choline and Atherogenesis studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Among the well-known con¬tributors to atherosclerosis are less common ones, such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)."	8.31	TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE - FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DIETARY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. ( Lazar, M; Olma, A; Streb, W, 2023)
"Recent evidence suggests that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of L-carnitine and choline, is linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases."	8.31	Neither Trimethylamine-N-Oxide nor Trimethyllysine Is Associated with Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Japanese Adults. ( Abe, T; Bhuiya, J; Isomura, M; Kobayashi, H; Nabika, T; Nagai, A; Notsu, Y; Okazaki, R; Sheikh, AM; Shibly, AZ; Yamaguchi, K; Yamasaki, M; Yano, S, 2023)
"Microbial trimethylamine (TMA)-lyase activity promotes the development of atherosclerosis by generating of TMA, the precursor of TMA N-oxide (TMAO)."	8.12	Integrated metagenomics identifies a crucial role for trimethylamine-producing Lachnoclostridium in promoting atherosclerosis. ( Alolga, RN; Cai, YY; Gao, X; Huang, FQ; Lao, X; Li, J; Liu, B; Lu, Y; Qi, LW; Shang, J; Wang, Y; Yin, K; Zhou, X, 2022)
"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite after ingesting dietary choline, has been identified as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation."	8.12	Gut-Flora-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammation Responses by Indirect ROS Stimulation and Signaling Involving AMPK and SIRT1. ( Hong, Y; Ji, N; Luo, X; Ma, W; Nie, Z; Shan, J; Xue, J; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhou, S; Zhu, W, 2022)
"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a derivative from the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), has been identified to be an independent risk factor for promoting atherosclerosis."	8.02	Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. ( Du, Y; Hong, B; Jiang, J; Jiang, Z; Li, X; Su, C; Wang, L; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)
"The aim of this study was to further investigate the relation between dietary choline and atherosclerosis in 2 atherogenic mouse models, the LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) and Apoe-/- mice."	7.96	Dietary Choline or Trimethylamine N-oxide Supplementation Does Not Influence Atherosclerosis Development in Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- Male Mice. ( Aldana-Hernández, P; Curtis, JM; Field, CJ; Jacobs, RL; Leonard, KA; Zhao, YY, 2020)
"The objective of this study was to determine whether ectopic hepatic PEMT expression or choline supplementation would promote atherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/- mice."	7.88	Hepatic Expression of PEMT, but Not Dietary Choline Supplementation, Reverses the Protection against Atherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/- Mice. ( Al Rajabi, A; Curtis, JM; Field, CJ; Jacobs, RL; Ju, T; Leonard, KA; Mi, S; Nelson, R; Thiesen, A; van der Veen, JN; Willing, BP; Zia, Y, 2018)
"Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite, both enhances atherosclerosis in animal models and is associated with cardiovascular risks in clinical studies."	7.81	Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ( Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, AJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Gu, X; Hazen, JE; Hazen, SL; Huang, Y; Krajcik, D; Levison, BS; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Roberts, AB; Wang, Z; Zamanian-Daryoush, M; Zhu, W, 2015)
" We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice."	7.79	Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. ( Britt, EB; Brown, JM; Buffa, JA; Bushman, FD; Chen, J; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Krauss, RM; Levison, BS; Lewis, JD; Li, H; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Sheehy, BT; Smith, JD; Tang, WH; Wang, Z; Warrier, M; Wu, GD; Wu, Y, 2013)
"Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis."	7.79	Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. ( Allayee, H; Bennett, BJ; Crooke, R; de Aguiar Vallim, TQ; Edwards, PA; Graham, M; Gregory, J; Hazen, SL; Lee, R; Lusis, AJ; Meng, Y; Shih, DM; Wang, Z, 2013)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."	7.74	Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"Phosphorylcholine (PC) is an important pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern."	5.62	Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. ( Bergman, A; Dahlbom, I; de Jong, RCM; de Vries, MR; Ewing, MM; Frostegård, J; Jukema, JW; Karabina, SAP; Karper, JC; Kuiper, J; MacArthur, MR; Mitchell, JR; Ninio, E; Nordzell, M; Peters, EAB; Pettersson, K; Quax, PHA; Sexton, D, 2021)
" Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is produced from the metabolism of dietary choline and L-carnitine by intestinal microbiota, and many studies have shown that this important product inhibits cholesterol metabolism, induces platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and promotes atherosclerosis."	5.41	The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. ( Cai, XC; Han, HX; He, M; Kang, XX; Liu, X; Lv, EH; Tian, JQ; Wang, YT; Wen, PB; Xiao, L; Zhang, MY; Zhen, J; Zhou, Z, 2023)
"Recent evidence suggests that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of L-carnitine and choline, is linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases."	4.31	Neither Trimethylamine-N-Oxide nor Trimethyllysine Is Associated with Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Japanese Adults. ( Abe, T; Bhuiya, J; Isomura, M; Kobayashi, H; Nabika, T; Nagai, A; Notsu, Y; Okazaki, R; Sheikh, AM; Shibly, AZ; Yamaguchi, K; Yamasaki, M; Yano, S, 2023)
" Among the well-known con¬tributors to atherosclerosis are less common ones, such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)."	4.31	TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE - FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DIETARY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. ( Lazar, M; Olma, A; Streb, W, 2023)
" Therefore, PSRC1 overexpression and reduced choline consumption may further alleviate atherosclerosis."	4.12	Deficiency of proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein 1 (PSRC1) accelerates trimethylamine N-oxide-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE ( Chen, M; Chen, P; Guo, Z; Liu, D; Luo, T; Ou, C, 2022)
"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite after ingesting dietary choline, has been identified as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation."	4.12	Gut-Flora-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammation Responses by Indirect ROS Stimulation and Signaling Involving AMPK and SIRT1. ( Hong, Y; Ji, N; Luo, X; Ma, W; Nie, Z; Shan, J; Xue, J; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhou, S; Zhu, W, 2022)
"Microbial trimethylamine (TMA)-lyase activity promotes the development of atherosclerosis by generating of TMA, the precursor of TMA N-oxide (TMAO)."	4.12	Integrated metagenomics identifies a crucial role for trimethylamine-producing Lachnoclostridium in promoting atherosclerosis. ( Alolga, RN; Cai, YY; Gao, X; Huang, FQ; Lao, X; Li, J; Liu, B; Lu, Y; Qi, LW; Shang, J; Wang, Y; Yin, K; Zhou, X, 2022)
"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite generated from its dietary precursors such as choline, has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis."	4.02	Metformin alleviates choline diet-induced TMAO elevation in C57BL/6J mice by influencing gut-microbiota composition and functionality. ( Du, Y; Hong, B; Li, X; Su, C; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, X, 2021)
"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a derivative from the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), has been identified to be an independent risk factor for promoting atherosclerosis."	4.02	Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. ( Du, Y; Hong, B; Jiang, J; Jiang, Z; Li, X; Su, C; Wang, L; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)
"The aim of this study was to further investigate the relation between dietary choline and atherosclerosis in 2 atherogenic mouse models, the LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) and Apoe-/- mice."	3.96	Dietary Choline or Trimethylamine N-oxide Supplementation Does Not Influence Atherosclerosis Development in Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- Male Mice. ( Aldana-Hernández, P; Curtis, JM; Field, CJ; Jacobs, RL; Leonard, KA; Zhao, YY, 2020)
" Furthermore, unlike chronic dietary choline, TML supplementation in mice failed to elevate plasma TMAO or heighten thrombosis potential in vivo."	3.88	Untargeted metabolomics identifies trimethyllysine, a TMAO-producing nutrient precursor, as a predictor of incident cardiovascular disease risk. ( Allayee, H; Buffa, JA; Cajka, T; DiDonato, JA; Fiehn, O; Gu, X; Han, Y; Hartiala, JA; Hazen, SL; Hurd, AG; Kerby, RL; Li, L; Li, XS; Lüscher, TF; Nemet, I; Obeid, S; Rey, FE; Roberts, AB; Romano, KA; Shahen, CJ; Skye, SM; Tang, WHW; Wagner, MA; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2018)
"The objective of this study was to determine whether ectopic hepatic PEMT expression or choline supplementation would promote atherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/- mice."	3.88	Hepatic Expression of PEMT, but Not Dietary Choline Supplementation, Reverses the Protection against Atherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/- Mice. ( Al Rajabi, A; Curtis, JM; Field, CJ; Jacobs, RL; Ju, T; Leonard, KA; Mi, S; Nelson, R; Thiesen, A; van der Veen, JN; Willing, BP; Zia, Y, 2018)
"The choline-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been demonstrated to contribute to atherosclerosis and is associated with coronary artery disease risk."	3.83	Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes Vascular Inflammation Through Signaling of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB. ( Hazen, SL; Lusis, AJ; Meng, Y; Qi, H; Seldin, MM; Shih, DM; Wang, Z; Zhu, W, 2016)
" Here we test the hypothesis that gut microbial transplantation can transmit choline diet-induced TMAO production and atherosclerosis susceptibility."	3.81	Transmission of atherosclerosis susceptibility with gut microbial transplantation. ( Bennett, BJ; Buffa, JA; DiDonato, JA; Gregory, JC; Hazen, SL; Levison, BS; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Wagner, MA; Wang, Z; Zhu, W, 2015)
"Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite, both enhances atherosclerosis in animal models and is associated with cardiovascular risks in clinical studies."	3.81	Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ( Buffa, JA; Culley, MK; DiDonato, AJ; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Gu, X; Hazen, JE; Hazen, SL; Huang, Y; Krajcik, D; Levison, BS; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Roberts, AB; Wang, Z; Zamanian-Daryoush, M; Zhu, W, 2015)
" We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice."	3.79	Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. ( Britt, EB; Brown, JM; Buffa, JA; Bushman, FD; Chen, J; DiDonato, JA; Fu, X; Hazen, SL; Koeth, RA; Krauss, RM; Levison, BS; Lewis, JD; Li, H; Li, L; Lusis, AJ; Org, E; Sheehy, BT; Smith, JD; Tang, WH; Wang, Z; Warrier, M; Wu, GD; Wu, Y, 2013)
"Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis."	3.79	Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. ( Allayee, H; Bennett, BJ; Crooke, R; de Aguiar Vallim, TQ; Edwards, PA; Graham, M; Gregory, J; Hazen, SL; Lee, R; Lusis, AJ; Meng, Y; Shih, DM; Wang, Z, 2013)
"The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of (11)C-choline in the assessment of the degree of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques."	3.76	Uptake of 11C-choline in mouse atherosclerotic plaques. ( Hellberg, S; Knuuti, J; Laine, VJ; Laitinen, IE; Luoto, P; Marjamäki, PM; Någren, K; Roivainen, A; Silvola, JM; Ylä-Herttuala, S, 2010)
"Low dietary intake of the essential nutrient choline and its metabolite betaine may increase atherogenesis both through effects on homocysteine methylation pathways as well as through choline's antioxidants properties."	3.74	Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ( Bidulescu, A; Chambless, LE; Heiss, G; Siega-Riz, AM; Zeisel, SH, 2007)
"Phenylacetylglutamine, for example, was recently shown to promote adverse cardiovascular phenotypes in the host via interaction with multiple ARs (adrenergic receptors)-a class of key receptors that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis."	2.66	Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease. ( Hazen, SL; Weeks, TL; Witkowski, M, 2020)
"Atherosclerosis is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle strongly impacts its onset and progression."	1.72	TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. ( Blanco, R; Daimiel, L; Dávalos, A; Díez-Ricote, L; Micó, V; Ordovás, JM; Ruiz-Valderrey, P; Tomé-Carneiro, J, 2022)
"Phosphorylcholine (PC) is an important pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern."	1.62	Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. ( Bergman, A; Dahlbom, I; de Jong, RCM; de Vries, MR; Ewing, MM; Frostegård, J; Jukema, JW; Karabina, SAP; Karper, JC; Kuiper, J; MacArthur, MR; Mitchell, JR; Ninio, E; Nordzell, M; Peters, EAB; Pettersson, K; Quax, PHA; Sexton, D, 2021)
"The (18)F-FMCH uptake in atherosclerotic plaques was further compared with macrophage infiltration and the plasma levels of cytokines and metabolic markers."	1.43	Type 2 diabetes enhances arterial uptake of choline in atherosclerotic mice: an imaging study with positron emission tomography tracer ¹⁸F-fluoromethylcholine. ( Hellberg, S; Jauhiainen, M; Kiugel, M; Knuuti, J; Liljenbäck, H; Metsälä, O; Metso, J; Nuutila, P; Roivainen, A; Saraste, A; Saukko, P; Silvola, JM; Viljanen, T; Ylä-Herttuala, S, 2016)
"Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial and progressive disease commonly correlated with a high fat diet."	1.40	Serum metabonomic analysis of apoE(-/-) mice reveals progression axes for atherosclerosis based on NMR spectroscopy. ( Guo, J; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Wu, T; Yang, Y; Yuan, F; Zhang, Q; Zheng, L, 2014)
"11C-choline uptake was found in 95% of patients, calcification in 94% throughout all vessel segments."	1.35	Evaluation and comparison of 11C-choline uptake and calcification in aortic and common carotid arterial walls with combined PET/CT. ( Ikeda, M; Ishigaki, T; Kato, K; Kies, P; Naganawa, S; Schäfers, M; Schober, O; Stegger, L, 2009)

Research

Studies (83)

Authors

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in PAQ (Physical Activity Questionnaire)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	26 (31.33)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	3 (3.61)	29.6817
2010's	31 (37.35)	24.3611
2020's	23 (27.71)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Cai, YY	1
Huang, FQ	1
Lao, X	1
Lu, Y	1
Gao, X	1
Alolga, RN	1
Yin, K	1
Zhou, X	1
Wang, Y	4
Liu, B	1
Shang, J	1
Qi, LW	1
Li, J	2
Luo, T	1
Liu, D	1
Guo, Z	2
Chen, P	1
Ou, C	1
Chen, M	1
Chen, CY	1
Leu, HB	1
Wang, SC	1
Tsai, SH	1
Chou, RH	1
Lu, YW	1
Tsai, YL	1
Kuo, CS	1
Huang, PH	1
Chen, JW	1
Lin, SJ	1
Zhu, X	1
Zhao, L	1
Hu, X	1
Zhu, Y	1
Yang, X	1
Ma, SR	1
Tong, Q	1
Lin, Y	1
Pan, LB	1
Fu, J	1
Peng, R	1
Zhang, XF	1
Zhao, ZX	1
Li, Y	1
Yu, JB	1
Cong, L	1
Han, P	1
Zhang, ZW	1
Yu, H	1
Jiang, JD	1
Iglesias-Carres, L	1
Racine, KC	1
Neilson, AP	1
Xiong, X	1
Zhou, J	1
Fu, Q	1
Xu, X	1
Wei, S	1
Yang, S	1
Chen, B	1
Zhou, S	1
Xue, J	1
Shan, J	1
Hong, Y	1
Zhu, W	5
Nie, Z	1
Zhang, Y	2
Ji, N	1
Luo, X	1
Zhang, T	1
Ma, W	1
Díez-Ricote, L	1
Ruiz-Valderrey, P	1
Micó, V	1
Blanco, R	1
Tomé-Carneiro, J	1
Dávalos, A	1
Ordovás, JM	1
Daimiel, L	1
Liu, C	1
Li, Z	1
Song, Z	1
Fan, X	1
Shao, H	1
Schönke, M	1
Boon, MR	1
Rensen, PCN	1
Bhuiya, J	1
Notsu, Y	1
Kobayashi, H	1
Shibly, AZ	1
Sheikh, AM	1
Okazaki, R	1
Yamaguchi, K	1
Nagai, A	1
Nabika, T	1
Abe, T	1
Yamasaki, M	1
Isomura, M	1
Yano, S	1
Zhen, J	1
Zhou, Z	1
He, M	1
Han, HX	1
Lv, EH	1
Wen, PB	1
Liu, X	1
Wang, YT	1
Cai, XC	1
Tian, JQ	1
Zhang, MY	1
Xiao, L	1
Kang, XX	1
Olma, A	1
Streb, W	1
Lazar, M	1
Mu, HN	1
Zhao, XH	1
Zhang, RR	1
Li, ZY	1
Yang, RY	1
Wang, SM	1
Li, HX	1
Chen, WX	1
Dong, J	1
Oktaviono, YH	1
Dyah Lamara, A	1
Saputra, PBT	1
Arnindita, JN	1
Pasahari, D	1
Saputra, ME	1
Suasti, NMA	1
He, Z	1
Zhu, H	1
Liu, J	1
Kwek, E	1
Ma, KY	1
Chen, ZY	1
Aldana-Hernández, P	1
Leonard, KA	2
Zhao, YY	1
Curtis, JM	2
Field, CJ	2
Jacobs, RL	2
Montandon, SA	1
Somm, E	1
Loizides-Mangold, U	1
de Vito, C	1
Dibner, C	1
Jornayvaz, FR	1
Busnelli, M	1
Manzini, S	1
Chiesa, G	1
Koay, YC	1
Chen, YC	1
Wali, JA	1
Luk, AWS	1
Li, M	1
Doma, H	1
Reimark, R	1
Zaldivia, MTK	1
Habtom, HT	1
Franks, AE	1
Fusco-Allison, G	1
Yang, J	1
Holmes, A	1
Simpson, SJ	1
Peter, K	1
O'Sullivan, JF	1
Witkowski, M	1
Weeks, TL	1
Hazen, SL	10
de Vries, MR	1
Ewing, MM	1
de Jong, RCM	1
MacArthur, MR	1
Karper, JC	1
Peters, EAB	1
Nordzell, M	1
Karabina, SAP	1
Sexton, D	1
Dahlbom, I	1
Bergman, A	1
Mitchell, JR	1
Frostegård, J	1
Kuiper, J	1
Ninio, E	1
Jukema, JW	1
Pettersson, K	1
Quax, PHA	1
Li, X	3
Su, C	2
Jiang, Z	1
Yang, Y	3
Yang, M	1
Zhang, X	2
Du, Y	2
Zhang, J	1
Wang, L	3
Jiang, J	1
Hong, B	2
Aguilar-Ramirez, D	1
Alegre-Díaz, J	1
Herrington, WG	1
Staplin, N	1
Ramirez-Reyes, R	1
Gnatiuc, L	1
Hill, M	1
Romer, F	1
Torres, J	1
Trichia, E	1
Wade, R	1
Collins, R	1
Emberson, JR	1
Kuri-Morales, P	1
Tapia-Conyer, R	1
Li, XS	1
Wang, Z	8
Cajka, T	1
Buffa, JA	4
Nemet, I	1
Hurd, AG	1
Gu, X	2
Skye, SM	1
Roberts, AB	2
Wu, Y	3
Li, L	3
Shahen, CJ	1
Wagner, MA	2
Hartiala, JA	1
Kerby, RL	1
Romano, KA	1
Han, Y	1
Obeid, S	1
Lüscher, TF	2
Allayee, H	4
Rey, FE	1
DiDonato, JA	5
Fiehn, O	1
Tang, WHW	1
Lindskog Jonsson, A	1
Caesar, R	1
Akrami, R	1
Reinhardt, C	1
Fåk Hållenius, F	1
Borén, J	1
Bäckhed, F	2
Shan, Z	1
Clish, CB	1
Hua, S	1
Scott, JM	1
Hanna, DB	1
Burk, RD	1
Haberlen, SA	1
Shah, SJ	1
Margolick, JB	1
Sears, CL	1
Post, WS	1
Landay, AL	1
Lazar, JM	1
Hodis, HN	1
Anastos, K	1
Kaplan, RC	1
Qi, Q	1
Qiu, L	1
Tao, X	1
Xiong, H	1
Yu, J	1
Wei, H	1
Zia, Y	1
Al Rajabi, A	1
Mi, S	1
Ju, T	1
Nelson, R	1
Thiesen, A	1
Willing, BP	1
van der Veen, JN	1
Gautam, A	1
Paudel, YN	1
Abidin, S	1
Bhandari, U	1
Coffey, AR	1
Kanke, M	1
Smallwood, TL	1
Albright, J	1
Pitman, W	1
Gharaibeh, RZ	1
Hua, K	1
Gertz, E	1
Biddinger, SB	1
Temel, RE	1
Pomp, D	1
Sethupathy, P	1
Bennett, BJ	4
Joris, BR	1
Gloor, GB	1
Sinha, A	1
Ma, Y	1
Scherzer, R	1
Rahalkar, S	1
Neilan, BD	1
Crane, H	1
Drozd, D	1
Martin, J	1
Deeks, SG	1
Hunt, P	1
Hsue, PY	1
Shih, DM	3
Schugar, RC	1
Meng, Y	3
Jia, X	1
Miikeda, A	1
Zieger, M	1
Lee, R	2
Graham, M	2
Cantor, RM	1
Mueller, C	1
Brown, JM	2
Lusis, AJ	7
Koeth, RA	1
Levison, BS	4
Org, E	3
Sheehy, BT	1
Britt, EB	2
Fu, X	3
Smith, JD	2
Chen, J	1
Li, H	1
Wu, GD	1
Lewis, JD	1
Warrier, M	1
Krauss, RM	1
Tang, WH	3
Bushman, FD	1
Liu, Y	1
Zheng, L	1
Wu, T	1
Zhang, Q	1
Yuan, F	1
Guo, J	1
Gregory, JC	1
Drosos, I	1
Tavridou, A	1
Kolios, G	1
Berge, RK	2
Ramsvik, MS	1
Bohov, P	1
Svardal, A	2
Nordrehaug, JE	1
Rostrup, E	1
Bruheim, I	1
Bjørndal, B	1
Jonsson, AL	1
Huang, Y	1
Zamanian-Daryoush, M	1
Culley, MK	1
DiDonato, AJ	1
Hazen, JE	1
Krajcik, D	1
Nunes-Alves, C	1
Hellberg, S	2
Silvola, JM	2
Kiugel, M	1
Liljenbäck, H	1
Metsälä, O	1
Viljanen, T	1
Metso, J	1
Jauhiainen, M	1
Saukko, P	1
Nuutila, P	1
Ylä-Herttuala, S	2
Knuuti, J	2
Roivainen, A	2
Saraste, A	1
Seldin, MM	1
Qi, H	1
Trøseid, M	1
Hov, JR	1
Nestvold, TK	1
Thoresen, H	1
Lappegård, KT	1
Petriello, MC	1
Hoffman, JB	1
Sunkara, M	1
Wahlang, B	1
Perkins, JT	1
Morris, AJ	1
Hennig, B	1
STEINER, A	1
MORRISON, LM	2
ROSSI, A	2
Kato, K	1
Schober, O	1
Ikeda, M	1
Schäfers, M	1
Ishigaki, T	1
Kies, P	1
Naganawa, S	1
Stegger, L	1
Cheng, KK	1
Benson, GM	1
Grimsditch, DC	1
Reid, DG	1
Connor, SC	1
Griffin, JL	1
Laitinen, IE	1
Luoto, P	1
Någren, K	1
Marjamäki, PM	1
Laine, VJ	1
Rak, K	1
Rader, DJ	1
Klipfell, E	1
Koeth, R	1
Dugar, B	1
Feldstein, AE	1
Chung, YM	1
Schauer, P	1
Getz, GS	1
Reardon, CA	1
de Aguiar Vallim, TQ	1
Gregory, J	1
Crooke, R	1
Edwards, PA	1
FRANCO, A	1
GONCALVES, A	1
DUFF, GL	1
MEISSNER, GF	1
GOLDBLOOM, AA	1
EIBER, HB	1
BOYD, LJ	1
PILGERAM, LO	1
GREENBERG, DM	1
KRITCHEVSKY, D	1
MOYER, AW	1
TESAR, WC	1
LOGAN, JB	1
MCCANDLESS, RF	1
DAVIES, MC	1
ANISIMOV, VE	3
NISHIDA, T	1
TAKENAKA, F	2
KUMMEROW, FA	1
ZAITSEV, VM	1
WANG, C	1
FAZIO, B	1
BALESTRERI, R	1
MEARDI, G	1
TAVERNA, PL	1
AIRO, R	1
LUKOMSKII, PE	1
MILLOT, J	1
NIKKILA, EA	1
OLLILA, O	1
FIRSTBROOK, JB	1
STAMLER, J	2
BOLENE, C	2
HARRIS, R	2
KATZ, LN	2
CAPRETTI, G	1
PAGLIA, G	1
POLLACK, OJ	1
MOSES, C	1
LONGABAUGH, GM	1
Matter, CM	1
Wyss, MT	1
Meier, P	1
Späth, N	1
von Lukowicz, T	1
Lohmann, C	1
Weber, B	1
Ramirez de Molina, A	1
Lacal, JC	1
Ametamey, SM	1
von Schulthess, GK	1
Kaufmann, PA	1
Buck, A	1
Bidulescu, A	1
Chambless, LE	1
Siega-Riz, AM	1
Zeisel, SH	1
Heiss, G	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
"Plant-Based Meat vs Animal Red Meat: a Randomized Cross-over Trial"[NCT04510324]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Completed
Impact of Facilitated Vegan Diet on Cardiometabolic Endpoints and Trimethylamine N-oxide[NCT05071196]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Active, not recruiting
Impact of Diet and Gut Microbiota on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Production and Fate in Humans[NCT02558673]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Gut Flora Metabolite Reduction After Dietary Intervention (GRADY)[NCT02016430]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-04-04	Recruiting
A Dietary Intervention With Functional Foods Reduce Metabolic Endotoxemia and Attenuates Biochemical Abnormalities in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes by Modifying the Gut Microbiota.[NCT03421301]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-07	Completed
Effects of a Whole Food Based Nutritional Formulation on Trimethylamine N-oxide and Cardiometabolic Endpoints in Healthy Adults.[NCT05795946]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-15	Recruiting
Molecular Imaging of Plaque Vulnerability Using 18F-choline PET-MRI in Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Patients[NCT02640313]	Phase 3	14 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Recruiting
Low Fat Vegan Diet or American Heart Association Diet, Impact on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Obese 9-18 y.o. With Elevated Cholesterol: A Four Week Randomized Trial[NCT01817491]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Effect of Choline Source and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-oxide Response in Humans[NCT04255368]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-09	Completed
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04302168]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Recruiting
Analysis of MicroBial Metabolites After Eating Refined Food[NCT04308473]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Active, not recruiting
Effects of Choline From Eggs vs. Supplements on the Generation of TMAO in Humans (EGGS)[NCT03039023]		86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-02	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

Children Change in BMI Z Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.22
American Heart Association Diet	-0.16

Body mass index z-scores, also called BMI standard deviation (s.d.) scores, are measures of relative weight adjusted for child age and sex. Given a child's age, sex, BMI, and an appropriate reference standard, a BMI z-score (or its equivalent BMI-for-age percentile) can be determined. Negative BMI z-scores indicate a BMI that is lower than the population mean, while positive BMI scores indicate a value that is higher than the population mean. A decrease in the BMI z-score over time indicate a lowering of the BMI. Z-scores of 1.03 and 1.64 correspond to the 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI-for-age, which are the definitions of overweight and obesity in children. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 weeks

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI Z Score Children

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference PAQ Children

Intervention	Z Score (Mean)
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-0.14
American Heart Association Diet	-0.03

Intervention	Z score (Mean)
PB/AHA	-0.13

PAQ self reported questions based on activity level from 1 (low activity) to 5 (high activity), overall PAQ score is a mean of the questions. (NCT01817491)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Change in Blood Pressure (BP)

Change in Body Mass Index BMI Percentile

Change in Circumference

Change in Glucose

Change in HgbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

Change in hsCRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein)

Change in IL-6 (Interleukin-6)

Change in Insulin

Change in Lipid Profile

Change in Liver Enzymes

Change in MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

Change in Weight

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean BP

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference BMI

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Circumference

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Difference Weight

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Lipid Profile

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Glucose

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio HgbA1c

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio hsCRP

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio IL-6

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Insulin

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio Liver Enzymes

PB/AHA - Adjusted Mean Ratio MPO

Changes in Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in 24-hour Urine Collections

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
PB/AHA	0.39

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Children Systolic BP	Parents Systolic BP	Children Diastolic BP	Parent Diastolic BP
American Heart Association Diet	-5.14	-3.14	-4.36	-6.64
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-6.43	-7.96	-2.61	-3.46

Intervention	BMI percentile (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	-0.08	-0.73
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-1.12	-1.29

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	Children Waist Circumference	Parents Waist Circumference	Children Midarm Circumference	Parents Midarm Circumference
American Heart Association Diet	-2.96	-0.49	-1.14	0.35
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-1.53	-1.94	-2.02	-1.32

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-.64	-5.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.93	4.93

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	0.21	0.14
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.17	-0.16

Intervention	mg/L (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	2.78	0.21
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-2.09	-0.24

Intervention	pg/ml (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-0.19	-0.19
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-0.17	0.16

Intervention	uU/ml (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	3.16	-3.15
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-5.42	-3.11

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	total cholesterol children	triglycerides children	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol children	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol children	total cholesterol parents	triglycerides parents	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol parents
American Heart Association Diet	-16.50	-13.14	-2.93	-11.00	-7.14	16.86	16.86	-5.50
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-22.50	-25.50	-5.93	-13.14	-33.79	6.21	-8.14	-27.00

Intervention	U/L (Mean)
	alanine aminotransferase (ALT) children	aspartate aminotransferase (AST) children	alanine aminotransferase (ALT) parents	aspartate aminotransferase (AST) parents
American Heart Association Diet	-1.14	0.00	4.57	4.43
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	0.79	2.79	0.86	0.14

Intervention	pmol/L (Mean)
	Children	Parent
American Heart Association Diet	-69.23	1.78
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-75.34	16.91

Intervention	kg (Mean)
	Children	Parents
American Heart Association Diet	-1.55	-2.01
Reduced Fat Vegan Diet	-3.05	-3.64

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children adj mean ratio systolic BP	Children adj mean ratio diastolic BP	parents adj mean ratio systolic BP	parents adj mean ratio diastolic BP
PB/AHA	1.87	1.01	0.97	1.03

Intervention	percentile (Mean)
	Children Change in BMI	Parents Change in BMI
PB/AHA	-1.17	-0.69

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	children waist circumference	parents waist circumference	children arm circumference	parents arm circumference
PB/AHA	1.32	-1.14	-1.25	-1.68

Intervention	kg (Mean)
	Children Weight	Parents Weight
PB/AHA	-1.71	-1.95

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	CHOL children	TRIG children	HDL children	LDL children	CHOL parents	TRIG parents	HDL parents	LDL parents
PB/AHA	-10.34	1.01	0.17	0.95	-27.29	0.95	0.94	-21.92

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	1.01	1.06

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.99	0.96

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.46	0.68

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.26	1.14

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.7	0.87

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	ALT children	AST children	ALT parents	AST parents
PB/AHA	1	1.13	0.85	0.83

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Children	Parents
PB/AHA	0.95	0.93

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to Day 28 measured by established mass spectrometry techniques. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, HDL

Intervention	mg in 24 hours (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	26.2	139.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	29.3	186.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	27.5	221.8
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	15.8	33.1
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	24.3	28.5

Changes in measured HDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, LDL

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	49	51
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	48	50
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	57	56
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	61	62
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	48	49

Changes in measured LDL levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, Total Cholesterol

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	90	94
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	104	101
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	108	118
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	107	106
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	91	86

Changes in total cholesterol levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Lipid Profile, Triglycerides

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	180	172
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	186	178
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	187	198
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	175	172
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	156	158

Changes in measured triglyceride levels between baseline and Day 28 (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Betaine.

Intervention	mg/dL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	106	96
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	122	109
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	103	97
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	74	84
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	86	100

Fasting plasma levels of betaine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Carnitine.

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	38.2	69.0
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	38.7	59.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	30.7	46.9
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	33.6	46.3
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	28.1	39.7

Fasting plasma levels of carnitine from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Choline

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.2	18.7
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.1	18.9
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	21.5	15.6
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	23.4	20.8
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	19.1	19.4

Fasting plasma levels of choline from samples obtained at baseline and at day 28 were compared. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Changes in Plasma Levels of Fasting Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a Choline Metabolite

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	7.5	12.9
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	9.5	12.8
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	8.5	14.0
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	7.6	10.6
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	8.3	10.9

Changes in levels of non-labeled TMAO from baseline to end-of-study (day 28) as measured by established techniques by mass spectrometry. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 days

Changes in Platelet Function With Increased Choline Intake

Intervention	uM (Median)
	Baseline	Day 28
Choline Bitartrate Tablets	1.9	11.1
Egg Whites + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	2.6	28.1
Hardboiled Eggs + Choline Bitartrate Tablets	2.3	12.3
Phosphatidylcholine Capsules	2.8	3.4
Whole Hardboiled Eggs	2.0	2.3

The activation and functioning of platelets within a single subject will be compared before and after increased choline intake. (NCT03039023)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Article	Year
The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023, Volume: 14 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Methylamines	2023
The roles of trimethylamine-N-oxide in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic aspect: A literature review. Biomolecules & biomedicine, 2023, Nov-03, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Choline; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Lyases; Oxides; Plaque, Atherosclerotic	2023
The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients, 2019, Dec-27, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet; Endocrine Gl	2019
Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation research, 2020, 07-31, Volume: 127, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Disease	2020
Unaccounted risk of cardiovascular disease: the role of the microbiome in lipid metabolism. Current opinion in lipidology, 2019, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bile Acids and Salts; Carnitine; Choline; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids,	2019
The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2014, Volume: 124, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Diet; Female; Food; Humans; I	2014
New aspects on the metabolic role of intestinal microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Methyl	2015

Article	Year
Integrated metagenomics identifies a crucial role for trimethylamine-producing Lachnoclostridium in promoting atherosclerosis. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2022, 03-10, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Metagenomics; Methylamines;	2022
Deficiency of proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein 1 (PSRC1) accelerates trimethylamine N-oxide-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology, 2022, Volume: 170 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Choline; Inflammation; Leukocytes, Mononucl	2022
Inhibition of Trimethylamine N-Oxide Attenuates Neointimal Formation Through Reduction of Inflammasome and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Carotid Artery Ligation. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 2023, Volume: 38, Issue:1-3 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Choline; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammasomes;	2023
Dietary titanium dioxide particles (E171) promote diet-induced atherosclerosis through reprogramming gut microbiota-mediated choline metabolism in APOE Journal of hazardous materials, 2022, 08-15, Volume: 436 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Methylamines; Mice; Mice, Knoc	2022
Berberine treats atherosclerosis via a vitamine-like effect down-regulating Choline-TMA-TMAO production pathway in gut microbiota. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2022, 07-07, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Cricetinae; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Methylamines; Vitamins	2022
Phenolic-rich beverages reduce bacterial TMA formation in an Food & function, 2022, Aug-01, Volume: 13, Issue:15 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Bacteria; Beverages; Chlorogenic Acid; Choline; Coffee; Fermentation; Humans; Methy	2022
The associations between TMAO-related metabolites and blood lipids and the potential impact of rosuvastatin therapy. Lipids in health and disease, 2022, Jul-21, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Cholesterol, LDL; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Methylamines; Rosuva	2022
Gut-Flora-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammation Responses by Indirect ROS Stimulation and Signaling Involving AMPK and SIRT1. Nutrients, 2022, Aug-15, Volume: 14, Issue:16 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Infla	2022
TMAO Upregulates Members of the miR-17/92 Cluster and Impacts Targets Associated with Atherosclerosis. International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-11, Volume: 23, Issue:20 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Inflammation	2022
Choline and butyrate beneficially modulate the gut microbiome without affecting atherosclerosis in APOE3-Leiden.CETP mice. Atherosclerosis, 2022, Volume: 362* Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Butyrates; Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; Choline	2022
Neither Trimethylamine-N-Oxide nor Trimethyllysine Is Associated with Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Japanese Adults. Nutrients, 2023, Feb-02, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studie	2023
TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE - FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DIETARY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2023, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Choline; Humans; Methylamines	2023
Choline and trimethylamine N-oxide supplementation in normal chow diet and western diet promotes the development of atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- mice through different mechanisms. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2023, Volume: 74, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Choline; Diet, Western; Dietar	2023
Mangiferin alleviates trimethylamine- Food & function, 2023, Oct-16, Volume: 14, Issue:20 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Methylamines; M	2023
Dietary Choline or Trimethylamine N-oxide Supplementation Does Not Influence Atherosclerosis Development in Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- Male Mice. The Journal of nutrition, 2020, 02-01, Volume: 150, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Dietary Supplements; Male; Methylamines; Mice;	2020
Multi-technique comparison of atherogenic and MCD NASH models highlights changes in sphingolipid metabolism. Scientific reports, 2019, 11-14, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Diet; Diet, Atherogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression	2019
Plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide can be increased with 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' diets and do not correlate with the extent of atherosclerosis but with plaque instability. Cardiovascular research, 2021, 01-21, Volume: 117, Issue:2 Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bacteria; Biomarkers; Carotid Artery Diseases; Choline; Coron	2021
Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Journal of internal medicine, 2021, Volume: 290, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases;	2021
Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2021, 04-16, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Berberine; Choline; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility;	2021
Association of Kidney Function With NMR-Quantified Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Metabolic Measures in Mexican Adults. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2021, 09-27, Volume: 106, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apolipoproteins B; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Diabetes M	2021
Metformin alleviates choline diet-induced TMAO elevation in C57BL/6J mice by influencing gut-microbiota composition and functionality. Nutrition & diabetes, 2021, 07-31, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Akkermansia; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bifidobacterium; Choline; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dy	2021
Untargeted metabolomics identifies trimethyllysine, a TMAO-producing nutrient precursor, as a predictor of incident cardiovascular disease risk. JCI insight, 2018, 03-22, Volume: 3, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Disease Mo	2018
Impact of Gut Microbiota and Diet on the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Aortic Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Bacteria; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet, Wester	2018
Gut Microbial-Related Choline Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is Associated With Progression of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in HIV Infection. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2018, 09-22, Volume: 218, Issue:9 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Choline; Female; Gastrointes	2018
Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY04 exhibits a strain-specific property of lowering TMAO via the modulation of gut microbiota in mice. Food & function, 2018, Aug-15, Volume: 9, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Bacteria; Choline; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal T	2018
Hepatic Expression of PEMT, but Not Dietary Choline Supplementation, Reverses the Protection against Atherosclerosis in Pemt-/-/Ldlr-/- Mice. The Journal of nutrition, 2018, 10-01, Volume: 148, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Choline; Diet, Western; Dietary	2018
Guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist lowers plasma trimethylamine- Human & experimental toxicology, 2019, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Atherosclerosis; Cardiotonic Agents; Choline; Clost	2019
microRNA-146a-5p association with the cardiometabolic disease risk factor TMAO. Physiological genomics, 2019, 02-01, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Chlorocebus aethiops; Choline; Cohort Studies; Collaborative Cross Mice; D	2019
Carnitine Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Risk and Myocardial Infarction in HIV -Infected Adults. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2019, 05-07, Volume: 8, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Carnitine; Carotid Artery Di	2019
Genetic Deficiency of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 ( Fmo3) Protects Against Thrombosis but Has Only a Minor Effect on Plasma Lipid Levels-Brief Report. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2019, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Disease Models, Animal; Lipid Metabolism; Methylamines; Mice; Mic	2019
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Carnitine; Cholesterol; Choline; Desmosterol; Female; Humans; Intestines;	2013
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Drug the Bug! Cell, 2015, Dec-17, Volume: 163, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Gastrointestinal Tract; Hexanols; Humans; Lyases; Methylamines	2015
Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cell, 2015, Dec-17, Volume: 163, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Feces; Foam Cells; Gastroin	2015
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Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature, 2011, Apr-07, Volume: 472, Issue:7341 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Choline; D	2011
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Effect of dietary protein and heated fat on serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels, and on the incidence of experimental atherosclerosis in chicks. Circulation research, 1958, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Chickens; Cholesterol; Choline; Dietary Proteins; Fats;	1958
[Changes of cholesterol, choline and protein fractions of blood in atherosclerosis during salt-free diet therapy]. Sovetskaia meditsina, 1957, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Blood Proteins; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Diet, Sodium-Restrict	1957
[Changes of choline, cholesterol and cholinesterase in the blood in atherosclerosis]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1958, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cholinesterases	1958
[Changes in the level of prothrombin and fibrinogen of the blood in atherosclerosis in treatment with ascorbic acid, choline and iodine preparations]. Klinicheskaia meditsina, 1959, Volume: 37, Issue:5 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Ascorbic Acid; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Fibrinogen; Humans; Iodine; Prothrombin;	1959
[Treatment of human atherosclerosis with betaine]. Minerva medica, 1961, Apr-25, Volume: 52 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Humans	1961
[Activity of the alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine esters of essential fatty acids on the plasma lipoprotein picture after a fatty meal in normal subjects and in patients with atherosclerosis. I. Research on the turbidimetric curve after loading]. Giornale di gerontologia, 1960, Volume: 8 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Esters; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycerophosphates; Glyce	1960
[PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY CIRCULATION]. Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society, 1963, Jan-25, Volume: 37 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins;	1963
[PROBLEMS IN DRUG THERAPY AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS PREVENTION]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1963, Volume: 35 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Fatty Acids; Folic Acid; Hematinics; Humans; Lipid Metab	1963
[Action of lipotropic factors in atherosclerosis]. Concours medical, 1954, Nov-13, Volume: 76, Issue:46 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Inositol; Lipotropic Agents; Methionine	1954
Effect of dietary protein, methionine and choline on atherosclerosis and serum and liver lipids in cholesterol-fed chickens. Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae, 1960, Volume: 38 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Chickens; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Lipid Metabolism;	1960
Effect of choline chloride on development of atherosclerosis in the rabbit. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1950, Volume: 74, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Rabbits	1950
Effect of choline and inositol on plasma and tissue lipids and atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed chick. Circulation, 1950, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Chickens; Cholesterol; Choline; Inositol; Lipids; Plasma	1950
Effect of choline and inositol on plasma and tissue lipids and on spontaneous and stilbestrol-induced atherosclerosis in the chick. Circulation, 1950, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Chickens; Choline; Diethylstilbestrol; Inositol; Lipids;	1950
[Lipotropic factors and atherosclerosis; action of methionine, choline and inositol on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis]. Giornale di clinica medica, 1950, Volume: 31, Issue:9 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Choline; Inositol; Lipotropic Agents; Methionine	1950
Fiction and facts about lipotropic medication in atherosclerosis. Delaware medical journal, 1952, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Humans; Lipotropic Agents	1952
Evaluation of choline in the prevention of experimental atherosclerosis; importance of changes in body weight. Archives of pathology, 1950, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Arteriolosclerosis; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Choli	1950
CHOLINE and atherosclerosis. Nutrition reviews, 1950, Volume: 8, Issue:7 Topics: Arteriolosclerosis; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Humans	1950
18F-choline images murine atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Autoradiography; Choline; Choline Kinase; Fluori	2006
Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2007, Jul-13, Volume: 7 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Betaine; Choline; Coronary Disease; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incide	2007
Absorption of aortic atherosclerosis by choline feeding. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1948, Volume: 69, Issue:2 Topics: Aortic Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Choline; Humans	1948

choline and Atherogenesis