chlortetracycline and Bacterial-Infections

The history of the tetracyclines involves the collective contributions of thousands of dedicated researchers, scientists, clinicians, and business executives over the course of more than 60 years. Discovered as natural products from actinomycetes soil bacteria, the tetracyclines were first reported in the scientific literature in 1948. They were noted for their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and were commercialized with clinical success beginning in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. The second-generation semisynthetic analogs and more recent third-generation compounds show the continued evolution of the tetracycline scaffold toward derivatives with increased potency as well as efficacy against tetracycline-resistant bacteria, with improved pharmacokinetic and chemical properties. Their biologic activity against a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens and their uses in mammalian models of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and other biological systems indicate that the tetracyclines will continue to be successful therapeutics in infectious diseases and as potential therapeutics against inflammation-based mammalian cell diseases.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Drug Discovery; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Soil Microbiology; Streptomyces aureofaciens; Tetracycline Resistance; Tetracyclines

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Child; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Food Preservation; Germ-Free Life; Growth; Humans; Male; Meat; Oxytetracycline; Public Health; Rats; Sulfonamides; Time Factors

The study objective was to determine the effects of two treatment regimens on quantities of ceftiofur and tetracycline resistance genes in feedlot cattle. The two regimens were ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) administered to either one or all steers within a pen and subsequent feeding/not feeding of therapeutic doses of chlortetracycline. A 26-day randomized controlled field trial was conducted on 176 steers. Real-time PCR was used to quantify bla(CMY-2), bla(CTX-M), tet(A), tet(B), and 16S rRNA gene copies/gram of feces from community DNA. A significant increase in ceftiofur resistance and a decrease in tetracycline resistance elements were observed among the treatment groups in which all steers received CCFA treatment, expressed as gene copies/gram of feces. Subsequent chlortetracycline administration led to rapid expansion of both ceftiofur and tetracycline resistance gene copies/gram of feces. Our data suggest that chlortetracycline is contraindicated when attempting to avoid expansion of resistance to critically important third-generation cephalosporins.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cephalosporins; Chlortetracycline; Feces; Metagenome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tetracycline Resistance

Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine is a condition characterized by nutrient malabsorption due to an excessive number of bacteria in the lumen of the small intestine. Current treatment is based on empirical courses of broad spectrum antibiotics; few controlled data, with respect to the duration and choice of antibiotic drug, exist at present. The recent availability of rifaximin, a non-absorbable rifamycin derivative, highly effective against anaerobic bacteria, prompted us to carry out a randomized, double-blind controlled trial in order to compare its efficacy and tolerability to those of tetracycline, currently considered the first-choice drug.. In 21 patients affected by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, fasting, peak and total H2 excretion after ingestion of 50 g glucose and severity of symptoms were evaluated before and after a 7-day course of rifaximin, 1200 mg/day (400 mg t.d.s.), or chlortetracycline, 1 g/day (333 mg t.d.s. ).. Fasting, peak and total H2 excretion decreased significantly in the group of patients treated with rifaximin whereas chlortetracycline did not modify these parameters. The H2 breath test normalized in 70% of patients after rifaximin and in 27% of patients after chlortetracycline. The improvement in symptoms was significantly higher in patients treated with rifaximin.. Rifaximin is a promising, easily-handled and safe drug for the short-term treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Breath Tests; Chlortetracycline; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Hydrogen; Intestine, Small; Male; Middle Aged; Rifamycins; Rifaximin; Treatment Outcome

To compare health and growth performance in barrows reared in all-in/all-out (AIAO) or continuous flow (CF) management systems.. 400 barrows.. Barrows (approx 2 months old) were allotted to 4 replications (100 barrows each); barrows were housed in AIAO or CF rooms (10 pens/room), and 50 pigs/replicate received chlortetracycline (CTC, 110 mg/kg of feed). Barrows from each pen were slaughtered at 3, 4, 5, and 6 months old.. Barrows in the AIAO room had greater total daily gain (TDG) and lean daily gain (LDG) than did barrows in the CF room. Addition of CTC did not improve TDG or LDG in either environment. Barrows in the AIAO room reached body weight of 104.5 kg in 169.7 days, compared with 177.3 days for barrows in the CF room. Feed-to-gain ratio was not affected by management or CTC. Lungs from barrows reared in AIAO facilities had a lower percentage of lesions than did lungs of barrows reared in CF facilities (1.74% vs 9.52%). Addition of CTC did not affect prevalence and extent of lung lesions. Extent of lung lesions was positively correlated with change in serum optical density (OD) to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (r = 0.35), but not with change in serum OD to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Lean growth and serum OD to M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae were not correlated.. Health and growth performance were better for barrows in an AIAO facility, compared with a CF facility, but addition of CTC to feed failed to enhance health or performance of barrows in either facility.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Food Additives; Housing, Animal; Ivermectin; Liver; Lung; Male; Orchiectomy; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weight Gain

Due to the conditions of modern industrial pig fattening in intensive livestock farms, 24% to 69% of the animals become ill. The antibiotic metaphylaxis that is routinely administered leads to several problems in animals, human health, and the environment.. To investigate whether a homeopathic metaphylaxis is effective and potentially useful for replacing antibiotic metaphylaxis.. Animal subjects were divided into groups of 10 per pen, 2 pens sharing 1 trough. Twenty pigs were randomly assigned within a stall and were administered either antibiotics, homeopathy, or placebo.. A typical intensive livestock farm in Northern Germany.. 1440 piglets.. Homeopathic metaphylaxis is compared with placebo, the routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis, and an antibiotic metaphylaxis in therapeutic dosage.. Incidence of diseases in general and of diseases of the respiratory tract.. Homeopathic metaphylaxis is significantly effective compared with placebo and routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis for incidence of disease and rate of disease of the respiratory tract among the animals studied. Only by increasing the dosage of antibiotics to a therapeutic level does antibiotic metaphylaxis surpass homeopathic metaphylaxis.. An unacceptably high percentage of pigs in modern livestock management become ill, suffering mainly from diseases of the respiratory tract. The routine antibiotic dosage of metaphylaxis is too low to be effective. As a result, the problems of resistance and danger to human health and the environment are increasing. To confirm whether antibiotic metaphylaxis may be replaced by homeopathic metaphylaxis, this study should be repeated independently.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Dimetridazole; Homeopathy; Random Allocation; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethazine; Swine; Swine Diseases

Bacteriological specimens from a total of 64 patients with six common, highly relevant clinical indications were collected for an in vitro investigation. By means of standard microbiological methods, 149 species of organism were differentiated, and their relative sensitivity to Taurolin, a broad spectrum chemotherapeutic and antitoxin, as well as 5 conventional finished pharmaceuticals were tested in agar diffusion tests. Taurolin, which was tested in 3 different galenic formulations, produced practically identical, but considerably wider zones of inhibition than all other compared products. In contrast to other substances which exhibited a failure rate of up to 24.8%, no gaps in the activity spectrum in the form of the lack of inhibition zone formation were observed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Infections; Chlorhexidine; Chlortetracycline; Drug Combinations; Endopeptidases; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Periodontal Diseases; Prednisolone; Taurine; Thiadiazines; Urea

We report a Streptobacillus moniliformis epizootic in barrier-maintained SPF mice. Although various inbred and F1 hybrid strains of mice have been kept in this animal facility, only C57BL/6J Han [corrected] mice showed clinical signs of disease. During the course of the epizootic, 825 breeding animals (approximately 36% of the breeders) died or had to be killed because of severe clinical signs. Although sequential treatment with ampicillin and chlortetracycline gave good therapeutic results, the animal facility was vacated in order to exclude any risk of cross-contamination of the other rodent colonies in our institute. The source and route of transmission of S. moniliformis could not be elucidated. To investigate strain dependent differences experimental infection of different strains of mice with our S. moniliformis isolate was performed. After oral infection only C57BL/6J showed the typical signs of a cervical lymphadenitis and gave an immunological response. BALB/cJ, C3H/He, DBA/2J, CB6F1 and B6D2F1 mice were not affected except in two cases of DBA/2J and B6D2F1 mice where seroconversion was observed. After intravenous infection of C57BL/6J, DBA/2J [corrected] and BALB/cJ all animals showed positive titers in the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF). One hundred percent of the C57BL/6J, forty percent of the DBA/2J, and none of the BALB/cJ mice developed severe symptoms. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility to streptobacillosis is predominantly influenced by genetic factors.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Streptobacillus

The antibacterial effects of a combination of tiamulin and chlortetracycline in vitro against a number of field isolates of Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica were examined. There was a marked synergism between the two antibiotics against all eight isolates of P multocida, against seven of nine isolates of H pleuropneumoniae and against the single strain of B bronchiseptica tested. Two field trials were carried out on a herd with a history of complicated enzootic pneumonia where the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and P multocida had been established and subsequently the presence of H pleuropneumoniae was discovered. Feed containing tiamulin at 100 ppm combined with chlortetracycline at 300 ppm was given for seven days to pigs affected with pneumonia, and the results were compared with untreated controls and pigs receiving chlortetracycline at 300 ppm. There was a follow-up observation period of three weeks when all groups received unmedicated feed. During the medication period the combination treated groups showed a statistically significant increase in average daily weight gain of 156 g (20.4 per cent) and in feed conversion efficiency of 0.576 (20.8 per cent) and a numerical improvement in average disease score in comparison with the untreated controls. These improvements were approximately double those observed in the groups treated with 300 ppm chlortetracycline which showed improvements of 93 g (12.2 per cent) in average daily gain and 0.301 (10.9 per cent) in feed conversion efficiency. During the following three weeks most of the initial gains were lost, probably owing to the reinfection of the treated groups by the untreated controls.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Diterpenes; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pneumonia; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal; Swine; Swine Diseases

A mail survey of feedlot owners was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic antimicrobials, given in the water, or in the ration at preventing illness and/or death. One hundred and twenty-seven farmers from southwestern Ontario collaborated in the study. The percentage of calves requiring individual antimicrobial treatment, for any reason within 28 days of arrival was 22.6% (median 17.8%) and 0.6% (median 0.2%) died in that period. The use of medicated starter rations was not associated with either treatment or mortality rates until the effects of a number of other variables were controlled, analytically. Thereafter, the use of medicated feed was associated with a decrease in mortality rate, but was unrelated to morbidity rate. Overall, the use of medicated water was not associated with treatment or mortality rates. The use of sulphonamides was associated with decreased morbidity, but increased mortality rates. After controlling, analytically using multiple regression, the effects of other variables, the use of medicated water was associated with a significant increase in mortality rates. The other major factors which influenced mortality rates were the number of calves per group, the number of subgroups of calves in each group and whether the group contained cattle from different sources; all were related to increased mortality rates. During a two year period, more feedlot owners appeared to be using medicated rations as opposed to medicated water, as a means of providing antimicrobials to their newly arrived calves.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Canada; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Sulfamethazine; Water Supply

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cephalothin; Chlortetracycline; Clindamycin; Diarrhea; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Female; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Middle Aged; Sigmoidoscopy

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Boric Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Eye Diseases; Female; Haemophilus; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraxella; Seasons; Streptococcus; Trachoma; Tunisia

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; History, 20th Century; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracycline; United States

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Neomycin; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Streptomycin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Stability; Erythromycin; Gastric Juice; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kanamycin; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Rifampin; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacillus; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Phagocytosis; Sulfathiazoles

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Dermatologic Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Meat; Meat-Packing Industry; Poultry

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriology; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Urinary Tract

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Topics: Actinomycosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Penicillins; Streptomycin

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart Diseases

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Pericardial Effusion; Pleurisy; Thorax

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Lung; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Infections; Penicillins; Streptomycin

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Face; Mouth

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Humans

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Lung; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Streptomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Dermatologic Agents