chlortetracycline and Psittacosis

Topics: 4-Quinolones; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Doxycycline; Psittacosis; United States

Twenty-four specific-pathogen-free-derived cats aged four to 11 months were challenged by ocular application of a field isolate of Chlamydia psittaci to evaluate the effect of topical and systemic therapy on the course of disease. The cats were monitored for 35 days post-challenge, with severity of clinical signs being measured using a scoring system, and ocular shedding of the organism monitored by culture of conjunctival swabs. All cats developed active C psittaci infection, and after 7 days the cats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: Group P (placebo) was given twice-daily ophthalmic tear-replacement ointment; group F was given twice-daily topical 1% fusidic acid ophthalmic viscous drops; group C was given twice-daily topical 1% chlortetracycline ophthalmic ointment; and group D was given doxycycline at 10 mg/kg daily per os in addition to twice-daily topical 1% fusidic acid ophthalmic ointment. Within 24 h of commencement of therapy, group D had significantly lower median clinical scores than group P, and with the exception of day 16, this trend was maintained throughout the observation period. Median clinical scores of cats in group F were not appreciably different to those in group P, whereas the median scores of cats in group C generally fell between those of groups P and D. The median duration of C psittaci shedding was 10 and 15 days for groups D and C respectively, but four of the six cats in groups F and P were still shedding organisms at the end of the study (day 35). In this study, systemic therapy with doxycycline proved superior to topical therapy in the treatment of feline chlamydiosis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Doxycycline; Drug Administration Schedule; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Female; Fusidic Acid; Male; Ointments; Ophthalmic Solutions; Psittacosis; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Treatment Outcome

A total of 18 chlamydial isolates from various psittacine birds, one isolate from a domestic pigeon and one isolate from a Pekin duck were isolated in continuous Buffalo Green Monkey (BGM) kidney cell cultures. All 20 isolates were identified by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction as Chlamydophila psittaci. These isolates were multiplied to high titres and subsequently tested for in vitro sensitivity against two tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and doxycycline) and two quinolones (enrofloxacin and difloxacin) at concentrations of 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 10.00 microg/ml. Replication of chlamydia in BGM cell cultures is assayed on the basis of formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions that are visualized by Giménez staining. All isolates, although to variable degrees, are sensitive to all four drugs. The number of chlamydial inclusions decreases gradually over a broad range of increasing concentrations of the drugs. The variation in the number of inclusions between isolates is remarkably high for chlortetracycline less for doxycycline and minimal for both fluoroquinolones, the enrofloxacin and difloxacin. The decline in numbers of inclusions is highly dose-dependend and the observed reduction stretches over a wide range of drug dilutions. Therefore, it is proposed to calculate drug sensitivity values in terms of inhibitory concentration 50%, (IC5). Its calculation includes all tested drug dilutions instead of the hitherto more common minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC, which is based on results of serial dilution tests for cell-free growing bacteria. Using a logistic regression model for the calculation of the inhibitory concentration 50% of all 20 chlamydial isolates, the IC50 is 0.807 microg/ml for tetracycline, 0.497 microg/ml for doxycycline, 0.180 microg/ml for enrofloxacin and 0.168 microg/ml for difloxacin. Complete prevention of inclusion formation was already seen for enrofloxacin at a concentration of 1.0 microg/ml in 12 out of 20 and for difloxacin in 5 out of 20 isolates whereas more than 10 microg/mI chlortetracycline is needed in 15 out of 20 isolates and for doxycycline 9 out of 20 isolates yielded inclusions at 10 microg/ml.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bird Diseases; Birds; Cells, Cultured; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Ciprofloxacin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Doxycycline; Enrofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; Tetracyclines

Avian chlamydiosis remains to be an important, in birds widely spread zoonosis. In the past 15 years in the Federal Republic of Germany 6133 cases in birds or aviaries officially were recorded, 88% in aviaries consisting of psittacines, 9% in pigeons and 3% in other bird species. Among all bird species psittacines are of greatest importance for human health. Therefore, public health control measures must concentrate on these species. For this purpose the longterm-treatment with tetracyclines in feed or by intramuscular injection has proved effective since chlamydial agents perfectly can be eliminated. But control of psittacosis by medication in the hands of laymen is problematical. Effectivity of medication depends on proper and careful performance. Therefore, if treatment is necessary due to state regulations, strict surveillance, including measuring of antibiotic levels in blood, by experienced veterinary public health personnel is mandatory.

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Germany, West; Humans; Psittacosis; Species Specificity; Zoonoses

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Food Additives; Parakeets; Parrots; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Doxycycline; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; Time Factors

Psittacosis was diagnosed in 13 (24%) of 55 pet bird submissions in the first 3 months of 1983, compared with 18 (17%) of 103 in 1982, 4 (4.6%) of 87 in 1981, and 3 (8%) of 36 in 1980. The numbers and types of birds in which psittacosis was diagnosed were 2 of 47 budgerigars, 8 of 45 cockatiels , 3 of 11 small parrots ( lovebirds , conures ), 20 of 116 medium-sized parrots (African Grays, Amazons ), 2 of 21 macaws , and 3 of 21 cockatoos . Thirty-nine percent of psittacosis-positive birds were received from pet bird owners, compared with 21% from pet shops, 18% from pet bird breeders and fanciers, and 13% from pet bird jobbers and retailers . Most frequently observed clinical signs were anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea or yellowish droppings. Major gross lesions were splenohepatomegaly (77%), followed by enteritis (53%), sinusitis (47%), airsacculitis (37%), pneumonitis (23%), and pericarditis (10%). Regarding the 38 cases of confirmed psittacosis in pet birds since 1980, transmission of the disease to human beings was confirmed in 2 cases and suspected in 4 cases.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Male; Ohio; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; Stress, Physiological; Zoonoses

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Doxycycline; Food Additives; Injections, Intramuscular; Parrots; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Methods; Parakeets; Parrots; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Food Additives; Parakeets; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Drug Evaluation; Psittacosis; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Berlin; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Feces; Germany, West; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Spontaneous fatal aspergillosis occurred in several species of parrots imported from Latin America, Australia, Malaya and Ghana for studies on the control of psittacosis. Over a period of 4 years, 655 parrots were imported for use in these studies. All birds that died during these investigations were necropsied, and the internal organs of 45 were found to have macroscopic lesions suggestive of aspergillosis. Of these 45 suspected cases, 32 were confirmed as aspergillosis by both histopathology and culture, and three others by histopathology alone. There was no evidence that the remaining 10 had this disease. Of the 32 culturally confirmed cases, 13 were found to be caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, 16 by A. oryzae, and three by both fungi. In this series, three sets of circumstances appear to have been associated with the development of fatal aspergillosis. Their capture and transport to the United States, the administration of chlortetracycline used in the control of psittacosis, and the administration of cortisone acetate in an attempt to activate existent latent psittacosis infections. The possible causal relationship of these factors are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus oryzae; Australia; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Cortisone; Ghana; Latin America; Malaysia; Parrots; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; United States

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlamydia; Chlortetracycline; Edible Grain; Germany, West; Humans; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; Public Health; Seeds; Time Factors; United States

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Psittacosis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Specimen Collection; Chlortetracycline; Feces; Jugular Veins; Methods; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Animals, Zoo; Chlortetracycline; Complement Fixation Tests; Disease Reservoirs; Feces; Germany, West; Humans; Psittacosis; Quarantine

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Vectors; Humans; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Feces; Mice; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Complement Fixation Tests; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Psittacosis; Radiography

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bird Diseases; Chlamydia; Chlortetracycline; Complement Fixation Tests; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Complement Fixation Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Reservoirs; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Pneumonia; Procaine; Psittacosis; Radiography, Thoracic; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Aspergillosis; Chlortetracycline; Lung Diseases; Psittacosis; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlamydia; Chlortetracycline; In Vitro Techniques; Psittacosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Therapy; Penicillins; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Diagnosis; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Pathology; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Birds; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chlortetracycline; Columbidae; Pharmacology; Psittacosis; Research

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlortetracycline; Complement Fixation Tests; Germany, West; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Legislation, Medical; Mice; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Birds; Chlamydia Infections; Chlortetracycline; Immunization; Psittacosis; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Australia; Chlortetracycline; Parrots; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Oxytetracycline; Psittacosis; Turkeys

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Parakeets; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Mice; Penicillins; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Disease; Meat; Poultry; Psittacosis; Turkeys

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Goats; Pneumonia; Psittacosis; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance; Humans; Psittacosis; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides

Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Penicillins; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Chronic Disease; Psittacosis; Recurrence

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Psittacosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Psittacosis; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Epidemics; Humans; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Humans; Psittacosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Oxytetracycline; Psittacosis

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Infant; Penicillins; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Epidemics; Psittacosis

The findings presented indicate that aureomycin could become associated with tissue of the chick embryo by both hematogenous distribution and direct adsorption. Treatment of chick embryos infected with MP virus with 1 mg. of aureomycin by the allantoic route caused an inhibition of virus growth in the allantoic membrane. The drug had no effect on "inert" virus, and appeared to have little effect on adsorption of virus to host tissue. Complete inhibition of growth during the time interval corresponding to the first cycle of multiplication could be achieved only if the drug was administered within 6 to 8 hours after virus inoculation. Partial inhibition of virus multiplication could be achieved even if the administration was delayed as late as 24 hours after infection. In these experiments the chief role of the antibiotic appeared to be one of virustasis reflected in a prolongation of the latent period (non-infectious phase). The virus was able to resume its growth when a critical low level of the drug in the allantoic membrane was reached. When infectivity titrations were carried out using various tissues and organs of treated and untreated embryos, it was found that no virus was detectable in the brains of treated embryos as late as 192 hours after inoculation of virus. This was in contrast with the findings in allantoic membranes and livers of such embryos; these organs showed virus at 120 and 144 hours, respectively. In untreated controls, virus appeared in membranes at 24 hours, in the liver at 48 hours, and in the brain at 72 hours.

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chlortetracycline; Orthomyxoviridae; Psittacosis; Virus Replication; Viruses

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Mice; Psittacosis

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Eggs; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Mice; Psittacosis; Viruses

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Epidemics; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Humans; Medical Records; Psittacosis

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Psittacosis

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Psittacosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dermatologic Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Penicillins; Psittacosis; Streptomycin; Viruses

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Epidemics; Psittacosis

Aureomycin and chloromycetin have now been used in a number of viral and rickettsial diseases and have gone far toward fulfilling their original promise. In local trials aureomycin has been shown to be a very effective drug in primary atypical pneumonia, and a valuable drug in Q fever. A small number of cases of psittacosis appear to have responded favorably to aureomycin. The search for chemotherapeutic compounds which may be effective in other viral diseases has been sharply stimulated by these developments.

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Therapy; Humans; Influenza, Human; Mycoplasma Infections; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Psittacosis; Q Fever; Rickettsia Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Psittacosis