choline has been researched along with Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease in 42 studies
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "The hypotheses of relative cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, mania, and schizophrenia were pharmacologically investigated, using physostigmine and choline chloride." | 9.04 | Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis. ( Berger, PA; Davis, KL, 1978) |
| "As choline-containing compounds relate to membrane turnover, membrane dysfunction antedating neuronal death is suggested to occur in the frontal cortex in preclinical carriers of Huntington disease." | 7.74 | Decreased frontal choline and neuropsychological performance in preclinical Huntington disease. ( Alegret, M; Gómez-Ansón, B; Monte, GC; Muñoz, E; Sainz, A; Tolosa, E, 2007) |
| "The hypotheses of relative cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, mania, and schizophrenia were pharmacologically investigated, using physostigmine and choline chloride." | 5.04 | Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis. ( Berger, PA; Davis, KL, 1978) |
| "As choline-containing compounds relate to membrane turnover, membrane dysfunction antedating neuronal death is suggested to occur in the frontal cortex in preclinical carriers of Huntington disease." | 3.74 | Decreased frontal choline and neuropsychological performance in preclinical Huntington disease. ( Alegret, M; Gómez-Ansón, B; Monte, GC; Muñoz, E; Sainz, A; Tolosa, E, 2007) |
| "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with a diagnosis of Huntington's disease, depression, schizophrenia, or mania and also in the CSF of normal subjects." | 3.66 | Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase in neuropsychiatric disorders. ( Berger, PA; Davis, KL; Hollister, LE; Livesey, J, 1979) |
| "Treatment with isoniazid had no significant effect on CSF choline levels or CSF AChE activity." | 2.67 | Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase and choline measurements in Huntington's disease. ( Colliver, JA; Giacobini, E; Manyam, BV, 1990) |
| "Huntington's chorea, ataxias, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, affective illness, and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, has been implicated with a general underactivity of central cholinergic mechanisms." | 2.36 | The use of cholinergic precursors in neuropsychiatric diseases. ( Davis, KL; Rosenberg, GS, 1982) |
| "The level in patients with Parkinson's disease, where dementia develops in up to 40% of patients, was not elevated significantly compared to that in controls." | 1.32 | Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with dementia contains increased amounts of an unknown factor. ( Aasly, J; Gårseth, M; Sonnewald, U; White, LR, 2004) |
| "Choline chloride was administered orally (3 to 15 gm per day) to five patients with Huntington chorea." | 1.26 | Choline therapy in Huntington chorea. ( Aquilonius, SM; Eckernas, SA, 1977) |
| "Ten patients with Huntington's disease took Ch orally (8 to 20 gm per day) after the extent of their disabilities had been documented by clinical examination, movies, and combined electromyogram-accelerometer recordings." | 1.26 | Huntington's disease: clinical and chemical effects of choline administration. ( Cohen, EL; Growdon, JH; Wurtman, RJ, 1977) |
| "Patients with Huntington's chorea had a lower concentration of choline in lumbar spinal fluid as compared with a control group." | 1.25 | Cerebrospinal fluid choline in extrapyramidal disorders. ( Aquilonius, SM; Nyström, B; Schuberth, J; Sundwall, A, 1972) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 30 (71.43) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 4 (9.52) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 8 (19.05) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Tsang, TM | 1 |
| Haselden, JN | 1 |
| Holmes, E | 1 |
| Vetter, JM | 1 |
| Jehle, T | 1 |
| Heinemeyer, J | 1 |
| Franz, P | 1 |
| Behrens, PF | 1 |
| Jackisch, R | 1 |
| Landwehrmeyer, GB | 1 |
| Feuerstein, TJ | 1 |
| Tabrizi, SJ | 1 |
| Blamire, AM | 1 |
| Manners, DN | 1 |
| Rajagopalan, B | 1 |
| Styles, P | 2 |
| Schapira, AH | 1 |
| Warner, TT | 1 |
| White, LR | 1 |
| Gårseth, M | 1 |
| Aasly, J | 1 |
| Sonnewald, U | 1 |
| Gómez-Ansón, B | 1 |
| Alegret, M | 1 |
| Muñoz, E | 1 |
| Sainz, A | 1 |
| Monte, GC | 1 |
| Tolosa, E | 1 |
| Martin, WR | 1 |
| Wieler, M | 1 |
| Hanstock, CC | 1 |
| van Oostrom, JC | 1 |
| Sijens, PE | 1 |
| Roos, RA | 1 |
| Leenders, KL | 1 |
| Spar, JE | 1 |
| Rosenberg, GS | 1 |
| Davis, KL | 6 |
| Sancesario, G | 1 |
| Panichelli, C | 1 |
| Bianco, F | 1 |
| Caporali, M | 1 |
| Piccinin, GL | 1 |
| Stanzione, P | 1 |
| Morocutti, C | 1 |
| Jenkins, BG | 1 |
| Koroshetz, WJ | 1 |
| Beal, MF | 1 |
| Rosen, BR | 1 |
| Harms, L | 1 |
| Meierkord, H | 1 |
| Timm, G | 1 |
| Pfeiffer, L | 1 |
| Ludolph, AC | 1 |
| van Dellen, A | 1 |
| Welch, J | 1 |
| Dixon, RM | 1 |
| Cordery, P | 1 |
| York, D | 1 |
| Blakemore, C | 1 |
| Hannan, AJ | 1 |
| Aquilonius, SM | 3 |
| Eckernäs, SA | 3 |
| Welch, MJ | 1 |
| Markham, CH | 1 |
| Jenden, DJ | 1 |
| Hollister, LE | 4 |
| Barchas, JD | 1 |
| Berger, PA | 5 |
| Growdon, JH | 5 |
| Cohen, EL | 2 |
| Wurtman, RJ | 4 |
| Simonton, SC | 1 |
| Consolo, S | 1 |
| Ladinsky, H | 1 |
| Bianchi, S | 1 |
| Caraceni, T | 1 |
| Barbeau, A | 1 |
| Vento, AL | 1 |
| London, ED | 1 |
| Harris, LW | 1 |
| Heyl, WC | 1 |
| Coyle, JT | 1 |
| Livesey, J | 1 |
| Nitsch, RM | 1 |
| Blusztajn, JK | 1 |
| Pittas, AG | 1 |
| Slack, BE | 1 |
| Manyam, BV | 1 |
| Giacobini, E | 1 |
| Colliver, JA | 1 |
| DiPalma, JR | 1 |
| Bird, ED | 3 |
| Mackay, AV | 1 |
| Rayner, CN | 1 |
| Iversen, LL | 2 |
| McGeer, PL | 2 |
| McGeer, EG | 2 |
| Fibiger, HC | 2 |
| Shuter, ER | 1 |
| Robins, E | 1 |
| Nyström, B | 1 |
| Schuberth, J | 1 |
| Sundwall, A | 1 |
| Stahl, WL | 1 |
| Swanson, PD | 1 |
| Hiley, CR | 1 |
| Re', O | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coenzyme Q10 in Huntington's Disease (HD)[NCT00608881] | Phase 3 | 609 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Terminated (stopped due to Futility analysis failed to showed likelihoo of benefit of CoQ 2400 mg/day.) | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
The Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) behavioral subscale assesses frequency and severity of psychiatric-related symptoms, including depressed mood, apathy, low self-esteem/guilt, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, irritable behavior, aggressive behavior, obsessional thinking, compulsive behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. A total score was calculated by summing up all the individual behavioral frequency items (range 0-56) with higher scores representing more severe behavioral impairment. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 1.39 |
| B - Placebo | 1.43 |
The Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) behavioral subscale assesses frequency and severity of psychiatric-related symptoms, including depressed mood, apathy, low self-esteem/guilt, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, irritable behavior, aggressive behavior, obsessional thinking, compulsive behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. The total score is the sum of the product of the individual behavioral frequency and severity items (range 0-176) with higher scores representing more severe behavioral impairment. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 4.29 |
| B - Placebo | 5.06 |
"The functional assessment checklist includes 25 questions about common daily tasks. A score of 1 is given for each yes reply and a score of 0 is given for each no reply (scale range is 0-25). Higher scores indicate better functioning." (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -7.93 |
| B - Placebo | -8.02 |
The independence scale assesses independence on a 0 to 100 scale with higher scores indicating better functioning. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -26.30 |
| B - Placebo | -24.86 |
Stroop Interference Test - color naming score is the total number of correct colors identified in 45 seconds and reflects processing speed. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -14.21 |
| B - Placebo | -14.51 |
Stroop Interference Test - interference score is the total number of correct items identified in 45 seconds and reflects an executive measure of inhibitory ability. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -7.57 |
| B - Placebo | -8.61 |
Stroop Interference Test - word reading score is the total number of correct words read in 45 seconds and reflects processing speed. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -15.25 |
| B - Placebo | -19.13 |
The SDMT assesses attention, visuoperceptual processing, working memory, and cognitive/psychomotor speed. The score is the number of correctly paired abstract symbols and specific numbers in 90 seconds with higher scores indicating better cognitive functioning. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -10.95 |
| B - Placebo | -11.36 |
TFC consists of five ordinally scaled items assessing a person's capacity with: (1) occupation; (2) financial affairs; (3) domestic responsibilities; (4) activities of daily living; and (5) independent living. Total score ranges from zero (worst) to 13 (best). (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -4.53 |
| B - Placebo | -4.76 |
The motor section of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) assesses motor features of Huntington disease with standardized ratings of oculomotor function, dysarthria, chorea, dystonia, gait, and postural stability. The total motor score is the sum of all the individual motor ratings, with higher scores (124) indicating more severe motor impairment than lower scores. The score ranges from 0 to 124. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 18.06 |
| B - Placebo | 19.18 |
The verbal fluency test is typically considered a measure of executive function. The score is the number of correct words produced across three 1-minute trials. (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | -5.07 |
| B - Placebo | -4.47 |
The primary outcome variable at the start of the trial was the change in TFC score from baseline to Month 60. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended to the trial leadership that they reconsider how they accommodate missing data from subjects who die in their primary analysis of the change in TFC score. Based on these recommendations, the trial leadership changed the primary analysis to that of a joint rank approach. TFC consists of five ordinally scaled items assessing a person's capacity with: (1) occupation; (2) financial affairs; (3) domestic responsibilities; (4) activities of daily living; and (5) independent living. Total score ranges from zero (worst) to 13 (best). (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: 5 years
| Intervention | rank (Mean) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 303.3 |
| B - Placebo | 306.7 |
(NCT00608881)
Timeframe: 5 years
| Intervention | participants completing study on drug (Number) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 98 |
| B - Placebo | 108 |
TFC consists of five ordinally scaled items assessing a person's capacity with: (1) occupation; (2) financial affairs; (3) domestic responsibilities; (4) activities of daily living; and (5) independent living. Total score ranges from zero (worst) to 13 (best). (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: 5 years
| Intervention | days to event (Median) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 917 |
| B - Placebo | 911 |
TFC consists of five ordinally scaled items assessing a person's capacity with: (1) occupation; (2) financial affairs; (3) domestic responsibilities; (4) activities of daily living; and (5) independent living. Total score ranges from zero (worst) to 13 (best). (NCT00608881)
Timeframe: 5 years
| Intervention | days to event (Median) |
|---|---|
| A - Coenzyme Q10 2400 mg/Day | 553 |
| B - Placebo | 549 |
3 reviews available for choline and Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The use of cholinergic precursors in neuropsychiatric diseases.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Cerebellar Ataxia; Choline; Huma | 1982 |
Emerging treatments: replacement therapy with choline or lecithin in neurological diseases.
Topics: Animals; Choline; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Friedreich Ataxia; Humans; Huntington Disease; Nervous S | 1978 |
2-Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol): a brief review of its clinical efficacy and postulated mechanism of action.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Chemistry; Carbon Radioisotopes; Child; Choline; Deanol; D | 1974 |
6 trials available for choline and Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Creatine therapy for Huntington's disease: clinical and MRS findings in a 1-year pilot study.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Creatine; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Dose | 2003 |
Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind | 1978 |
Dietary enhancement of CNS neurotransmitters.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Administration, Oral; Brain; Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet; Dyskinesia, Dru | 1978 |
Effects of choline on tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders.
Topics: Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Huntington Disease; Phosphatidy | 1978 |
Studies on choline chloride in neuropsychiatric disease: human and animal data.
Topics: Animals; Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation; Dyskinesia, Dru | 1978 |
Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase and choline measurements in Huntington's disease.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Choline; Double-Blind Me | 1990 |
33 other studies available for choline and Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Metabonomic characterization of the 3-nitropropionic acid rat model of Huntington's disease.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Choline; Corpus Striatum; | 2009 |
Mice transgenic for exon 1 of Huntington's disease: properties of cholinergic and dopaminergic pre-synaptic function in the striatum.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Calcium; Choline; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Corpus Striatum; Disease Mode | 2003 |
Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with dementia contains increased amounts of an unknown factor.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Case-Control Studi | 2004 |
Decreased frontal choline and neuropsychological performance in preclinical Huntington disease.
Topics: Adult; Basal Ganglia; Cell Membrane; Choline; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Down-Regulation; Femal | 2007 |
Is brain lactate increased in Huntington's disease?
Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Creatine; Female; Humans; Huntington Dis | 2007 |
1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in preclinical Huntington disease.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Mapping; Choline; Creatine; Fe | 2007 |
Chemistry of Huntington's chorea.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Choline; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; gamma-Aminobutyric A | 1980 |
Dementia in the aged.
Topics: Aged; Cerebral Infarction; Choline; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome; Dementia; Depressive Disorder; Diagn | 1982 |
[The use of choline in the treatment of Huntington's chorea].
Topics: Adult; Choline; Female; Humans; Huntington Disease; Hyperkinesis; Male; Middle Aged | 1981 |
Evidence for impairment of energy metabolism in vivo in Huntington's disease using localized 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Basal Ganglia; Choline; Creatine; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Huntingto | 1993 |
Decreased N-acetyl-aspartate/choline ratio and increased lactate in the frontal lobe of patients with Huntington's disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Female; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Huntington Disease; Lactic Acid; | 1997 |
N-Acetylaspartate and DARPP-32 levels decrease in the corpus striatum of Huntington's disease mice.
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Calbindins; Choline; Corpus Striatum; Creatine; Dopamine and cAM | 2000 |
Letter: Plasma concentration of free choline in patients with Huntington's chorea on high doses of choline chloride.
Topics: Choline; Female; Humans; Huntington Disease | 1975 |
Acetylcholine and choline in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Aged; Choline; Humans; Huntington Disease; Middle Aged; Parkinson Disease; Ris | 1976 |
Choline in tardive dyskinesia and Huntington's disease.
Topics: Choline; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Huntington Disease; Male; Physostigmine | 1976 |
Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's disease.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Choline; Humans; Huntington Disease | 1977 |
Choline chloride in the treatment of Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia: a preliminary report.
Topics: Choline; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Huntington Disease; Physostigmine | 1977 |
The cerebrospinal fluid choline levels in patients with Huntington's chorea. Negative effect of haloperidol treatment.
Topics: Adult; Choline; Cholinesterases; Female; Haloperidol; Humans; Huntington Disease; Male; Middle Aged | 1977 |
Choline therapy in Huntington chorea.
Topics: Adult; Choline; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Huntington Diseas | 1977 |
Plasma choline and cholinergic mechanisms in the brain. Methods, function, and rôle in Huntington's chorea.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Biological Assay; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cerebral Cortex; Choline; Choline O-Acetylt | 1977 |
Huntington's disease: clinical and chemical effects of choline administration.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Brain; Choline; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Huntington D | 1977 |
Effect of 2-dimethylaminoethanol in kainate-lesioned rat striatum: anomaly in the radioenzymatic assay of acetylcholine.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Corpus Striatum; Deanol; Dise | 1978 |
Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Affective Symptoms; Choline; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Huntington Disea | 1979 |
Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer disease brain.
Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Down Syndrome; Glycerylphosphorylcholine; | 1992 |
Nutritional pharmacology.
Topics: Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Brain Diseases; Choline; Diet; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Hepatic Enceph | 1985 |
Reduced glutamic-acid-decarboxylase activity of post-mortem brain in Huntington's chorea.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Aminobutyrates; Autopsy; Basal Ganglia; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Carboxy-Lyases; | 1973 |
Glutamic-acid decarboxylase and choline acetylase in Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Acetylesterase; Basal Ganglia; Carboxy-Lyases; Choline; Glutamates; Humans; Huntington Disease; Park | 1973 |
Choline acetylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase in Huntington's chorea. A preliminary study.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylesterase; Adult; Aged; Aminobutyrates; Autopsy; Basal Gan | 1973 |
Elevation of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mouse by L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid.
Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Brain; Choline; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hunt | 1974 |
Huntington's chorea. Post-mortem measurement of glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase and dopamine in basal ganglia.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Animals; Autopsy; Basal Ganglia; Brain Che | 1974 |
Cerebrospinal fluid choline in extrapyramidal disorders.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplas | 1972 |
Biochemical abnormalities in Huntington's chorea brains.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acetyltransferases; Adult; Brain; Carboxy-Lyases; Caudate Nucleus; Cerebral Co | 1974 |
Decreased muscarinic receptor concentration in post-mortem brain in Huntington's chorea.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Autopsy; Brain Chemistry; Caudate Nucleus; Choline; Corpus Striatum; Humans; Hun | 1974 |