H, 2021)
"High choline intake was associated with increased cardiometabolic mortality in racially diverse populations."1.56Associations of choline-related nutrients with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality: results from 3 prospective cohort studies of blacks, whites, and Chinese. ( Blot, WJ; Gao, YT; Li, H; Lipworth, LP; Shu, XO; Steinwandel, MD; Xiang, YB; Yang, JJ; Yu, D; Zheng, W, 2020)
"Choline was associated with higher systolic blood pressure, TGs, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and lower HDL cholesterol (P ranging from <0."1.56Associations of plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, carnitine, and betaine with inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers and the fecal microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. ( Cheng, I; Franke, AA; Fu, BC; Hullar, MAJ; Lampe, JW; Le Marchand, L; Lim, U; Madeleine, MM; Monroe, KR; Randolph, TW; Shepherd, JA; Wilkens, LR, 2020)
"Furthermore, cardiovascular diseases are associated with disturbances in water-electrolyte balance which produce changes in plasma osmolarity."1.51Is increased plasma TMAO a compensatory response to hydrostatic and osmotic stress in cardiovascular diseases? ( Nowiński, A; Ufnal, M, 2019)
"High betaine intake was associated with slightly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations."1.35Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women. ( Bots, ML; Dalmeijer, GW; Olthof, MR; van der Schouw, YT; Verhoef, P, 2008)

Research

Studies (80)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19907 (8.75)18.7374
1990's1 (1.25)18.2507
2000's9 (11.25)29.6817
2010's35 (43.75)24.3611
2020's28 (35.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Kang, JW1
Zivkovic, AM1
Golzarand, M1
Mirmiran, P1
Azizi, F1
Amrein, M1
Li, XS2
Walter, J1
Wang, Z7
Zimmermann, T1
Strebel, I1
Honegger, U1
Leu, K1
Schäfer, I1
Twerenbold, R1
Puelacher, C1
Glarner, N1
Nestelberger, T1
Koechlin, L1
Ceresa, B1
Haaf, P1
Bakula, A1
Zellweger, M1
Hazen, SL8
Mueller, C1
Cantero, MA1
Guedes, MRA1
Fernandes, R1
Lollo, PCB1
Fretts, AM1
Jensen, P1
Budoff, M1
Sitlani, CM1
Wang, M2
de Oliveira Otto, MC1
DiDonato, JA3
Lee, Y1
Psaty, BM1
Siscovick, DS1
Sotoodehnia, N1
Tang, WHW2
Lai, H1
Lemaitre, RN1
Mozaffarian, D1
Díez-Ricote, L2
San-Cristobal, R1
Concejo, MJ1
Martínez-González, MÁ2
Corella, D2
Salas-Salvadó, J2
Goday, A1
Martínez, JA1
Alonso-Gómez, ÁM1
Wärnberg, J1
Vioque, J1
Romaguera, D1
López-Miranda, J1
Estruch, R2
Tinahones, FJ1
Lapetra, J2
Serra-Majem, L2
Bueno-Cavanillas, A1
Tur, JA1
Martín Sánchez, V1
Pintó, X1
Gaforio, JJ1
Matía-Martín, P1
Vidal, J1
Mas Fontao, S1
Ros, E2
Vázquez-Ruiz, Z1
Ortega-Azorín, C1
García-Gavilán, JF1
Malcampo, M1
Martínez-Urbistondo, D1
Tojal-Sierra, L1
García Rodríguez, A1
Gómez-Bellvert, N1
Chaplin, A1
García-Ríos, A1
Bernal-López, RM1
Santos-Lozano, JM1
Basterra-Gortari, J1
Sorlí, JV1
Murphy, M1
Gasulla, G1
Micó, V2
Salaverria-Lete, I1
Goñi Ochandorena, E1
Babio, N1
Herraiz, X1
Ordovás, JM2
Daimiel, L2
Ruiz-Valderrey, P1
Blanco, R1
Tomé-Carneiro, J1
Dávalos, A1
Tacconi, E1
Palma, G1
De Biase, D1
Luciano, A1
Barbieri, M1
de Nigris, F1
Bruzzese, F1
Zhen, J1
Zhou, Z2
He, M1
Han, HX1
Lv, EH1
Wen, PB1
Liu, X2
Wang, YT1
Cai, XC1
Tian, JQ1
Zhang, MY1
Xiao, L1
Kang, XX1
Mu, HN1
Zhao, XH1
Zhang, RR1
Li, ZY2
Yang, RY1
Wang, SM1
Li, HX1
Chen, WX1
Dong, J1
Yang, Q2
Han, H1
Sun, Z1
Liu, L4
Zheng, X1
Meng, Z1
Tao, N1
Liu, J3
Eyupoglu, ND1
Caliskan Guzelce, E1
Acikgoz, A1
Uyanik, E1
Bjørndal, B1
Berge, RK3
Svardal, A2
Yildiz, BO1
Busnelli, M1
Manzini, S1
Chiesa, G1
Yang, JJ2
Lipworth, LP2
Shu, XO2
Blot, WJ1
Xiang, YB1
Steinwandel, MD1
Li, H3
Gao, YT1
Zheng, W2
Yu, D2
Fu, BC1
Hullar, MAJ1
Randolph, TW1
Franke, AA1
Monroe, KR1
Cheng, I1
Wilkens, LR1
Shepherd, JA1
Madeleine, MM1
Le Marchand, L1
Lim, U1
Lampe, JW1
Cappuccilli, M1
Bergamini, C1
Giacomelli, FA1
Cianciolo, G1
Donati, G1
Conte, D1
Natali, T1
La Manna, G1
Capelli, I1
Meyer, KA3
Ali, MA2
Nasir, M2
Pasha, TN2
Javid, I2
Ullah, A1
Iqbal, MA1
Ahmed, S2
Nazir, MM1
Gondal, TA2
Imran, M2
Sharifi-Rad, J2
Mahomoodally, MF1
Muzaffar, R1
Rashid, A1
Ur Rehman, H1
Iqbal, Z1
Cho, CE1
Aardema, NDJ1
Bunnell, ML1
Larson, DP1
Aguilar, SS1
Bergeson, JR1
Malysheva, OV2
Caudill, MA2
Lefevre, M1
Witkowski, M1
Weeks, TL1
Arias, N1
Arboleya, S1
Allison, J1
Kaliszewska, A1
Higarza, SG1
Gueimonde, M1
Arias, JL1
Nese, M1
Riboli, G1
Brighetti, G1
Sassi, V1
Camela, E1
Caselli, G1
Sassaroli, S1
Borlimi, R1
Aucoin, M1
Cooley, K1
Saunders, PR1
Carè, J1
Anheyer, D1
Medina, DN1
Cardozo, V1
Remy, D1
Hannan, N1
Garber, A1
Velayos, M1
Muñoz-Serrano, AJ1
Estefanía-Fernández, K1
Sarmiento Caldas, MC1
Moratilla Lapeña, L1
López-Santamaría, M1
López-Gutiérrez, JC1
Li, J2
Zhang, J2
Shen, S1
Zhang, B2
Yu, WW1
Toyoda, H1
Huang, DQ1
Le, MH1
Nguyen, MH1
Huang, R1
Zhu, L1
Wang, J6
Xue, L1
Yan, X2
Huang, S1
Li, Y7
Xu, T2
Li, C2
Ji, F1
Ming, F1
Zhao, Y2
Cheng, J1
Wang, Y3
Zhao, H1
Hong, S1
Chen, K2
Zhao, XA1
Zou, L1
Sang, D1
Shao, H1
Guan, X1
Chen, X2
Chen, Y5
Wei, J1
Zhu, C1
Wu, C1
Moore, HB1
Barrett, CD1
Moore, EE1
Jhunjhunwala, R1
McIntyre, RC1
Moore, PK1
Hajizadeh, N1
Talmor, DS1
Sauaia, A1
Yaffe, MB1
Liu, C3
Lin, Y1
Dong, Y1
Wu, Y5
Bao, Y1
Yan, H2
Ma, J1
Fernández-Cuadros, ME1
Albaladejo-Florín, MJ1
Álava-Rabasa, S1
Usandizaga-Elio, I1
Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D1
Peña-Lora, D1
Neira-Borrajo, I1
López-Muñoz, MJ1
Rodríguez-de-Cía, J1
Pérez-Moro, OS1
Abdallah, M1
Alsaleh, H1
Baradwan, A1
Alfawares, R1
Alobaid, A1
Rasheed, A1
Soliman, I1
Wendel Garcia, PD1
Fumeaux, T1
Guerci, P1
Heuberger, DM1
Montomoli, J2
Roche-Campo, F1
Schuepbach, RA1
Hilty, MP1
Poloni, TE1
Carlos, AF1
Cairati, M1
Cutaia, C1
Medici, V1
Marelli, E1
Ferrari, D1
Galli, A1
Bognetti, P1
Davin, A1
Cirrincione, A1
Ceretti, A1
Cereda, C1
Ceroni, M1
Tronconi, L1
Vitali, S1
Guaita, A1
Leeds, JS1
Raviprakash, V1
Jacques, T1
Scanlon, N1
Cundall, J1
Leeds, CM1
Riva, A1
Gray, EH1
Azarian, S1
Zamalloa, A1
McPhail, MJW1
Vincent, RP1
Williams, R1
Chokshi, S1
Patel, VC1
Edwards, LA1
Alqarawi, W1
Birnie, DH1
Golian, M1
Nair, GM1
Nery, PB1
Klein, A1
Davis, DR1
Sadek, MM1
Neilipovitz, D1
Johnson, CB1
Green, MS1
Redpath, C1
Miller, DC1
Beamer, P1
Billheimer, D1
Subbian, V1
Sorooshian, A1
Campbell, BS1
Mosier, JM1
Novaretti, JV1
Astur, DC1
Cavalcante, ELB1
Kaleka, CC1
Amaro, JT1
Cohen, M1
Huang, W1
Li, T1
Ling, Y1
Qian, ZP1
Zhang, YY1
Huang, D1
Xu, SB1
Liu, XH1
Xia, L1
Yang, Y3
Lu, SH1
Lu, HZ1
Zhang, R2
Ma, JX1
Tang, S1
Li, CM1
Wan, J1
Wang, JF1
Ma, JQ1
Luo, JJ1
Chen, HY2
Mi, SL1
Chen, SY1
Su, YG1
Ge, JB1
Milheiro, SA1
Gonçalves, J1
Lopes, RMRM1
Madureira, M1
Lobo, L1
Lopes, A1
Nogueira, F1
Fontinha, D1
Prudêncio, M1
M Piedade, MF1
Pinto, SN1
Florindo, PR1
Moreira, R1
Castillo-Lora, J1
Delley, MF1
Laga, SM1
Mayer, JM1
Sutjarit, N1
Thongon, N1
Weerachayaphorn, J1
Piyachaturawat, P1
Suksamrarn, A1
Suksen, K1
Papachristou, DJ1
Blair, HC1
Hu, Y1
Shen, P1
Zeng, N1
Wang, L3
Yan, D1
Cui, L1
Yang, K2
Zhai, C1
Yang, M1
Lao, X1
Sun, J1
Ma, N1
Wang, S1
Ye, W1
Guo, P1
Rahimi, S1
Singh, MP1
Gupta, J1
Nakanishi, I1
Ohkubo, K1
Shoji, Y1
Fujitaka, Y1
Shimoda, K1
Matsumoto, KI1
Fukuhara, K1
Hamada, H1
van der Boom, T1
Gruppen, EG1
Lefrandt, JD1
Connelly, MA1
Links, TP1
Dullaart, RPF1
Berry, JD1
Bedlack, R1
Mathews, D1
Agnese, W1
Apple, S1
Meloncelli, S1
Divizia, M1
Germani, G1
Adefegha, SA1
Bottari, NB1
Leal, DB1
de Andrade, CM1
Schetinger, MR1
Martínez-Velasco, A1
Perez-Ortiz, AC1
Antonio-Aguirre, B1
Martínez-Villaseñor, L1
Lira-Romero, E1
Palacio-Pastrana, C1
Zenteno, JC1
Ramirez, I1
Zepeda-Palacio, C1
Mendoza-Velásquez, C1
Camacho-Ordóñez, A1
Ortiz Bibriesca, DM1
Estrada-Mena, FJ1
Martin, BL1
Thompson, LC1
Kim, YH2
Snow, SJ1
Schladweiler, MC1
Phillips, P1
Harmon, M1
King, C1
Richards, J1
George, I1
Haykal-Coates, N1
Gilmour, MI1
Kodavanti, UP1
Hazari, MS1
Farraj, AK1
Shen, Z1
Zou, Y1
Gao, K1
Lazar, S1
Wurtzel, JGT1
Ma, P1
Goldfinger, LE1
Vukelic, M1
Laloo, A1
Kyttaris, VC1
Chen, R1
Chen, J2
Xun, J1
Hu, Z1
Huang, Q2
Steinhart, C1
Shen, Y1
Lu, H1
Mansuri, A1
Lokhande, K1
Kore, S1
Gaikwad, S1
Nawani, N1
Swamy, KV1
Junnarkar, M1
Pawar, S1
Shaheen, MY1
Basudan, AM1
Niazy, AA1
van den Beucken, JJJP1
Jansen, JA1
Alghamdi, HS1
Gao, Q2
Guo, X1
Cao, Y1
Jia, X1
Xu, S1
Lu, C2
Zhu, H3
Melku, M1
Abebe, G1
Teketel, A1
Asrie, F1
Yalew, A1
Biadgo, B1
Kassa, E1
Damtie, D1
Anlay, DZ1
Ahmed, MFE1
Ramadan, H1
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Kehrenberg, C1
Abd El-Wahab, A1
Volkmann, N1
Kemper, N1
Schulz, J1
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Wu, YN1
McEvoy, MP1
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Ma, S1
Ljumanovic, N1
Khojasteh, SC1
Kamath, AV1
Shen, BQ1
Cuypers, ML1
Chanteux, H1
Gillent, E1
Bonnaillie, P1
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Beckers, C1
Delatour, C1
Dell'Aiera, S1
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Nicolaï, J1
Knapp, AK1
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Griffin-Nolan, RJ1
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Zhao, B1
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Yuan, P1
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Ogata, K1
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Zakhary, SY1
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Nakanjako, D1
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Bukirwa, VD1
Mboowa, MG1
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Fernandes, CLF1
Pinto, EA1
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Garcia, EM1
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Soares, MCF1
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da Silva Júnior, FMR1
Yu, W1
Ju, C1
Wang, K1
Zheng, Z1
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Gao, Y1
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Cebrián-Tarancón, C1
Moratalla-López, N1
Lorenzo, C1
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García-Campos, C1
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Martinón-Torres, M1
Hasani, M1
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Jiang, Z1
Liu, M2
Jiang, GD1
Mou, LH1
Chen, JJ1
He, SG1
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Fustinoni, S1
Mercadante, R1
Polledri, E1
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Grant, PC1
Levy, K1
Lattimer, TA1
Depner, RM1
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Uemoto, AT1
Dos Santos, MP1
Barion, MRL1
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Vasconcellos, RS1
Waller, SB1
Peter, CM1
Hoffmann, JF1
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Faria de, RO1
Zani, JL1
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Sande, D1
Solares, MD1
Takahashi, JA1
Yang, S2
Jia, Y1
Yin, C1
Zhao, R1
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Wu, B1
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Mo, J1
Au, DW1
Wan, MT1
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Zhang, G1
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Clinical Trials (22)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
BASEL VIII Trial - Biochemical and Electrocardiographic Signatures in the Detection of Exercise-induced Myocardial Ischemia[NCT01838148]4,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2004-05-31Recruiting
ColoCare Transdisciplinary Research in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis[NCT02328677]5,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2007-03-31Recruiting
Inner Mongolia Stroke Project A Randomized Controlled Trial of Immediate Blood Pressure Reduction on Death and Major Disability in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke in China[NCT01840072]4,071 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
The Effects of Glycine on Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome-related Parameters: A Clinical and Ex-vivo Study.[NCT03850314]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-31Not yet recruiting
Effects of a Whole Food Based Nutritional Formulation on Trimethylamine N-oxide and Cardiometabolic Endpoints in Healthy Adults.[NCT05795946]45 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-15Recruiting
Effect of Choline Source and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Response in Humans[NCT04255368]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-09Completed
"Plant-Based Meat vs Animal Red Meat: a Randomized Cross-over Trial"[NCT04510324]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-01Completed
Does the Human Gut Microbiome Serve as a Novel Personalized Therapeutic Target for Coronary Atherosclerosis?[NCT03009565]800 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-01-31Not yet recruiting
GutHeart: Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Heart Failure[NCT02637167]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-03-11Recruiting
Impact of Facilitated Vegan Diet on Cardiometabolic Endpoints and Trimethylamine N-oxide[NCT05071196]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-01Active, not recruiting
Gut Flora Metabolite Reduction After Dietary Intervention (GRADY)[NCT02016430]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-04Recruiting
Analysis of MicroBial Metabolites After Eating Refined Food[NCT04308473]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Red Wine Effects Upon Gut Flora and Plasma Levels of Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Patients With Established Atherosclerotic Disease[NCT03232099]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A Trial of the Ideal Protein System Versus Low Fat Diet for Weight Loss[NCT03515889]192 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-23Completed
Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Endothelial Function II[NCT03267758]215 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-15Recruiting
Effect of 1 Year Vitamin D or D Plus B-vitamins on Bone Markers in Elderly People[NCT02586181]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
B-Vitamins and Polyneuropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT02588898]212 participants (Actual)Observational2009-09-30Completed
Molecular Imaging of Plaque Vulnerability Using 18F-choline PET-MRI in Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Patients[NCT02640313]Phase 314 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-12-31Recruiting
Low Fat Vegan Diet or American Heart Association Diet, Impact on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Obese 9-18 y.o. With Elevated Cholesterol: A Four Week Randomized Trial[NCT01817491]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04302168]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-01Recruiting
Impact of Diet and Gut Microbiota on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Production and Fate in Humans[NCT02558673]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Effects of Choline From Eggs vs. Supplements on the Generation of TMAO in Humans (EGGS)[NCT03039023]86 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-02Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

A Combination of All-cause Mortality and Major Disability at the 3-month Post-treatment Follow-up.

Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months after randomization. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Usual Care502
Active Antihypertensive Treatment500

A Combination of Death Within 14 Days After Randomization and Major Disability at 14 Days or at Hospital Discharge if Earlier Than 14 Days.

Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale at 14 days after randomization. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Usual Care681
Active Antihypertensive Treatment683

Cognitive Function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)

Cognitive function was measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 3 months after randomization. The MoCA is a 30-item test that evaluates the following seven cognitive domains: visuospatial/executive functions, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, and orientation. One point is added for participants with education <12 years. Scores on the MoCA range from 0 to 30 and cognitive impairment was defined as a score of <26. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months

InterventionMoCA score (Median)
Usual Care22
Active Antihypertensive Treatment22

Cognitive Function (the Mini-Mental State Examination)

Cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination at 3 months after randomization. The MMSE contains 20 items that test cognitive performance in domains including orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, language, and visual construction. MMSE scores were divided into three ordinal categories: 24-30 (no cognitive impairment), 19-23 (mild cognitive impairment), and 0-17 (severe cognitive impairment). (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months

InterventionMMSE score (Median)
Usual Care26
Active Antihypertensive Treatment26

Long-term Neurological and Functional Status

Those patients who were still alive at hospital discharge were contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Neurological function was assessed by the modified Rankin scale at the 3-month post-treatment follow-up visit. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death. Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months

InterventionScore on modified Rankin scale (Median)
Usual Care1.0
Active Antihypertensive Treatment1.0

Mortality

Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information on clinical deaths will be obtained. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Antihypertensive Treatment68
Usual Care54

Other Vascular Events

Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information of vascular events, such as myocardial infarction, will be collected. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Usual Care59
Active Antihypertensive Treatment48

Recurrent Stroke

Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information of recurrent stroke will be collected. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Antihypertensive Treatment28
Usual Care43

Change in PAQ (Physical Activity Questionnaire)

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.22
American Heart Association Diet-0.16

Children Change in BMI Z Score

Body mass index z-scores, also called BMI standard deviation (s.d.) scores, are measures of relative weight adjusted for child age and sex. Given a child's age, sex, BMI, and an appropriate reference standard, a BMI z-score (or its equivalent BMI-for-age percentile) can be determined. Negative BMI z-scores indicate a BMI that is lower than the population mean, while positive BMI scores indicate a value that is higher than the population mean. A decrease in the BMI z-score over time indicate a lowering of the BMI. Z-scores of 1.03 and 1.64 correspond to the 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI-for-age, which are the definitions of overweight and obesity in children. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

InterventionZ Score (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-0.14
American Heart Association Diet-0.03

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI Z Score Children

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

InterventionZ score (Mean)
PB/AHA-0.13

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference PAQ Children

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PB/AHA0.39

Change in Blood Pressure (BP)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Children Systolic BPParents Systolic BPChildren Diastolic BPParent Diastolic BP
American Heart Association Diet-5.14-3.14-4.36-6.64
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-6.43-7.96-2.61-3.46

Change in Body Mass Index BMI Percentile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionBMI percentile (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet-0.08-0.73
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-1.12-1.29

Change in Circumference

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventioncm (Mean)
Children Waist CircumferenceParents Waist CircumferenceChildren Midarm CircumferenceParents Midarm Circumference
American Heart Association Diet-2.96-0.49-1.140.35
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-1.53-1.94-2.02-1.32

Change in Glucose

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-.64-5.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.934.93

Change in HgbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet0.210.14
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.17-0.16

Change in hsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet2.780.21
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-2.09-0.24

Change in IL-6 (Interleukin-6)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-0.19-0.19
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-0.170.16

Change in Insulin

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet3.16-3.15
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-5.42-3.11

Change in Lipid Profile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
total cholesterol childrentriglycerides childrenhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol childrenlow-density lipoprotein cholesterol childrentotal cholesterol parentstriglycerides parentshigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol parentslow-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents
American Heart Association Diet-16.50-13.14-2.93-11.00-7.1416.8616.86-5.50
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-22.50-25.50-5.93-13.14-33.796.21-8.14-27.00

Change in Liver Enzymes

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) childrenaspartate aminotransferase (AST) childrenalanine aminotransferase (ALT) parentsaspartate aminotransferase (AST) parents
American Heart Association Diet-1.140.004.574.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet0.792.790.860.14

Change in MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
ChildrenParent
American Heart Association Diet-69.231.78
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-75.3416.91

Change in Weight

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
ChildrenParents
American Heart Association Diet-1.55-2.01
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet-3.05-3.64

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean BP

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
Children adj mean ratio systolic BPChildren adj mean ratio diastolic BPparents adj mean ratio systolic BPparents adj mean ratio diastolic BP
PB/AHA1.871.010.971.03

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercentile (Mean)
Children Change in BMIParents Change in BMI
PB/AHA-1.17-0.69

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Circumference

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventioncm (Mean)
children waist circumferenceparents waist circumferencechildren arm circumferenceparents arm circumference
PB/AHA1.32-1.14-1.25-1.68

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Weight

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionkg (Mean)
Children WeightParents Weight
PB/AHA-1.71-1.95

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Lipid Profile

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
CHOL childrenTRIG childrenHDL childrenLDL childrenCHOL parentsTRIG parentsHDL parentsLDL parents
PB/AHA-10.341.010.170.95-27.290.950.94-21.92

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Glucose

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA1.011.06

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio HgbA1c

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.990.96

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio hsCRP

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.460.68

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio IL-6

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.261.14

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Insulin

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.70.87

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Liver Enzymes

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ALT childrenAST childrenALT parentsAST parents
PB/AHA11.130.850.83

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio MPO

(NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
ChildrenParents
PB/AHA0.950.93

Changes in Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in 24-hour Urine Collections

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to Day 28 measured by established mass spectrometry techniques. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg in 24 hours (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets26.2139.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets29.3186.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets27.5221.8
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules15.833.1
Whole Hardboiled Eggs24.328.5

Changes in Lipid Profile, HDL

Changes in measured HDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets4951
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets4850
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets5756
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules6162
Whole Hardboiled Eggs4849

Changes in Lipid Profile, LDL

Changes in measured LDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets9094
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets104101
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets108118
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules107106
Whole Hardboiled Eggs9186

Changes in Lipid Profile, Total Cholesterol

Changes in total cholesterol levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets180172
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets186178
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets187198
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules175172
Whole Hardboiled Eggs156158

Changes in Lipid Profile, Triglycerides

Changes in measured triglyceride levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets10696
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets122109
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets10397
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules7484
Whole Hardboiled Eggs86100

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Betaine.

Fasting plasma levels of betaine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets38.269.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets38.759.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets30.746.9
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules33.646.3
Whole Hardboiled Eggs28.139.7

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Carnitine.

Fasting plasma levels of carnitine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.218.7
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.118.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets21.515.6
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules23.420.8
Whole Hardboiled Eggs19.119.4

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Choline

Fasting plasma levels of choline from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets7.512.9
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets9.512.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets8.514.0
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules7.610.6
Whole Hardboiled Eggs8.310.9

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a Choline Metabolite

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to end-of-study (day 28) as measured by established techniques by mass spectrometry. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 days

,,,,
InterventionuM (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets1.911.1
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.628.1
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.312.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules2.83.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs2.02.3

Changes in Platelet Function With Increased Choline Intake

The activation and functioning of platelets within a single subject will be compared before and after increased choline intake. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

,,,,
Interventionaggregation percentage (Median)
BaselineDay 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.612.8
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets3.029.4
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets2.312.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules2.83.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs2.63.6

Reviews

23 reviews available for choline and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Are eggs good again? A precision nutrition perspective on the effects of eggs on cardiovascular risk, taking into account plasma lipid profiles and TMAO.
    The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 2022, Volume: 100

    Topics: Bacteria; Biological Variation, Population; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Egg

2022
Trimethylamine N-oxide reduction is related to probiotic strain specificity: A systematic review.
    Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 2022, Volume: 104

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines; Probio

2022
Microbiota Effect on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Production: From Cancer to Fitness-A Practical Preventing Recommendation and Therapies.
    Nutrients, 2023, Jan-21, Volume: 15, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Inflammation; Methylamines; Microbiota; Neoplasms

2023
The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases.
    Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023, Volume: 14

    Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines

2023
Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis.
    European journal of clinical investigation, 2023, Volume: 53, Issue:10

    Topics: Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Prospective Studi

2023
The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease.
    Nutrients, 2019, Dec-27, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Endocrine Gl

2019
Vitamin B Supplementation and Nutritional Intake of Methyl Donors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Critical Review of the Impact on Epigenetic Machinery.
    Nutrients, 2020, Apr-27, Volume: 12, Issue:5

    Topics: Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Dietary Supplements; DNA Methylation; Eating; Epigenesis,

2020
Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease.
    Circulation research, 2020, 07-31, Volume: 127, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Disease

2020
The Relationship between Choline Bioavailability from Diet, Intestinal Microbiota Composition, and Its Modulation of Human Diseases.
    Nutrients, 2020, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestina

2020
    Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:2

    Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain;

2022
Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), Diet and Cardiovascular Disease.
    Current atherosclerosis reports, 2021, 02-17, Volume: 23, Issue:4

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Humans; Methylamines

2021
Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review.
    Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2017, Volume: 2017

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Dietary Supplements; Glycine; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Meta

2017
Nutrients Turned into Toxins: Microbiota Modulation of Nutrient Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease.
    Nutrients, 2017, May-12, Volume: 9, Issue:5

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines

2017
Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.
    Nutrients, 2017, Jul-07, Volume: 9, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pro

2017
Methodological considerations for the identification of choline and carnitine-degrading bacteria in the gut.
    Methods (San Diego, Calif.), 2018, 10-01, Volume: 149

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Computational Biology; Diet; Gastr

2018
Modulation of Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentrations by Dietary Supplements and Pharmacological Agents: A Systematic Review.
    Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2019, 09-01, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Dietary Supplement

2019
Dietary choline is positively related to overall and cause-specific mortality: results from individuals of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and pooling prospective data.
    The British journal of nutrition, 2019, 12-14, Volume: 122, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Ethni

2019
The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 2014, Volume: 124, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Female; Food; Humans; I

2014
Trimethylamine N-Oxide From Gut Microbiota in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Focus on Diet.
    Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Disease Models, Anim

2015
Bench-to-bedside review: the value of cardiac biomarkers in the intensive care patient.
    Critical care (London, England), 2008, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Biomarkers; CA-125 Antigen; Cardiovascular Diseases; CD40 Ligand; Choline; Creatine Kinase, MB Form;

2008
The nutritional burden of methylation reactions.
    Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 2013, Volume: 16, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Creatine; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Folic Acid;

2013
Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health.
    Current drug metabolism, 2005, Volume: 6, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Lipids

2005
Biomarkers of cardiovascular damage.
    Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:4

    Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Electrocardiography; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Human

2007

Trials

7 trials available for choline and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
One-year longitudinal association between changes in dietary choline or betaine intake and cardiometabolic variables in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) trial.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022, 12-19, Volume: 116, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Humans; Male; Mediterr

2022
Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-
    Nutrients, 2020, Jul-25, Volume: 12, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; Dietary Supplements;

2020
    Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:2

    Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain;

2022
Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study.
    European journal of nutrition, 2022, Volume: 61, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Aging; Betaine; Carbon; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Dietary Supplements; Female; Homocys

2022
Plasma Metabolites From Choline Pathway and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED (Prevention With Mediterranean Diet) Study.
    Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017, Oct-28, Volume: 6, Issue:11

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Squ

2017
Compared to an Oatmeal Breakfast, Two Eggs/Day Increased Plasma Carotenoids and Choline without Increasing Trimethyl Amine N-Oxide Concentrations.
    Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018, Volume: 37, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antioxidants; Avena; Biomarkers; Breakfast; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotenoids;

2018
[The value of the circulation time determination by the decholine-ether-test in the evaluation of the postoperative cardiovascular stalus].
    Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie, 1967, Nov-11, Volume: 92, Issue:45

    Topics: Arm; Blood Circulation Time; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethers; Hea

1967

Other Studies

51 other studies available for choline and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Association between dietary choline and betaine intake and 10.6-year cardiovascular disease in adults.
    Nutrition journal, 2022, 01-05, Volume: 21, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cohort Studies; Diet; Humans; Iran; Prospective St

2022
Gut microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and cardiovascular risk in patients with suspected functionally relevant coronary artery disease (fCAD).
    Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2022, Volume: 111, Issue:6

    Topics: Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Coronary Artery Disease; Gastrointestinal Micr

2022
Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Metabolites With Mortality in Older Adults.
    JAMA network open, 2022, 05-02, Volume: 5, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Me

2022
TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-11, Volume: 23, Issue:20

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Inflammation

2022
Choline and trimethylamine N-oxide supplementation in normal chow diet and western diet promotes the development of atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- mice through different mechanisms.
    International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2023, Volume: 74, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet, Western; Dietar

2023
Circulating gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and oral contraceptive use in polycystic ovary syndrome.
    Clinical endocrinology, 2019, Volume: 91, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Betaine; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Female; Gast

2019
Associations of choline-related nutrients with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality: results from 3 prospective cohort studies of blacks, whites, and Chinese.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2020, 03-01, Volume: 111, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Asian People; Black People; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female; Humans; Male; Mid

2020
Associations of plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, carnitine, and betaine with inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers and the fecal microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2020, 06-01, Volume: 111, Issue:6

    Topics: Adiposity; Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cohort

2020
Population studies of TMAO and its precursors may help elucidate mechanisms.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2020, 06-01, Volume: 111, Issue:6

    Topics: Adiposity; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Methylamines; M

2020
Association of life style and dietary habits with blood choline and cardiovascular outcome.
    Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2020, Jun-25, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Life Style;

2020
Preventive therapy of antioxidant vitamins against the blood choline levels in cardiovascular patients.
    Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2020, Jun-25, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Middle Aged; Vitamins

2020
Insights in the regulation of trimetylamine N-oxide production using a comparative biomimetic approach suggest a metabolic switch in hibernating bears.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-23, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Betaine; Biomimetics; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Fem

2020
Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
    Journal of internal medicine, 2021, Volume: 290, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases;

2021
Interplay between diet and gut microbiome, and circulating concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide: findings from a longitudinal cohort of US men.
    Gut, 2022, Volume: 71, Issue:4

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Methylamines

2022
Associations of circulating choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 114, Issue:3

    Topics: Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studie

2021
Plasma choline and betaine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021, 10-04, Volume: 114, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Female; Humans; Lipotropic Ag

2021
Choline and its metabolites are differently associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, history of cardiovascular disease, and MRI-documented cerebrovascular disease in older adults.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2017, Volume: 105, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cere

2017
Microbiota-dependent metabolite and cardiovascular disease marker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with monocyte activation but not platelet function in untreated HIV infection.
    BMC infectious diseases, 2017, 06-23, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Betaine; Biomarkers; Blood Platelets; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Cross-Sect

2017
Untargeted metabolomics identifies trimethyllysine, a TMAO-producing nutrient precursor, as a predictor of incident cardiovascular disease risk.
    JCI insight, 2018, 03-22, Volume: 3, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Disease Mo

2018
Trigonelline inhibits intestinal microbial metabolism of choline and its associated cardiovascular risk.
    Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2018, Sep-10, Volume: 159

    Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hu

2018
Gutting TMA to Save the Heart.
    Cell host & microbe, 2018, 10-10, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract

2018
Impact of acute choline loading on circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels.
    European journal of preventive cardiology, 2019, Volume: 26, Issue:17

    Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lipotropic Agents; M

2019
Is increased plasma TMAO a compensatory response to hydrostatic and osmotic stress in cardiovascular diseases?
    Medical hypotheses, 2019, Volume: 130

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Humans; Hydrostat

2019
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2013, Apr-25, Volume: 368, Issue:17

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female

2013
Gut microbiota: an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
    Atherosclerosis, 2013, Volume: 229, Issue:2

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet, Mediterranean; Environment; Environmental Pollutants; Humans

2013
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a cautionary tale of diet-microbiome interactions.
    Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2013, Volume: 32, Issue:2

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Methylamines; Mic

2013
Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide.
    European heart journal, 2014, Volume: 35, Issue:14

    Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kaplan-Meier

2014
Serum Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is Strongly Related to Renal Function and Predicts Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease.
    PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Female; Fibr

2016
Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is associated with choline, phospholipids, and methyl metabolism.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Ga

2016
Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is associated with choline, phospholipids, and methyl metabolism.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Ga

2016
Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is associated with choline, phospholipids, and methyl metabolism.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Ga

2016
Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is associated with choline, phospholipids, and methyl metabolism.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Ga

2016
Major Increase in Microbiota-Dependent Proatherogenic Metabolite TMAO One Year After Bariatric Surgery.
    Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Bariatric Surgery; Betaine; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnit

2016
Dietary choline and betaine; associations with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease risk and incidence of CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke: the Jackson Heart Study.
    European journal of nutrition, 2018, Volume: 57, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Betaine; Black People; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Coronary Di

2018
A compromised liver alters polychlorinated biphenyl-mediated toxicity.
    Toxicology, 2017, 04-01, Volume: 380

    Topics: Adipokines; Animals; Aroclors; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Di

2017
Choline ameliorates cardiovascular damage by improving vagal activity and inhibiting the inflammatory response in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
    Scientific reports, 2017, 02-22, Volume: 7

    Topics: Animals; Baroreflex; Cardiomegaly; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cytokines; Disease Models, Anim

2017
Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2008, Volume: 88, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Betaine; Bread; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cohort Studies; Diet Surveys; Dietary Fats;

2008
Usefulness of elevations in serum choline and free F2)-isoprostane to predict 30-day cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
    The American journal of cardiology, 2009, Sep-01, Volume: 104, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Dis

2009
Are dietary choline and betaine intakes determinants of total homocysteine concentration?
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010, Volume: 91, Issue:5

    Topics: Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cognition Disorders; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Homocystei

2010
18F-fluoroethylcholine uptake in arterial vessel walls and cardiovascular risk factors: correlation in a PET-CT study.
    Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine, 2010, Volume: 49, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Calcinosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Humans; Male; Middle Age

2010
Cardiovascular disease: the diet-microbe morbid union.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Dietary Fats;

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.
    Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D

2011
Atherosclerosis: beyond cholesterol.
    Current opinion in lipidology, 2011, Volume: 22, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Dietary Fats; G

2011
Homocysteine-betaine interactions in a murine model of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.
    FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2003, Volume: 17, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Genoty

2003
Effect of growth hormone and testosterone on induction of cardiovascular changes in choline-deficient rats.
    Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1956, Volume: 91, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Growth Hormone

1956
[Therapeutic activity of choline theophyllinate associated with papaverine trichlorohydroxyethyl-p-aminobenzoate].
    Minerva medica, 1958, Mar-07, Volume: 49, Issue:19

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Humans; Papaverine; para-Aminobenzoates; Theophylline

1958
Triparanol and the coloproctologist.
    American journal of proctology, 1961, Volume: 12

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Colorectal Surgery; Humans; Postoperative Care; Triparanol

1961
Clinical experience with parenteral heparin-lipotropic therapy in cardiovascular disease; a preliminary report.
    The Ohio State medical journal, 1955, Volume: 51, Issue:3

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Heparin; Humans; Lipotropic Agents

1955
Cardiovascular disease in choline-deficient rats. Effects of choline deficiency, nature and level of dietary lipids and proteins, and duration of feeding on plasma and liver lipid values and cardiovascular lesions.
    Archives of pathology, 1962, Volume: 73

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Fats; Lipids; Liver; Protein

1962
Chemical knockout of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease.
    Nature chemical biology, 2006, Volume: 2, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Hexanes; Humans; Molecular Structure;

2006
Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women.
    European journal of clinical nutrition, 2008, Volume: 62, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cohort Studies; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up

2008
Feasibility of 18F-fluoromethylcholine PET/CT for imaging of vessel wall alterations in humans--first results.
    European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2008, Volume: 35, Issue:4

    Topics: Angiography; Aorta, Abdominal; Arteries; Calcinosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Fluorine Radi

2008
The intraarterial use of acetylcholine in arterial circulatory disorders and especially in ulcers after nerve lesions, frostbite and in scars.
    Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1949, Jan-29, Volume: 99, Issue:5-6

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Cicatrix; Ulcer

1949
Workshop on Folate, B12, and Choline. Sponsored by the Panel on Folate and other B vitamins of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C., March 3-4,
    Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 1999, Volume: 15, Issue:1

    Topics: Biological Availability; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Congenital Abnormalities; Fem

1999