chlortetracycline and Diarrhea

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis (PMEC) was first documented in 1893. Since this initial description, confusion has reigned in the medical literature concerning its nature and differentiation from such entities as necrotizing enterocolitis and staphylococcal enterocolitis. Since the 1950s, volumes have been written on PMEC and its association with a multitude of different antibiotics. PMEC has generally been used as somewhat of a "wastebasket" designation, being applied to any postoperative patient who develops significant diarrhea while on broad-spectrum antibiotics. More recently, a resurgence of interest in PMEC has led to its recognition as a specific disease entity and to a greater understanding of its etiology. The current review traces the history of PMEC, distinguishes if from similar disease processes, and describes its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. PMEC is particularly distinguished from antibiotic-associated diarrhea and certain forms of antibiotic-associated colitis.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Clostridium Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Humans; Lincomycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Africa; Ampicillin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Europe; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Italy; Male; North America; Penicillins; Rifampin; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Seasons; Sepsis; Serotyping; South America; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim

A comparative study was undertaken in Indonesia to assess the effect of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of acute diarrheal disease in infants. 120 children, age 2-60 months, suffering form acute gastroenteritis with varying degrees of dehydration who were treated at the Gadjah Mada University Hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between August and December 1975, were included in the study. Approximately 1/2 the group was treated with antibiotics; the other 1/2 was not. Both groups received oral rehydration therapy. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups as to duration of the diarrhea and duration of hospitalization. It is concluded that antibiotics are not generally indicated in cases of acute diarrheal disease. The only requirements in treatment seems to be maintenance of the fluid electrolyte balance.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Tetracycline

The objective was to study the effects of microencapsulated organic acids (OA) and essential oils (EO) on growth performance, immune system, gut barrier function, nutrient digestion and absorption, and abundance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC F4) in the weaned piglets challenged with ETEC F4. Twenty-four ETEC F4 susceptible weaned piglets were randomly distributed to 4 treatments including (1) sham-challenged control (SSC; piglets fed a control diet and challenged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)); (2) challenged control (CC; piglets fed a control diet and challenged with ETEC F4); (3) antibiotic growth promoters (AGP; CC + 55 mg·kg-1 of Aureomycin); and (4) microencapsulated OA and EO [P(OA+EO); (CC + 2 g·kg-1 of microencapsulated OA and EO]. The ETEC F4 infection significantly induced diarrhea at 8, 28, 34, and 40 hr postinoculation (hpi) (P < 0.05) in the CC piglets. At 28 d postinoculation (dpi), piglets fed P(OA+EO) had a lower (P < 0.05) diarrhea score compared with those fed CC, but the P(OA+EO) piglets had a lower (P < 0.05) diarrhea score compared with those fed the AGP diets at 40 dpi. The ETEC F4 infection tended to increase in vivo gut permeability measured by the oral gavaging fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 70 kDa (FITC-D70) assay in the CC piglets compared with the SCC piglets (P = 0.09). The AGP piglets had higher FITC-D70 flux than P(OA+EO) piglets (P < 0.05). The ETEC F4 infection decreased mid-jejunal VH in the CC piglets compared with the SCC piglets (P < 0.05). The P(OA+EO) piglets had higher (P < 0.05) VH in the mid-jejunum than the CC piglets. The relative mRNA abundance of Na+-glucose cotransporter and B0AT1 was reduced (P < 0.05) by ETEC F4 inoculation when compared with the SCC piglets. The AGP piglets had a greater relative mRNA abundance of B0AT1 than the CC piglets (P < 0.05). The ETEC F4 inoculation increased the protein abundance of OCLN (P < 0.05), and the AGP piglets had the lowest relative protein abundance of OCLN among the challenged groups (P < 0.05). The supplementation of microencapsulated OA and EO enhanced intestinal morphology and showed anti-diarrhea effects in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC F4. Even if more future studies can be required for further validation, this study brings evidence that microencapsulated OA and EO combination can be useful within the tools to be implemented in strategies for alternatives to antibiotics in swine production.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carboxylic Acids; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diet; Drug Compounding; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity; Jejunum; Male; Nutrients; Oils, Volatile; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

A particularly virulent O149:H10 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clone harbours a newly characterized plasmid pTENT2 carrying the tetracycline-resistance tetA and the virulence genes estA, paa, and sepA that were not present in less virulent clones. The objectives of this study were to assess whether the additional genes on pTENT2 played a role in the increased severity of post-weaning diarrhoea and if they provided any potential advantage for the emergence of the highly virulent clone. Groups of pigs were dosed orally with isogenic pTENT2-positive and pTENT2-negative ETEC strains, and the clinical and pathological changes were compared between the groups. Two additional groups were given the pTENT2-positive strains and maintained on feed with or without chlortetracycline to assess the effect of subtherapeutic levels of tetracycline on the short-term persistence of the ETEC O149:H10 clone. The severity of diarrhoea within the first few hours post-inoculation was significantly increased (p=0.0408) in animals receiving pTENT2-positive strains as compared to animals receiving pTENT2-negative strains. There were no consistent or significant histopathological differences between any of the groups and no significant difference in the persistence of ETEC between groups.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Plasmids; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors; Weaning

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of receiving diets containing alfalfa meal and certain feed additives on performance of comingled feeder pigs transported 900 to 1,100 km. In Exp. 1, the inclusion of 9.4% dehydrated alfalfa meal in receiving diets for 2 wk resulted in no difference (P greater than .1) in gain or feed conversion from purchase to market compared with pigs fed a basal corn-soybean meal (CS) diet or a diet containing 20% ground whole oats (O). In Exp. 2, pigs fed receiving diets containing 10% dehydrated alfalfa meal had no improvement (P greater than .1) in gain (.60 vs .61 kg/d) or conversion (3.25 vs 3.17) compared with CS-fed pigs. In Exp. 3, pigs fed a receiving diet for 2 wk containing 10% mid-bloom alfalfa ate more (P less than .002) feed daily for 2 wk (.82 vs .76 kg) and overall (P less than .04; 1.92 vs 1.85 kg) and had an improved (P less than .03) daily gain from purchase to market (.61 vs .59 kg) compared with CS-fed pigs. In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets containing 44 mg/kg tylosin (T) gained similar to pigs fed no additive (O) and slower (P less than .01) than pigs fed 110 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC; .59, .60 and .63 kg/d), with no significant differences in feed to gain conversion (3.12, 3.23 and 3.18).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacitracin; Body Weight; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Female; Food Additives; Leucomycins; Male; Medicago sativa; Salicylates; Swine; Swine Diseases; Transportation; Tylosin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cephalothin; Chlortetracycline; Clindamycin; Diarrhea; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Female; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Middle Aged; Sigmoidoscopy

The effect of chlortetracycline given at a concentration of 220.5 g/metric ton of feed and of a combination product which supplies chlortetracycline (110.2 g/metric ton), sulfamethazine (110.2 g/metric ton), and penicilin G (55.1 g/metric ton) on the occurrence and persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine was studied. Weanling pigs (av weight, 8.2 kg) were inoculated via the feed with 10(11) colony-forming units of S typhimurium 298-1NA. An equal number of nonexposed swine given identical treatment were used as controls. Infected pigs had increased temperatures (maximal av, 41 C) for the first 4 days after infection and severe diarrhea during the first 21 days. The use of chlortetracycline and a combination product at subtherapeutic concentrations in feed did not increase the Salmonella pool or prolong the carrier state in swine. A decrease in number of Salmonella shed from swine given chlortetracycline at the concentration of 220.5 g/metric ton was observed. Significant differences did not occur in Salmonella-related deaths or in emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella by antibiotic selection or R factor transfer. Zoonotic transmission of the infecting Salmonella to animal caretakers was not detected.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Male; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Sulfamethazine; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Growth; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Malabsorption Syndromes; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Drug Synergism; Nitrofurantoin

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Cholecalciferol; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; gamma-Globulins; Phosphorus; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Metoclopramide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nausea; Promazine; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Vomiting

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Feces; Milk; Nitrofurans

Topics: Animals; Cecum; Chlortetracycline; Colon, Sigmoid; Cricetinae; Diarrhea; Drug Hypersensitivity; Epithelium; Intestine, Large; Necrosis; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Vascular Diseases

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Chromosome Disorders; Diarrhea; Edible Grain; Radiation Chimera; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diet; Gastrointestinal Tract; Intestines; Lactose; Rats; Starch

Topics: Body Fluids; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Fatty Liver; Humans; Medical Records; Patient Discharge; Steatorrhea

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Infant; Shock; Vomiting

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Humans; Infant; Proteus; Proteus Infections

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Oxytetracycline; Referral and Consultation

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Humans; Infant; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides

Topics: Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Infant; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Prognosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant; Sulfadiazine; Vomiting

Topics: Antazoline; Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Infant

Topics: Antazoline; Anti-Allergic Agents; Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Dysentery; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Infant

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Methionine; Swine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Dysentery; Escherichia coli; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Infant; Respiratory System

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant Nutrition Disorders

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Dysentery; Epidemics; Humans; Vomiting

Topics: Chlortetracycline; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Vomiting