chloroquine and Pregnancy studies

Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.
chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Pyronaridine-artesunate was recently strongly recommended in the 2022 update of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, becoming the newest artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for both uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.41	Pyronaridine: a review of its clinical pharmacology in the treatment of malaria. ( Chu, WY; Dorlo, TPC, 2023)
"Chloroquine administered as intermittent therapy did not provide better protection from malaria and related adverse effects compared with intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in a setting of high resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine."	9.27	Chloroquine as weekly chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment to prevent malaria in pregnancy in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. ( Boudová, S; Divala, TH; Goswami, J; Kanjala, M; Kennedy, J; Laufer, MK; Masonga, R; Mawindo, PM; Mbilizi, Y; Muehlenbachs, A; Mungwira, RG; Muwalo, F; Mvula, P; Ndaferankhande, M; Ndovie, L; Nyirenda, OM; Potter, GE; Tomoka, T; Tsirizani, LE; Wylie, BJ, 2018)
"The World Health Organization recommends intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in African regions with moderate to high malaria transmission."	9.22	Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin-Chloroquine versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women in Africa: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial. ( Ayoub, A; Duparc, S; Kamiza, S; Kimani, J; Orrico, R; Phiri, K; Robbins, J; Rojo, R; Vandenbroucke, P, 2016)
"This was an open-label, non-comparative study (NCT01103713) in 5 countries in East and sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda) to assess parasitological response and drug concentrations of a single, 3-day course of four tablets of a fixed-dose combination of azithromycin-chloroquine (AZCQ) 250/155 mg given during the second or third trimester to women with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in their first or second pregnancy."	9.22	Parasitological Clearance Rates and Drug Concentrations of a Fixed Dose Combination of Azithromycin-Chloroquine in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women with Plasmodium Falciparum Parasitemia: An Open-Label, Non-Comparative Study in Sub-Saharan Africa. ( Ayoub, A; Duparc, S; Kimani, J; Mtove, GA; Phiri, K; Robbins, J; Rojo, R; Vandenbroucke, P; Zhao, Q, 2016)
"In order to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of chloroquine (CQ) and its active metabolite, desethylchloroquine (DECQ), when administered as intermittent presumptive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) for malaria, 30 Papua New Guinean women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and 30 age-matched nonpregnant women were administered three daily doses of 450 mg CQ (8."	9.14	Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and monodesethylchloroquine in pregnancy. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TM; Gomorrai, S; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Law, I; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Rogerson, S; Salman, S; Siba, P, 2010)
"The study design was an open randomized control trial comparing anaemia incidence among pregnant women on intermittent presumptive treatment of malaria with SP with those on chloroquine (CQ)."	9.13	Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in preventing anaemia in pregnancy among Nigerian women. ( Abiona, TC; Asa, OO; Fatusi, AO; Ijadunola, KT; Onayade, AA, 2008)
"Amodiaquine alone or in combination with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, although associated with minor side-effects, is effective when used to treat malaria in pregnancy."	9.12	Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of amodiaquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine used alone or in combination for malaria treatment in pregnancy: a randomised trial. ( Browne, E; Bruce, J; Chandramohan, D; Greenwood, B; Randal, A; Tagbor, H, 2006)
"To assess the safety of chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy."	9.12	Chloroquine prophylaxis against vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Arunjerdja, R; Greenwood, B; Htway, M; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Pimanpanarak, M; Viladpai-Nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2007)
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which compared the effects of three interventions (weekly chloroquine prophylaxis, daily iron and weekly folic-acid supplementation, and case management of malaria) on congenital malaria, maternal haemoglobin (Hb) and foetal outcome, was conducted among primigravidae resident in Hoima district, Uganda."	9.09	Chloroquine prophylaxis, iron/folic-acid supplementation or case management of malaria attacks in primigravidae in western Uganda: effects on congenital malaria and infant haemoglobin concentrations. ( Magnussen, P; Ndyomugyenyi, R, 2000)
"Two controlled trials of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy were performed, one in Burkina Faso in 1987, on all pregnant women, and the other in Cameroon in 1992, on primigravidae only."	9.08	Effect of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy on maternal haematocrit. ( Barro, D; Breart, G; Carnevale, P; Cot, M; Deloron, P; Etya'Ale, D; Fievet, N; le Hesran, JY; Miailhes, P; Roisin, A, 1998)
"To determine the effect of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on birth weights, a randomized trial was carried out in 1987 and 1988 in Banfora, Burkina Faso (West Africa)."	9.07	Effect of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on birth weight: results of a randomized trial. ( Barro, D; Breart, G; Carnevale, P; Cot, M; Roisin, A; Verhave, JP; Yada, A, 1992)
"A trial of suppression of malaria by administration of combined sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine tablets every 28 days was undertaken in West Malaysia during 1972."	9.04	Suppression of malaria with monthly administration of combined sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine. ( Lewis, AN; Ponnampalam, JT, 1975)
"Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) are the recommended treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Liberia."	8.12	Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Liberia: in vivo efficacy and frequency of molecular markers. ( Asinya, M; Jeuronlon, MK; Kamara, P; Koko, VS; Kollie, A; Ma, L; Menard, D; Nyansaiye, P; Parwon, S; Pratt, OJ; Ringwald, P; Taweh, F; Tehmeh, L; Vonhm, B; Warsame, M, 2022)
"Among pregnancies exposed to 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine and HCQ), no increased risk of major birth defects, preterm birth, or SGA was identified."	8.02	Fetal safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use during pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study. ( Andersen, JT; Andersson, NW; Skov, L, 2021)
"Malaria chemoprophylaxis options in pregnancy are limited, and atovaquone-proguanil (AP) is not recommended because of insufficient safety evidence."	7.88	A survey on outcomes of accidental atovaquone-proguanil exposure in pregnancy. ( Fairley, JK; Gutman, JR; Tan, KR; Wang, M, 2018)
"In West Africa, treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy has recently changed from chloroquine (CQ) prophylaxis to intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp)."	7.74	Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment versus chloroquine prophylaxis to prevent malaria during pregnancy in Benin. ( Briand, V; Cot, M; Denoeud, L; Massougbodji, A, 2008)
"In West Africa, administration of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy is common, but little is known about its impact on Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy."	7.72	Failure of a chloroquine chemoprophylaxis program to adequately prevent malaria during pregnancy in Koupéla District, Burkina Faso. ( Diarra, A; Konate, A; Moran, AC; Newman, RD; Parise, ME; Sawadogo, R; Sirima, SB; Yameogo, M, 2003)
" A major determinant of compliance with treatment in this environment is the pruritus chloroquine induces when ingested."	7.72	Pattern of chloroquine-induced pruritus in antenatal patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. ( Adeniji, AR; Aimakhu, CO; Fehintola, FA; Olayemi, O; Osungbade, A; Udoh, ES, 2003)
"To examine the possibility of a different extent of chloroquine (CQ) metabolism in human pregnancy by determining blood level profiles of the drug and its major metabolite, desethylchloroquine (CQM)."	7.72	Evidence for increased metabolism of chloroquine during the early third trimester of human pregnancy. ( Bolaji, OO; Chukwuani, MC; Makinde, ON; Ogunbona, FA; Onyeji, CO, 2004)
"Chronic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inthe treatment of rheumatic disease carries a small risk of sight-threatening pigmentary retinopathy."	7.71	Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. ( Buncic, RJ; Ito, S; Klinger, G; Koren, G; Laskin, C; Morad, Y; Spitzer, KA; Westall, CA, 2001)
"Data were collected from two separate prospective cohorts to ascertain the safety of chloroquine-proguanil, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and mefloquine taken in the first trimester of pregnancy."	7.70	Safety of mefloquine and other antimalarial agents in the first trimester of pregnancy. ( Edwards, R; Fuchs, E; Kerr, L; Phillips-Howard, PA; Schildknecht, J; Steffen, R; Vanhauwere, B, 1998)
"Chloroquine poisoning can cause life threatening cardiovascular disturbances."	7.70	[Chloroquine poisoning with respiratory distress and fatal outcome]. ( Adnet, P; Diatta, B; Ndiaye, N; Petrognani, R; Seck, M; Theobald, X, 1999)
" In a cohort of pregnant women enrolled at first antenatal clinic visit in rural Malawi, we evaluated reported fever, determined parasitemia, and placed the women on antimalarial regimens containing chloroquine (CQ) or mefloquine (MQ)."	7.69	Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. ( Breman, JG; Heymann, DL; Khoromana, CO; Slutsker, L; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1996)
"The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of chloroquine in pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia at therapeutic doses of 25 mg/kg body weight divided over 3 days."	7.69	Resistance to chloroquine therapy in pregnant women with malaria parasitemia. ( Ojwang, SB; Oyieke, JB; Rukaria-Kaumbutho, RM, 1996)
"Routine malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine (CQ) is recommended to pregnant semi-immune women in several countries in Africa."	7.69	Chloroquine blood concentrations and malaria prophylaxis in Tanzanian women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. ( Aden Abdi, Y; Diwan, VK; Ericsson, O; Gustafsson, LL; Kilewo, C; Massele, AY; Rimoy, G; Tomson, G, 1997)
"Although the use of chloroquine (C) and hydroxychloroquine (HC) in the treatment of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy is probably safe, the use of much higher doses for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy has been controversial."	7.68	Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. ( Buskila, D; Gladman, DD; Koren, G; Levy, M; Urowitz, MB, 1991)
"Six hundred and twenty pregnant women, living under conditions of year-round transmission of malaria in a rural coastal area of Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG), were followed while attending mobile antenatal clinics and receiving chloroquine prophylaxis (300 mg base weekly)."	7.68	Failure of chloroquine prophylaxis for falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Madang, Papua New Guinea. ( Alpers, M; Brabin, BJ; Brabin, L; Eggelte, T; Ginny, M; Van der Kaay, HJ, 1990)
"A cohort of 169 births to women who were exposed throughout pregnancy to chloroquine 300 mg base once a week for chemosuppression of malaria was studied."	7.67	Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. ( Cordero, JF; Wolfe, MS, 1985)
"Chloroquine was given under observation at a weekly oral dose of 300 mg."	6.68	Increase of birth weight following chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during the first pregnancy: results of a randomized trial in Cameroon. ( Breart, G; Cot, M; Esveld, M; Etya'ale, D; Le Hesran, JY; Miailhes, P, 1995)
"Rutin was examined in this work for its anti-plasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, as well as its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated macrophage cells."	5.72	Rutin ameliorates malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory mechanism: an in vitro and in vivo study. ( Bawankule, DU; Bhatt, D; Bisht, S; Kumar, A; Kumar, P; Kumar, S; Maurya, AK; Pal, A, 2022)
" We applied pharmacokinetic modeling to develop a predictive model for CQ exposure to identify an optimal maternal/fetal dosing regimen to prevent ZIKV endocytosis in brain cells."	5.51	Dose Optimization of Chloroquine by Pharmacokinetic Modeling During Pregnancy for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. ( Badhan, RKS; Olafuyi, O, 2019)
"Despite extensive use and accumulated evidence of safety, there have been few pharmacokinetic studies from which appropriate chloroquine (CQ) dosing regimens could be developed specifically for pregnant women."	5.46	Optimal antimalarial dose regimens for chloroquine in pregnancy based on population pharmacokinetic modelling. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TME; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Kose, K; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Rogerson, SJ; Salman, S; Siba, PM, 2017)
"Pyronaridine-artesunate was recently strongly recommended in the 2022 update of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, becoming the newest artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for both uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.41	Pyronaridine: a review of its clinical pharmacology in the treatment of malaria. ( Chu, WY; Dorlo, TPC, 2023)
" A dosage of chloroquine base (25 mg/kg of body weight) was given to women over a 3-day period, followed by 5 mg/kg doses administered weekly for 4 weeks."	5.28	Malaria and pregnancy in Cameroonian women. Effect of pregnancy on Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and the response to chloroquine. ( Campbell, CC; James, MA; Mvondo, JL, 1992)
"Chloroquine administered as intermittent therapy did not provide better protection from malaria and related adverse effects compared with intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in a setting of high resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine."	5.27	Chloroquine as weekly chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment to prevent malaria in pregnancy in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. ( Boudová, S; Divala, TH; Goswami, J; Kanjala, M; Kennedy, J; Laufer, MK; Masonga, R; Mawindo, PM; Mbilizi, Y; Muehlenbachs, A; Mungwira, RG; Muwalo, F; Mvula, P; Ndaferankhande, M; Ndovie, L; Nyirenda, OM; Potter, GE; Tomoka, T; Tsirizani, LE; Wylie, BJ, 2018)
"The World Health Organization recommends intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in African regions with moderate to high malaria transmission."	5.22	Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin-Chloroquine versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women in Africa: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial. ( Ayoub, A; Duparc, S; Kamiza, S; Kimani, J; Orrico, R; Phiri, K; Robbins, J; Rojo, R; Vandenbroucke, P, 2016)
"This was an open-label, non-comparative study (NCT01103713) in 5 countries in East and sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda) to assess parasitological response and drug concentrations of a single, 3-day course of four tablets of a fixed-dose combination of azithromycin-chloroquine (AZCQ) 250/155 mg given during the second or third trimester to women with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in their first or second pregnancy."	5.22	Parasitological Clearance Rates and Drug Concentrations of a Fixed Dose Combination of Azithromycin-Chloroquine in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women with Plasmodium Falciparum Parasitemia: An Open-Label, Non-Comparative Study in Sub-Saharan Africa. ( Ayoub, A; Duparc, S; Kimani, J; Mtove, GA; Phiri, K; Robbins, J; Rojo, R; Vandenbroucke, P; Zhao, Q, 2016)
"The weekly chemoprophylaxis of malaria during pregnancy with chloroquine (CQ) has become problematic with the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to this drug."	5.14	Placental malaria and low birth weight in pregnant women living in a rural area of Burkina Faso following the use of three preventive treatment regimens. ( Bougouma, EC; Diarra, A; Konaté, AT; Nébié, I; Ouedraogo, A; Sirima, SB; Tiono, AB, 2009)
"In order to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of chloroquine (CQ) and its active metabolite, desethylchloroquine (DECQ), when administered as intermittent presumptive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) for malaria, 30 Papua New Guinean women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and 30 age-matched nonpregnant women were administered three daily doses of 450 mg CQ (8."	5.14	Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and monodesethylchloroquine in pregnancy. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TM; Gomorrai, S; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Law, I; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Rogerson, S; Salman, S; Siba, P, 2010)
"Intermittent preventive treatment with three doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is a more effective strategy to prevent maternal anemia during pregnancy in Burkina Faso."	5.13	[Comparative impact of three malaria preventive regimens during pregnancy on maternal anemia due to malaria in Burkina Faso]. ( Bougouma, EC; Diarra, A; Konaté, AT; Nébié, I; Ouédraogo, A; Sirima, SB; Tiono, AB, 2008)
"The study design was an open randomized control trial comparing anaemia incidence among pregnant women on intermittent presumptive treatment of malaria with SP with those on chloroquine (CQ)."	5.13	Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in preventing anaemia in pregnancy among Nigerian women. ( Abiona, TC; Asa, OO; Fatusi, AO; Ijadunola, KT; Onayade, AA, 2008)
"Amodiaquine alone or in combination with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, although associated with minor side-effects, is effective when used to treat malaria in pregnancy."	5.12	Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of amodiaquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine used alone or in combination for malaria treatment in pregnancy: a randomised trial. ( Browne, E; Bruce, J; Chandramohan, D; Greenwood, B; Randal, A; Tagbor, H, 2006)
"To assess the safety of chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy."	5.12	Chloroquine prophylaxis against vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Arunjerdja, R; Greenwood, B; Htway, M; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Pimanpanarak, M; Viladpai-Nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2007)
"Few studies have documented the effectiveness in west Africa of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in pregnancy."	5.12	A comparison of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with chloroquine and pyrimethamine for prevention of malaria in pregnant Nigerian women. ( Madaki, JK; Sagay, AS; Thacher, TD; Tukur, IU, 2007)
" The purpose was to compare the efficacy of two regimens using chloroquine (CQ) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during pregnancy and delivery in a village located in an endemic area of Mali."	5.12	[Randomized clinical trial of two malaria prophylaxis regimens for pregnant women in Faladie, Mali]. ( Dabo, CA; Diallo, M; Diarra, MA; Doumbo, O; Kayentao, K; Ongoiba, A; Sangho, H; Saye, R; Yattara, O, 2007)
"In Mali, IPT with SP appears more efficacious than weekly chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in preventing malaria during pregnancy."	5.11	Comparison of intermittent preventive treatment with chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in Mali. ( Coulibaly, D; Doumbo, O; Doumtabe, D; Kayentao, K; Keita, AS; Kodio, M; Maiga, B; Maiga, H; Mungai, M; Newman, RD; Ongoiba, A; Parise, ME, 2005)
" INTERVENTION MEASURES: The intervention measures were intermittent and continuous malaria chemoprophylaxis using chloroquine and proguanil."	5.09	Randomised trial of alternative malaria chemoprophylaxis strategies among pregnant women in Kigoma, Tanzania: I. Rationale and design. ( Kabalimu, TK; Mnyika, KS; Mpanju-Shumbusho, W; Rukinisha, K, 2000)
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which compared the effects of three interventions (weekly chloroquine prophylaxis, daily iron and weekly folic-acid supplementation, and case management of malaria) on congenital malaria, maternal haemoglobin (Hb) and foetal outcome, was conducted among primigravidae resident in Hoima district, Uganda."	5.09	Chloroquine prophylaxis, iron/folic-acid supplementation or case management of malaria attacks in primigravidae in western Uganda: effects on congenital malaria and infant haemoglobin concentrations. ( Magnussen, P; Ndyomugyenyi, R, 2000)
"Two controlled trials of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy were performed, one in Burkina Faso in 1987, on all pregnant women, and the other in Cameroon in 1992, on primigravidae only."	5.08	Effect of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy on maternal haematocrit. ( Barro, D; Breart, G; Carnevale, P; Cot, M; Deloron, P; Etya'Ale, D; Fievet, N; le Hesran, JY; Miailhes, P; Roisin, A, 1998)
"In October 1988, a project was implemented for assessing the malaria chemoprophylactic efficacy of weekly chloroquine (CQ) and daily proguanil (PROG) during pregnancy in Muheza-Tanzania."	5.07	Malaria in infants whose mothers received chemoprophylaxis: response to amodiaquine therapy. ( de Geus, A; Malle, LN; Mutabingwa, TK; Wernsdorfer, WH, 1992)
"To determine the effect of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on birth weights, a randomized trial was carried out in 1987 and 1988 in Banfora, Burkina Faso (West Africa)."	5.07	Effect of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on birth weight: results of a randomized trial. ( Barro, D; Breart, G; Carnevale, P; Cot, M; Roisin, A; Verhave, JP; Yada, A, 1992)
"To define an effective and deliverable antimalarial regimen for use during pregnancy, pregnant women at highest risk of malaria (those in their first or second pregnancy) in an area of Malawi with high transmission of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum were placed on CQ and/or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP)."	5.07	The efficacy of antimalarial regimens containing sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and/or chloroquine in preventing peripheral and placental Plasmodium falciparum infection among pregnant women in Malawi. ( Chitsulo, L; Kazembe, P; Macheso, A; Schultz, LJ; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1994)
"The malaria prophylactic effects of chloroquine (CQ), proguanil (PROG), and chloroquine-proguanil combination (CQ+PROG) during pregnancy on maternal haemoglobin levels (Hb), placental malaria, and birth weight were assessed in Muheza, Tanzania."	5.07	Malaria chemosuppression in pregnancy. II. Its effect on maternal haemoglobin levels, placental malaria and birth weight. ( de Geus, A; Malle, LN; Mutabingwa, TK; Oosting, J, 1993)
"New studies on the suppressive and curative effects of the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine in pregnant women from Ilorin, Nigeria showed both ineffective prophylaxis and suppression, and parasite resistance."	5.06	Lack of efficacy of pyrimethamine prophylaxis in pregnant Nigerian women. ( Adetoro, O; Akintunde, A; Alakija, T; Breman, JG; Edungbola, LD; Nahlen, BL; Nguyen-Dinh, P; Ogunbode, O, 1989)
"A trial of suppression of malaria by administration of combined sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine tablets every 28 days was undertaken in West Malaysia during 1972."	5.04	Suppression of malaria with monthly administration of combined sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine. ( Lewis, AN; Ponnampalam, JT, 1975)
" Chemopreventive strategies have been increasingly deployed in Africa, notably intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in pregnancy, and monthly amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during the rainy season months in children aged between 3 months and 5 years across the sub-Sahel."	4.90	Malaria. ( Dondorp, AM; Faiz, MA; Hien, TT; Mokuolu, OA; Pukrittayakamee, S; White, NJ, 2014)
"The antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used for decades to treat rheumatic diseases."	4.87	Ocular toxicity in children exposed in utero to antimalarial drugs: review of the literature. ( Koren, G; Osadchy, A; Ratnapalan, T, 2011)
"Chloroquine (CQ) has been the front line antimalarial drug due to its efficacy, low cost and scanty side effects, until resistance has evolved."	4.82	Should chloroquine be laid to rest? ( Ginsburg, H, 2005)
"Alternative drugs to chloroquine are required to prevent the deleterious effects of malaria in pregnancy."	4.79	The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. ( Phillips-Howard, PA; Wood, D, 1996)
" D-Penicillamine may be teratogenic thus it should not be commenced during pregnancy and if a patient becomes pregnant whilst receiving the drug, it should be slowly withdrawn or the dosage reduced."	4.77	Antirheumatic medication in pregnancy. ( Brooks, PM; Needs, CJ, 1985)
"Using data from a trial of medication to prevent malaria in pregnancy that randomized 600 women to receive chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy, we conducted a NCC study assessing the role of prospectively collected AEs, as exposure of interest, on treatment non-adherence and study non-completion."	4.12	Effect of adverse events on non-adherence and study non-completion in malaria chemoprevention during pregnancy trial: A nested case control study. ( Chirwa, T; Divala, T; Kazembe, L; Laufer, MK; Mathanga, D; Mukaka, M; Patson, N; Peterson, I, 2022)
"Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) are the recommended treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Liberia."	4.12	Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Liberia: in vivo efficacy and frequency of molecular markers. ( Asinya, M; Jeuronlon, MK; Kamara, P; Koko, VS; Kollie, A; Ma, L; Menard, D; Nyansaiye, P; Parwon, S; Pratt, OJ; Ringwald, P; Taweh, F; Tehmeh, L; Vonhm, B; Warsame, M, 2022)
"Until late 2015, Botswana recommended preventive treatment for pregnant women in malarial regions with chloroquine and proguanil (CP)."	4.12	Impact of prophylactic antimalarials in pregnant women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on birth outcomes in Botswana. ( Diseko, M; Lockman, S; Mabuta, J; Makhema, J; Mayondi, G; Melton, ML; Mmalane, M; Olaleye, OA; Shapiro, RL; Zash, R, 2022)
"Among pregnancies exposed to 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine and HCQ), no increased risk of major birth defects, preterm birth, or SGA was identified."	4.02	Fetal safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use during pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study. ( Andersen, JT; Andersson, NW; Skov, L, 2021)
"Malaria chemoprophylaxis options in pregnancy are limited, and atovaquone-proguanil (AP) is not recommended because of insufficient safety evidence."	3.88	A survey on outcomes of accidental atovaquone-proguanil exposure in pregnancy. ( Fairley, JK; Gutman, JR; Tan, KR; Wang, M, 2018)
" We report an unusual case of a 23-day-old girl with neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria, suspected primarily on the basis of positive maternal history that her mother had malaria during her pregnancy and was cured with chloroquine therapy."	3.83	Congenital malaria: Importance of diagnosis and treatment in pregnancy. ( Gülaşı, S; Özdener, N, 2016)
" The questionnaire elicited information on their: knowledge about malaria, attitude, chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis using pyrimethamine, chloroquine proguanil as well as IPTp with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP)."	3.78	Patterns of case management and chemoprevention for malaria-in-pregnancy by public and private sector health providers in Enugu state, Nigeria. ( Onwujekwe, O; Onwujekwe, OC; Shu, E; Soremekun, RO; Uzochukwu, B, 2012)
" Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are considered safe to use in all trimesters of pregnancy."	3.77	Prophylactic use of antimalarials during pregnancy. ( Bozzo, P; Einarson, A; Irvine, MH, 2011)
"Burkina Faso has recently changed the antimalarial drug policy to artesunate/amodiaquine or artemether/lumefantrine as the first-line antimalarial drug and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine for the intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant woman."	3.75	[Change of antimalarial first-line treatment in Burkina Faso in 2005]. ( Diarra, A; Gansané, A; Konaté, AT; Nébié, I; Ouédraogo, A; Sirima, BS; Soulama, I; Tiono, A, 2009)
"Chloroquine (CQ), a drug that has been used extensively for the prevention and treatment of malaria, is currently considered safe for use during pregnancy."	3.75	In utero exposure to chloroquine alters sexual development in the male fetal rat. ( Andersen, ME; Clewell, RA; Pluta, L; Thomas, RS, 2009)
"In Papua New Guinea, chloroquine (CQ; 25 mg base kg(-1)) is recommended for prophylaxis of malaria during pregnancy, and at the Alexishafen Health Centre women are routinely prescribed CQ at the time of delivery."	3.74	Transfer of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine across the placenta and into milk in Melanesian mothers. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TM; Gomorrai, S; Hackett, LP; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Law, I; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M, 2008)
"We compared the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in pregnant and nonpregnant women treated for Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.74	Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria. ( Fernandez, C; Greenwood, BM; Lee, SJ; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; Thwai, KL; Viladpai-nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2008)
"In West Africa, treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy has recently changed from chloroquine (CQ) prophylaxis to intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp)."	3.74	Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment versus chloroquine prophylaxis to prevent malaria during pregnancy in Benin. ( Briand, V; Cot, M; Denoeud, L; Massougbodji, A, 2008)
"These data suggest that, even in low transmission areas, diverse parasite populations can accumulate in the placenta during pregnancy despite strong selection at the PfCRT locus due to chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine."	3.74	Accumulation of CVIET Pfcrt allele of Plasmodium falciparum in placenta of pregnant women living in an urban area of Dakar, Senegal. ( Alioune, G; Bouchier, C; Dangou, JM; Ekala, MT; Jambou, R; Lehesran, JY; Marrama, L; Mercereau-Puijalon, O; Ndiaye, JL; Niang, M; Sarr, D; Tall, A, 2008)
"Questioning was centred by frequency order on: the pregnancy antecedents (65%), the chloroquine direction for use (34."	3.74	[Quality of malaria prevention during prenatal consultations in Niakhar (Senegal)]. ( Faye, A; Ndiaye, P; Tal, DA, 2007)
"The risk of malaria infection is increased during pregnancy, and many countries recommend chloroquine prophylaxis in pregnant women, despite Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance."	3.73	High prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt K76T mutation in pregnant women taking chloroquine prophylaxis in Senegal. ( Bertin, G; Deloron, P; Fievet, N; Jafari-Guemouri, S; Le Hesran, JY; Ndam, NT; Renart, E; Sow, S, 2005)
"Several factors appear to have accelerated the process: (1) recognition of the extent of the problem of malaria during pregnancy and its adverse consequences; (2) a clear, evidence-based program strategy strongly articulated by an important multilateral organization (World Health Organization); (3) subregionally generated evidence to support the proposed strategy; (4) a subregional forum for dissemination of data and discussion regarding the proposed policy changes; (5) widespread availability of the proposed intervention drug (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine); (6) technical support from reputable and respected institutions in drafting new policies and planning for implementation; (7) donor support for pilot experiences in integrating proposed policy change into a package of preventive services; and (8) financial support for scaling up the proposed interventions."	3.73	Prevention of malaria during pregnancy in West Africa: policy change and the power of subregional action. ( Benga-De, E; Doumbo, O; Faye, O; Gaye, O; Kayentao, K; Lo, Y; Moran, AC; Moreira, PM; Newman, RD; Parise, ME; Steketee, RW; Yameogo, M, 2006)
" Using oral dose of chloroquine 700 mg/kg body weight in first second and third weeks of pregnancy."	3.72	Effect of chloroquine on liver weight of developing albino rats. ( Abidi, TS; Zahid, A, 2003)
" Oral dose of chloroquine 700 mg/kg body weight in first, second and third weeks of pregnancy was administered."	3.72	Endothelial cell injury in newborn rat liver by antenatal chloroquine exposure. ( Abidi, TS; Zahid, A, 2003)
"In West Africa, administration of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy is common, but little is known about its impact on Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy."	3.72	Failure of a chloroquine chemoprophylaxis program to adequately prevent malaria during pregnancy in Koupéla District, Burkina Faso. ( Diarra, A; Konate, A; Moran, AC; Newman, RD; Parise, ME; Sawadogo, R; Sirima, SB; Yameogo, M, 2003)
"Nearly half of all infants in a Ugandan cohort are exposed to chloroquine in the last trimester of pregnancy."	3.72	Effect of chloroquine on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vertical transmission. ( Bagenda, D; Kalyesubula, I; Myers, C; Neely, M; Olness, K, 2003)
" A major determinant of compliance with treatment in this environment is the pruritus chloroquine induces when ingested."	3.72	Pattern of chloroquine-induced pruritus in antenatal patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. ( Adeniji, AR; Aimakhu, CO; Fehintola, FA; Olayemi, O; Osungbade, A; Udoh, ES, 2003)
"To examine the possibility of a different extent of chloroquine (CQ) metabolism in human pregnancy by determining blood level profiles of the drug and its major metabolite, desethylchloroquine (CQM)."	3.72	Evidence for increased metabolism of chloroquine during the early third trimester of human pregnancy. ( Bolaji, OO; Chukwuani, MC; Makinde, ON; Ogunbona, FA; Onyeji, CO, 2004)
" Nineteen children over four years old were evaluated: nine were exposed to chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) during gestation and 10 were born from mothers that did not take this drug before conception or anytime during pregnancy (CONTROL)."	3.72	Chloroquine gestational use in systemic lupus erythematosus: assessing the risk of child ototoxicity by pure tone audiometry. ( Bertola, C; Bonfá, E; Borba, EF; Kuruma, KA; Lorenzi, MC; Pedalini, ME; Turrini-Filho, JR, 2004)
"To assess the effect of introducing chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy on prevalence of anemia (<10."	3.71	Malaria prophylaxis and the reduction of anemia at childbirth. ( Addae, V; Asare, K; Geelhoed, DW; Schagen van Leeuwen, JH; van Roosmalen, J; Visser, LE, 2001)
"Chronic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inthe treatment of rheumatic disease carries a small risk of sight-threatening pigmentary retinopathy."	3.71	Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. ( Buncic, RJ; Ito, S; Klinger, G; Koren, G; Laskin, C; Morad, Y; Spitzer, KA; Westall, CA, 2001)
" Of the antimalarial treatments given at home, 91% were started by the second day of fever and 92% were with chloroquine, the nationally recommended antimalarial at the time."	3.71	Malaria control in Bungoma District, Kenya: a survey of home treatment of children with fever, bednet use and attendance at antenatal clinics. ( Deming, MS; Hamel, MJ; Odhacha, A; Roberts, JM, 2001)
"Data were collected from two separate prospective cohorts to ascertain the safety of chloroquine-proguanil, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and mefloquine taken in the first trimester of pregnancy."	3.70	Safety of mefloquine and other antimalarial agents in the first trimester of pregnancy. ( Edwards, R; Fuchs, E; Kerr, L; Phillips-Howard, PA; Schildknecht, J; Steffen, R; Vanhauwere, B, 1998)
"Chloroquine poisoning can cause life threatening cardiovascular disturbances."	3.70	[Chloroquine poisoning with respiratory distress and fatal outcome]. ( Adnet, P; Diatta, B; Ndiaye, N; Petrognani, R; Seck, M; Theobald, X, 1999)
"1%) took anti-malaria prophylaxis (chloroquine) in the index pregnancy, and 136 (58."	3.70	Effect of chloroquine prophylaxis on birthweight and malaria parasite load among pregnant women delivering in a regional hospital in Cameroon. ( Ratard, R; Salihu, HM; Tchuinguem, G, 2000)
" vivax malaria attacks were treated with quinine or chloroquine plus primaquine."	3.69	Anaemia, iron deficiency and malaria in a rural community in Brazilian Amazon. ( Camargo, LM; Cardoso, MA; Ferreira, MU; Szarfarc, SC, 1994)
"While there is broad evidence for the adverse effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy, and the World Health Organization recommends preventive strategies, there is markedly reduced efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa of the most widely available, affordable and used antimalarial drug for chemoprophylaxis-chloroquine (CQ)."	3.69	The effect of malaria and malaria prevention in pregnancy on offspring birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation in rural Malawi. ( Breman, JG; Heymann, DL; Hightower, AW; Slutsker, L; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1996)
"6 months of pregnancy), placed on one of three chloroquine regimens, and followed through delivery."	3.69	Impairment of a pregnant woman's acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. ( Bloland, PB; Breman, JG; Chilima, B; Chitsulo, L; Mermin, JH; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1996)
" In a cohort of pregnant women enrolled at first antenatal clinic visit in rural Malawi, we evaluated reported fever, determined parasitemia, and placed the women on antimalarial regimens containing chloroquine (CQ) or mefloquine (MQ)."	3.69	Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. ( Breman, JG; Heymann, DL; Khoromana, CO; Slutsker, L; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1996)
"The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of chloroquine in pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia at therapeutic doses of 25 mg/kg body weight divided over 3 days."	3.69	Resistance to chloroquine therapy in pregnant women with malaria parasitemia. ( Ojwang, SB; Oyieke, JB; Rukaria-Kaumbutho, RM, 1996)
"Routine malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine (CQ) is recommended to pregnant semi-immune women in several countries in Africa."	3.69	Chloroquine blood concentrations and malaria prophylaxis in Tanzanian women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. ( Aden Abdi, Y; Diwan, VK; Ericsson, O; Gustafsson, LL; Kilewo, C; Massele, AY; Rimoy, G; Tomson, G, 1997)
"Chloroquine is frequently used during pregnancy in malaria-endemic countries, but no data are available about fetal exposure to the drug."	3.68	Transplacental distribution of chloroquine in sheep. ( Augustijns, P; Jongsma, HW; Verbeke, N, 1991)
" Streptomycin, chloroquine and abortificients were used during early pregnancy."	3.68	Deafness in children--an analysis. ( Ganga, N; Padmanabhan, AS; Rajagopal, B; Rajendran, S, 1991)
"Although the use of chloroquine (C) and hydroxychloroquine (HC) in the treatment of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy is probably safe, the use of much higher doses for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy has been controversial."	3.68	Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. ( Buskila, D; Gladman, DD; Koren, G; Levy, M; Urowitz, MB, 1991)
"Six hundred and twenty pregnant women, living under conditions of year-round transmission of malaria in a rural coastal area of Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG), were followed while attending mobile antenatal clinics and receiving chloroquine prophylaxis (300 mg base weekly)."	3.68	Failure of chloroquine prophylaxis for falciparum malaria in pregnant women in Madang, Papua New Guinea. ( Alpers, M; Brabin, BJ; Brabin, L; Eggelte, T; Ginny, M; Van der Kaay, HJ, 1990)
" Chloroquine, quinine and pyrimethamine, administered after macrogametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum had been found in the blood smear, eliminated the parasites from the peripheral blood, but respiratory failure and treatment-resistant pneumonia occurred, leading to the adult respiratory distress syndrome (Morel stage 4)."	3.68	[Acute respiratory failure in tropical malaria during pregnancy. Successful treatment using extracorporeal CO2 elimination]. ( Benzing, A; Dippold, W; Grundmann, H; Knolle, P; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH; Neurath, M, 1993)
" There was a decrease in spleen rate and a fall in average enlarged spleen size with increasing gestational age for women attending on a first clinic visit and before receiving chloroquine prophylaxis."	3.67	A longitudinal study of splenomegaly in pregnancy in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea. ( Alpers, MP; Brabin, BJ; Brabin, LR; Sapau, J, 1988)
"To determine the effects of chloroquine phosphate (300 mg base weekly) chemoprophylaxis for malaria provided by volunteer village health helpers (VHH's), pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Saradidi, Kenya, were examined each month."	3.67	Malaria chemoprophylaxis to pregnant women provided by community health workers in Saradidi, Kenya. II. Effect on parasitaemia and haemoglobin levels. ( Huong, AY; Kaseje, DC; Roberts, JM; Sempebwa, EK; Spencer, HC, 1987)
"Parasitaemia and antimalarial antibodies were examined from May 1983 to March 1984 in monthly samples taken from 930 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Saradidi, Kenya, and 317 of their infants; 104 women were taking chloroquine phosphate 300 mg base weekly for chemoprophylaxis."	3.67	Malaria chemoprophylaxis to pregnant women provided by community health workers in Saradidi, Kenya. III. Serologic studies. ( Collins, WE; Huong, AY; Kaseje, DC; Roberts, JM; Shehata, MG; Spencer, HC; Stanfill, PS; Turner, A, 1987)
"Chemoprophylaxis using chloroquine (CQ) in suppressive doses has been recommended to protect pregnant women in malarious areas from the adverse effects of malaria during pregnancy."	3.67	In vivo response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Siaya District, Kenya. ( Brandling-Bennett, AD; Churchill, FC; Kaseje, DC; Schwartz, IK; Steketee, RW, 1987)
"Chloroquine prophylaxis for malaria was available free of charge to pregnant women in Saradidi, Kenya."	3.67	Malaria chemoprophylaxis to pregnant women provided by community health workers in Saradidi, Kenya. I. Reasons for non-acceptance. ( Kaseje, DC; Sempebwa, EK; Spencer, HC, 1987)
"A cohort of 169 births to women who were exposed throughout pregnancy to chloroquine 300 mg base once a week for chemosuppression of malaria was studied."	3.67	Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. ( Cordero, JF; Wolfe, MS, 1985)
"Bilateral spaying on day 18 of pregnancy in rats made the refractory uteri highly reactive to a single injection of chloroquine (25 mg/kg)."	3.67	Chloroquine and premature evacuation of uterine conceptus in rats. ( Ali, HM; Chatterjee, A; Chatterjee, R; Darod, MF, 1985)
" The malarial drugs primaquine and chloroquine are used as examples of mechanism 2."	3.67	Theoretical aspects of enzyme induction and inhibition leading to the reversal of resistance to biocides. ( Akintonwa, DA, 1984)
"A female patient with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) clinically cured by a low-dose chloroquine treatment showed neither exacerbation of the disease nor an increased excretion of urinary porphyrins during pregnancy."	3.66	Porphyria cutanea tarda and pregnancy. ( Goerz, G; Hammer, G, 1983)
"At present the basic antimalarial drugs are still the 4-aminoquinolines chloroquine and amodiaquine, the combinations of antifol compounds (such as pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine = Fansidar), and quinine."	3.66	[Current therapy and prevention of malaria and perspectives for the future]. ( Markwalder, K, 1982)
" During treatment with the basic drugs: gold, D-penicillamine and chloroquine, pregnancy should be avoided."	3.65	[Problems of rheumatic therapy in pregnancy (author's transl)]. ( Bischof, P, 1976)
"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are widely used in diseases of connective tissue, especially in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."	3.65	[Complications in chloroquin therapy]. ( Siegmeth, W, 1975)
"The concentrations of free and protein-bound L-tryptophan were measured in sera from normal subjects, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, pregnant women, and patients with jaundice."	3.65	Mode of action of antirheumatic drugs. ( Dawkins, PD; Hamilton, EB; McArthur, JN; Smith, MJ, 1971)
"Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy has not been evaluated outside of Africa."	2.80	Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine plus azithromycin for the prevention of low birthweight in Papua New Guinea: a randomised controlled trial. ( Bardaji, A; Betuela, I; Hanieh, S; Kongs, C; Lufele, E; Menendez, C; Mueller, I; Ome-Kaius, M; Robinson, LJ; Rogerson, SJ; Rosanas-Urgell, A; Samol, P; Schofield, L; Siba, P; Singirok, D; Suen, CS; Sui, D; Umbers, AJ; Unger, HW; Wangnapi, RA; Wapling, J, 2015)
"Malaria in pregnancy is one of the most common preventable causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa."	2.78	Creative solutions to extraordinary challenges in clinical trials: methodology of a phase III trial of azithromycin and chloroquine fixed-dose combination in pregnant women in Africa. ( Chandra, RS; Duparc, S; Orazem, J; Robbins, J; Ubben, D; Vandenbroucke, P, 2013)
"Birth weight was analyzed through multivariate linear and logistic regressions."	2.73	The importance of the period of malarial infection during pregnancy on birth weight in tropical Africa. ( Barro, D; Cot, M; Cottrell, G; Mary, JY, 2007)
"The strategy of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was also addressed."	2.72	Drug treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a critical review of the guidelines. ( Al Khaja, KAJ; Sequeira, RP, 2021)
"Chloroquine was given under observation at a weekly oral dose of 300 mg."	2.68	Increase of birth weight following chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during the first pregnancy: results of a randomized trial in Cameroon. ( Breart, G; Cot, M; Esveld, M; Etya'ale, D; Le Hesran, JY; Miailhes, P, 1995)
" All drug dosing was performed under supervision by the study team, making this an evaluation of intervention efficacy (excluding the role of patient compliance)."	2.68	Objectives and methodology in a study of malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy in rural Malawi: The Mangochi Malaria Research Project. ( Breman, JG; Heymann, DL; Khoromana, CO; Slutsker, WL; Steketee, RW; Wirima, JJ, 1996)
" Identified articles were included in the review if the study had at least one group that reported at least one pharmacokinetic parameter of interest in pregnant women."	2.47	Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials in pregnancy: a systematic review. ( Ensom, MH; Wilby, KJ, 2011)
" Although these agents have largely revolutionized the treatment of the systemic autoimmune diseases, adverse reactions, which can be serious and life threatening, to the various immunosuppressive agents used in the treatment of CTD can occur."	2.46	Toxicity and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy used in systemic autoimmune diseases. ( Baughman, R; Decker, C; Meyer, KC, 2010)
"Atovaquone/proguanil has been registered in Europe for travels of up to four weeks, but in the United States there is no upper limit for the duration of use."	2.43	[Malaria chemoprophylaxis]. ( Petersen, JE, 2005)
"Malaria is frequently a deadly disease, particularly in tropical countries of the world where this protozoan infection is endemic."	2.41	Malaria: a rising incidence in the United States. ( Broder, JS; Colletti, JE; Geroff, AJ; Grundmann, KA; Hanna, JR; Jerrard, DA; Mattu, A, 2002)
"Symptoms of malaria are fever, chills, headache, and malaise."	2.39	The treatment of malaria. ( White, NJ, 1996)
"Chloroquine has been the mainstay of antimalarial treatment for the past 40 years, but resistance in P."	2.38	Clinical malaria in the tropics. ( Pukrittayakamee, S; White, NJ, 1993)
"Malaria is not a disease of the past."	2.36	[Current information on treatment and prophylaxis of malaria (author's transl)]. ( Cambournac, FJ, 1979)
" The accumulation of a nontoxic drug in the eye is not necessarily of clinical significance, but ocular damage can occur in patients on long-term tricyclic agents when the amount, duration, and frequency of dosage are sufficiently high."	2.36	Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs. ( Mason, CG, 1977)
"Cerebral malaria is an acute diffuse encephalopathy associated only with Plasmodium falciparum."	2.35	Cerebral Malaria. ( Bruce-Chwatt, LJ; Marsden, PD, 1975)
"Rutin was examined in this work for its anti-plasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, as well as its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated macrophage cells."	1.72	Rutin ameliorates malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory mechanism: an in vitro and in vivo study. ( Bawankule, DU; Bhatt, D; Bisht, S; Kumar, A; Kumar, P; Kumar, S; Maurya, AK; Pal, A, 2022)
"We compare recurrence rates observed after primary P."	1.56	Quantifying and preventing Plasmodium vivax recurrences in primaquine-untreated pregnant women: An observational and modeling study in Brazil. ( Corder, RM; Davenport, MP; de Lima, ACP; Docken, SS; Ferreira, MU; Khoury, DS, 2020)
" We applied pharmacokinetic modeling to develop a predictive model for CQ exposure to identify an optimal maternal/fetal dosing regimen to prevent ZIKV endocytosis in brain cells."	1.51	Dose Optimization of Chloroquine by Pharmacokinetic Modeling During Pregnancy for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. ( Badhan, RKS; Olafuyi, O, 2019)
"An alternative treatment for malaria caused by P."	1.51	[The treatment of malaria]. ( Bierhoff, M; Grobusch, MP; van Gool, T; van Hattem, JM; van Vugt, M; Visser, BJ, 2019)
"Chloroquine treatment significantly improved the survival of ZIKV-infected 1-day old suckling SCID Beige mice and reduced viremia in adult SCID Beige mice."	1.51	Chloroquine inhibits endosomal viral RNA release and autophagy-dependent viral replication and effectively prevents maternal to fetal transmission of Zika virus. ( Chen, L; Feng, L; Guo, W; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, X; Niu, X; Pan, W; Peng, J; Qu, L; Wang, Q; Wu, M; Yan, Q; Ye, X; Yi, C; Zhang, F; Zhang, S, 2019)
"Chloroquine was a potential drug for ICP therapy."	1.48	Linc02527 promoted autophagy in Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. ( Deng, X; Dong, X; Gan, X; Gong, Y; Hu, J; Hu, L; Liu, L; Luo, X; Yu, T; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhong, X, 2018)
"Despite extensive use and accumulated evidence of safety, there have been few pharmacokinetic studies from which appropriate chloroquine (CQ) dosing regimens could be developed specifically for pregnant women."	1.46	Optimal antimalarial dose regimens for chloroquine in pregnancy based on population pharmacokinetic modelling. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TME; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Kose, K; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Rogerson, SJ; Salman, S; Siba, PM, 2017)
"Chloroquine [27."	1.38	Determinants of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) utilization in a rural town in Western Nigeria. ( Amoran, OE; Ariba, AA; Iyaniwura, CA, 2012)
"Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) of malaria has recently been shown to be a highly effective way of reducing morbidity from malaria in children living in areas of seasonal malaria transmission, and it can be delivered efficiently by community volunteers."	1.37	Combining community case management and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria. ( Bojang, K; Greenwood, B; Pagnoni, F; Tagbor, H, 2011)
"Malaria is a major public health problem in Mali and diagnosis is typically based on microscopy."	1.37	Use of a pLDH-based dipstick in the diagnostic and therapeutic follow-up of malaria patients in Mali. ( Beavogui, AH; Diallo, M; Djimdé, A; Doumbo, OK; Doumbo, S; Kayentao, K; Niangaly, A; Ouattara, A; Saye, R; Thera, MA; Traoré, B, 2011)
" To assess its pharmacokinetic properties when administered as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), two 2-g doses were given 24 h apart to 31 pregnant and 29 age-matched nonpregnant Papua New Guinean women."	1.36	Pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin in pregnancy. ( Baiwog, F; Davis, TM; Gomorai, S; Griffin, S; Ilett, KF; Kandai, J; Karunajeewa, HA; Kose, K; Mueller, I; O'Halloran, SJ; Rogerson, SJ; Salman, S; Siba, P; Winmai, J, 2010)
"Pyrimethamine was significantly more commonly prescribed in private health facilities compared with public health facilities (p < 0."	1.35	Perception and practice of malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy among primary health care providers in Ibadan, Nigeria. ( Fawole, AO; Onyeaso, NC, 2008)
"Parasite recrudescences in 33 consecutive paired episodes during the same pregnancy were identified by msp1 and msp2 genotyping."	1.35	Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women. ( Alonso, PL; Aponte, JJ; Bardají, A; Cisteró, P; Mandomando, I; Mayor, A; Menéndez, C; Puyol, L; Sanz, S; Serra-Casas, E; Sigauque, B, 2009)
"Chloroquine was prescribed by 42."	1.34	Perception and practice of malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy among health care providers in Ibadan. ( Fawole, AO; Onyeaso, NC, 2007)
"Chloroquine resistance was seen in 23% of the cases."	1.32	Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, central India: a case study in a tribal community. ( Chand, SK; Mishra, AK; Shukla, MM; Singh, N, 2003)
"Refractory seizures not responding to benzodiazepine may require an antiepileptic drug."	1.31	Chloroquine poisoning: report of two cases. ( Reddy, VG; Sinna, S, 2000)
"Chloroquine was the most widely used antimalarial."	1.31	[Malaria and pregnancy: attitude of health care personnel during prenatal care in Cotonou, Benin]. ( Akogbeto, M; Nahum, A, 2000)
"Chloroquine is a lysosomotropic agent that causes marked changes in intracellular protein processing and trafficking and extensive autophagic vacuole formation."	1.31	Chloroquine-induced neuronal cell death is p53 and Bcl-2 family-dependent but caspase-independent. ( Flavell, RA; Klocke, BJ; Korsmeyer, SJ; Latham, CB; McDonough, JS; Roth, KA; Schmidt, RE; Zaidi, AU, 2001)
" The dose-response relationship between the severity of parasitaemia and the risk of being anaemic (P < 0."	1.31	Weekly chloroquine prophylaxis and the effect on maternal haemoglobin status at delivery. ( Bosny, JP; Dagne, G; Naik, EG; Salihu, HM; Tchuinguem, G, 2002)
"We conclude that malaria is the major cause of anemia in pregnancy in this region."	1.30	Seasonality, malaria, and impact of prophylaxis in a West African village I. Effect of anemia in pregnancy. ( Bouvier, P; Breslow, N; Delley, V; Dembele, HK; Doumbo, O; Kouriba, B; Mauris, A; Picquet, M; Robert, CF; Rougemont, A, 1997)
"Despite the encouragement of early treatment, malaria was the major cause of death in children after the neonatal period in 1988."	1.29	Malaria treatment in Vanuatu: new national treatment guidelines. ( Reeve, PA, 1994)
" In nine of 13 patients who received prophylaxis, there was inadequate dosing or poor compliance."	1.28	Imported malaria in the Bronx: review of 51 cases recorded from 1986 to 1991. ( Froude, JR; Tanowitz, HB; Weiss, LM; Wittner, M, 1992)
" A dosage of chloroquine base (25 mg/kg of body weight) was given to women over a 3-day period, followed by 5 mg/kg doses administered weekly for 4 weeks."	1.28	Malaria and pregnancy in Cameroonian women. Effect of pregnancy on Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and the response to chloroquine. ( Campbell, CC; James, MA; Mvondo, JL, 1992)
"Chloroquine resistance was confirmed by testing in vitro and in vivo."	1.27	Multiple drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a pregnant indigenous Zambian woman. ( Rolfe, M, 1988)
"Chloroquine-treated cell cultures significantly augmented the stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose uptake by EGF."	1.27	Binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor in human term placental cells in culture. ( Bergeron, JJ; Guyda, HJ; Lai, WH, 1986)
"Malaria is a potentially lethal disease."	1.27	Malaria in pregnancy. ( Moodley, J; Moodley, SC; Richards, A; Sankar, D, 1985)
"Transferrin endocytosis was less susceptible to the effects of metabolic inhibitors such as sodium fluoroacetate, potassium cyanide, 2,4, dinitrophenol or carbonylcyanide M-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) than was iron uptake."	1.27	The mechanism of iron uptake by the rat placenta. ( Bowen, BJ; Douglas, AJ; McArdle, HJ; Morgan, EH, 1985)
"In chloroquine-treated mice, the major radioactive protein peak 2-4 h after an oral dose corresponded with the position of intrinsic factor."	1.27	Intrinsic factor-cobalamin accumulates in the ilea of mice treated with chloroquine. ( Gallagher, ND; Robertson, JA, 1985)
" Reappraisal of quinine therapy has led to important modifications in dosage recommendations and recognition of a major complication of severe malaria associated with its use--hypoglycaemia."	1.27	Management of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. ( Phillips, RE, 1984)
" Chloroquine rapidly crossed the placenta, resulting in equivalent fetal and maternal blood concentrations 15-30 min after dosing the mother."	1.27	Placental transfer of chloroquine in pregnant rabbits. ( Akintonwa, A; Meyer, MC; Yau, MK, 1983)
"Generalized lipidosis was found in the offspring of both species, albeit of lesser degree than in the mothers."	1.26	Generalized lipidosis in newborn rats and Guinea pigs induced during prenatal development by administration of amphiphilic drugs to pregnant animals. ( Lüllmann-Rauch, R; Stoermer, B, 1982)
"Two human breast cancer cell lines (T-47D and MCF-7) and one cell line derived from normal human milk (HBL-100) not only specifically bound but also degraded prolactin."	1.26	Processing of prolactin by human breast cancer cells in long term tissue culture. ( Shiu, RP, 1980)

Research

Studies (440)

Authors

Clinical Trials (17)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Incidence of Active Placental Malaria Infection

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	189 (42.95)	18.7374
1990's	89 (20.23)	18.2507
2000's	90 (20.45)	29.6817
2010's	53 (12.05)	24.3611
2020's	19 (4.32)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Baniecki, ML	1
Wirth, DF	1
Clardy, J	1
Karunajeewa, HA	4
Salman, S	3
Mueller, I	8
Baiwog, F	4
Gomorrai, S	2
Law, I	2
Page-Sharp, M	3
Rogerson, S	1
Siba, P	3
Ilett, KF	4
Davis, TM	3
Patson, N	1
Mukaka, M	1
Peterson, I	1
Divala, T	2
Kazembe, L	1
Mathanga, D	1
Laufer, MK	3
Chirwa, T	1
Bhatt, D	1
Kumar, S	1
Kumar, P	2
Bisht, S	1
Kumar, A	1
Maurya, AK	1
Pal, A	1
Bawankule, DU	1
Koko, VS	1
Warsame, M	1
Vonhm, B	1
Jeuronlon, MK	1
Menard, D	1
Ma, L	1
Taweh, F	1
Tehmeh, L	1
Nyansaiye, P	1
Pratt, OJ	1
Parwon, S	1
Kamara, P	1
Asinya, M	1
Kollie, A	1
Ringwald, P	1
Badeliya, SN	1
Kapupara, PP	1
Chauhan, NF	1
Panchal, II	1
Choi, M	1
Byun, N	1
Hwang, JR	1
Choi, YS	1
Sung, JH	1
Choi, SJ	1
Kim, JS	1
Oh, SY	1
Roh, CR	1
Olaleye, OA	1
Zash, R	1
Diseko, M	1
Mayondi, G	1
Mabuta, J	1
Lockman, S	1
Melton, ML	1
Mmalane, M	1
Makhema, J	1
Shapiro, RL	1
Furuta, A	2
Shima, T	2
Yoshida-Kawaguchi, M	2
Yamada, K	2
Yasuda, I	2
Tsuda, S	2
Yamaki-Ushijima, A	2
Yoneda, S	2
Higashisaka, K	2
Cheng, SB	2
Matsumoto, K	2
Tsutsumi, Y	2
Sharma, S	2
Saito, S	2
Nakashima, A	2
Chu, WY	1
Dorlo, TPC	1
Rebić, N	1
Sayre, EC	1
Zusman, EZ	1
Amiri, N	1
Baldwin, C	1
De Vera, MA	1
Zussman, R	1
Xu, LY	1
Damani, T	1
Groom, KM	1
Chen, Q	3
Seers, B	1
Viall, CA	2
Chamley, LW	2
Hickey, A	2
Zhao, X	1
Jiang, Y	2
Zhao, Y	3
Xi, H	1
Liu, C	4
Qu, F	1
Feng, X	2
Castro-Cavadía, CJ	1
Carmona-Fonseca, J	1
McKinney, KL	1
Wu, HM	1
Tan, KR	2
Gutman, JR	2
Dos Reis Neto, ET	1
Kakehasi, AM	1
de Medeiros Pinheiro, M	1
Ferreira, GA	1
Marques, CDL	1
da Mota, LMH	1
Dos Santos Paiva, E	1
Pileggi, GCS	1
Sato, EI	1
Reis, APMG	1
Xavier, RM	1
Provenza, JR	1
Corder, RM	1
de Lima, ACP	1
Khoury, DS	1
Docken, SS	1
Davenport, MP	1
Ferreira, MU	2
Nguépy Keubo, FR	1
Mboua, PC	1
Djifack Tadongfack, T	1
Fokouong Tchoffo, E	1
Tasson Tatang, C	1
Ide Zeuna, J	1
Noupoue, EM	1
Tsoplifack, CB	1
Folefack, GO	1
Kettani, M	1
Bandelier, P	1
Huo, J	1
Li, H	4
Yu, D	1
Arulsamy, N	1
AlAbbad, S	1
Sardot, T	1
Lekashvili, O	1
Decato, D	1
Lelj, F	1
Alexander Ross, JB	1
Rosenberg, E	1
Nazir, H	1
Muthuswamy, N	1
Louis, C	1
Jose, S	1
Prakash, J	1
Buan, MEM	1
Flox, C	1
Chavan, S	1
Shi, X	1
Kauranen, P	1
Kallio, T	1
Maia, G	1
Tammeveski, K	1
Lymperopoulos, N	1
Carcadea, E	1
Veziroglu, E	1
Iranzo, A	1
M Kannan, A	1
Arunamata, A	1
Tacy, TA	1
Kache, S	1
Mainwaring, RD	1
Ma, M	1
Maeda, K	1
Punn, R	1
Noguchi, S	1
Hahn, S	3
Iwasa, Y	3
Ling, J	2
Voccio, JP	2
Kim, Y	3
Song, J	3
Bascuñán, J	2
Chu, Y	1
Tomita, M	1
Cazorla, M	1
Herrera, E	1
Palomeque, E	1
Saud, N	1
Hoplock, LB	1
Lobchuk, MM	1
Lemoine, J	1
Li, X	10
Henson, MA	1
Unsihuay, D	1
Qiu, J	1
Swaroop, S	1
Nagornov, KO	1
Kozhinov, AN	1
Tsybin, YO	1
Kuang, S	1
Laskin, J	1
Zin, NNINM	1
Mohamad, MN	1
Roslan, K	1
Abdul Wafi, S	1
Abdul Moin, NI	1
Alias, A	1
Zakaria, Y	1
Abu-Bakar, N	1
Naveed, A	1
Jilani, K	1
Siddique, AB	1
Akbar, M	1
Riaz, M	1
Mushtaq, Z	1
Sikandar, M	1
Ilyas, S	1
Bibi, I	1
Asghar, A	1
Rasool, G	1
Irfan, M	1
Li, XY	1
Zhao, S	1
Fan, XH	1
Chen, KP	1
Hua, W	1
Liu, ZM	1
Xue, XD	1
Zhou, B	1
Zhang, S	3
Xing, YL	1
Chen, MA	1
Sun, Y	1
Neradilek, MB	1
Wu, XT	1
Zhang, D	2
Huang, W	1
Cui, Y	1
Yang, QQ	1
Li, HW	1
Zhao, XQ	1
Hossein Rashidi, B	1
Tarafdari, A	1
Ghazimirsaeed, ST	1
Shahrokh Tehraninezhad, E	1
Keikha, F	1
Eslami, B	1
Ghazimirsaeed, SM	1
Jafarabadi, M	1
Silvani, Y	1
Lovita, AND	1
Maharani, A	1
Wiyasa, IWA	1
Sujuti, H	1
Ratnawati, R	1
Raras, TYM	1
Lemin, AS	1
Rahman, MM	1
Pangarah, CA	1
Kiyu, A	1
Zeng, C	2
Du, H	1
Lin, D	1
Jalan, D	1
Rubagumya, F	1
Hopman, WM	1
Vanderpuye, V	1
Lopes, G	1
Seruga, B	1
Booth, CM	1
Berry, S	1
Hammad, N	1
Sajo, EA	1
Okunade, KS	1
Olorunfemi, G	1
Rabiu, KA	2
Anorlu, RI	1
Xu, C	2
Xiang, Y	1
Xu, X	1
Zhou, L	2
Dong, X	2
Tang, S	1
Gao, XC	1
Wei, CH	1
Zhang, RG	1
Cai, Q	1
He, Y	1
Tong, F	1
Dong, JH	1
Wu, G	1
Dong, XR	1
Tang, X	1
Tao, F	1
Xiang, W	1
Jin, L	1
Tao, H	1
Lei, Y	1
Gan, H	1
Huang, Y	1
Chen, Y	3
Chen, L	4
Shan, A	1
Zhao, H	2
Wu, M	3
Ma, Q	1
Wang, J	4
Zhang, E	1
Zhang, J	3
Li, Y	5
Xue, F	1
Deng, L	1
Liu, L	3
Yan, Z	2
Wang, Y	2
Meng, J	1
Chen, G	2
Anastassiadou, M	1
Bernasconi, G	1
Brancato, A	1
Carrasco Cabrera, L	1
Greco, L	1
Jarrah, S	1
Kazocina, A	1
Leuschner, R	1
Magrans, JO	1
Miron, I	1
Nave, S	1
Pedersen, R	1
Reich, H	1
Rojas, A	1
Sacchi, A	1
Santos, M	1
Theobald, A	1
Vagenende, B	1
Verani, A	1
Du, L	1
Liu, X	2
Ren, Y	1
Li, J	7
Li, P	2
Jiao, Q	1
Meng, P	1
Wang, F	2
Wang, YS	1
Wang, C	3
Zhou, X	2
Wang, W	1
Wang, S	2
Hou, J	1
Zhang, A	1
Lv, B	1
Gao, C	1
Pang, D	1
Lu, K	1
Ahmad, NH	1
Wang, L	1
Zhu, J	2
Zhang, L	3
Zhuang, T	1
Tu, J	1
Zhao, Z	1
Qu, Y	1
Yao, H	1
Wang, X	5
Lee, DF	1
Shen, J	3
Wen, L	1
Huang, G	2
Xie, X	1
Zhao, Q	2
Hu, W	1
Zhang, Y	4
Wu, X	1
Lu, J	2
Li, M	1
Li, W	2
Wu, W	1
Du, F	1
Ji, H	1
Yang, X	2
Xu, Z	1
Wan, L	1
Wen, Q	1
Cho, CH	1
Zou, C	1
Xiao, Z	1
Liao, J	1
Su, X	1
Bi, Z	1
Su, Q	1
Huang, H	1
Wei, Y	2
Gao, Y	2
Na, KJ	1
Choi, H	1
Oh, HR	1
Kim, YH	1
Lee, SB	1
Jung, YJ	1
Koh, J	1
Park, S	1
Lee, HJ	1
Jeon, YK	1
Chung, DH	1
Paeng, JC	1
Park, IK	1
Kang, CH	1
Cheon, GJ	1
Kang, KW	1
Lee, DS	1
Kim, YT	1
Pajuelo-Lozano, N	1
Alcalá, S	1
Sainz, B	1
Perona, R	1
Sanchez-Perez, I	1
Logotheti, S	1
Marquardt, S	1
Gupta, SK	1
Richter, C	1
Edelhäuser, BAH	1
Engelmann, D	1
Brenmoehl, J	1
Söhnchen, C	1
Murr, N	1
Alpers, M	2
Singh, KP	1
Wolkenhauer, O	1
Heckl, D	1
Spitschak, A	1
Pützer, BM	1
Liao, Y	1
Cheng, J	1
Kong, X	1
Li, S	2
Zhang, M	4
Zhang, H	1
Yang, T	2
Dong, Y	1
Xu, Y	1
Yuan, Z	1
Cao, J	1
Zheng, Y	1
Luo, Z	1
Mei, Z	1
Yao, Y	1
Liu, Z	2
Liang, C	1
Yang, H	1
Song, Y	1
Yu, K	1
Zhu, C	1
Huang, Z	1
Qian, J	1
Ge, J	1
Hu, J	3
Wang, H	2
Liu, Y	4
Mi, Y	1
Kong, H	1
Xi, D	1
Yan, W	1
Luo, X	2
Ning, Q	1
Chang, X	2
Zhang, T	2
Wang, Q	3
Rathore, MG	1
Reddy, K	1
Chen, H	1
Shin, SH	1
Ma, WY	1
Bode, AM	1
Dong, Z	1
Mu, W	1
Gao, F	1
Qi, Y	1
Lu, H	1
Zhang, X	4
Cai, X	1
Ji, RY	1
Hou, Y	3
Tian, J	2
Shi, Y	1
Ying, S	1
Tan, M	1
Feng, G	1
Kuang, Y	1
Chen, D	1
Wu, D	3
Zhu, ZQ	1
Tang, HX	1
Shi, ZE	1
Kang, J	1
Liu, Q	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Chloroquine as Chemoprophylaxis Versus Intermittent Preventive Therapy to Prevent Malaria in Pregnancy in Malawi[NCT01443130]	Phase 3	900 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Improving Neonatal Health Through Rapid Malaria Testing in Early Pregnancy With High-Sensitivity[NCT05757167]	Phase 4	2,500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-06	Recruiting
Incorporation of the 'Ottawa Malaria Decision Aid' Into the Pre-travel Consultation Process: Assessment of Travelers' Knowledge, Decisional Conflict, Preparation for Decision-making and Medication Adherence Compared to Standard Care[NCT01976325]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Recruiting
Infections in Migrants in Sweden - the Importance of Malaria and Other Parasitic Infections[NCT05086887]		715 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2019-04-15	Recruiting
Clinical Efficacy of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in North Sumatera, Indonesia and the Association of Molecular Markers With Treatment Outcomes[NCT02325180]	Phase 4	338 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Intermittent Preventive Treatment With Azithromycin-containing Regimens for the Prevention of Malarial Infections and Anaemia and the Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women in Papua New Guinea[NCT01136850]	Phase 3	2,793 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
A Phase 3, Open Label, Randomized, Comparative Study To Evaluate Azithromycin Plus Chloroquine And Sulfadoxine Plus Pyrimethamine Combinations For Intermittent Preventive Treatment Of Falciparum Malaria Infection In Pregnant Women In Africa[NCT01103063]	Phase 3	2,891 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to See termination reason in detailed description.)
Intermittent Preventive Treatment During Pregnancy in Benin: a Randomized, Open, and Equivalent Trial Comparing Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine With Mefloquine[NCT00274235]	Phase 3	1,600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
PATCH 2 & 3: (Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 With Hydroxychloroquine) A Double-blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19[NCT04353037]	Phase 2	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-07	Terminated (stopped due to As enrollment began external studies called into question the safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment which resulted in controversy. The timing of the controversy significantly impacted our ability to enroll and retain participants.)
Hydroxychloroquine in Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ,Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial .[NCT05237843]	Phase 1	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-01	Not yet recruiting
New Tools for Diagnosis and Management of Febrile Illness in Travelers to the Tropics: a Cohort Study- JOKA I[NCT02900079]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2023-07-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to delays in obtaining study materials)
A Phase II, Double Blind, Randomized, Exploratory Study of Chloroquine for Reducing HIV-Associated Immune Activation[NCT00819390]	Phase 2	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
A Randomised Double Blind Clinical Trial of Amodiaquine (AQ) and Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) Used Singly and in Combination (AQ+SP) Compared With Chloroquine (CQ) in the Treatment of Falciparum Malaria Infection in Pregnancy[NCT00131703]	Phase 3	900 participants	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
A Multi Center Randomized Open Label Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Chloroquine for the Treatment of Hospitalized Adults With Laboratory Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vietnam[NCT04328493]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-07	Completed
A Comparative Study of Mefloquine and Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine as Prophylaxis Against Malaria in Pregnant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients[NCT02524444]	Phase 1	142 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Evaluation of Reproducibility of a Sporozoite Challenge Model for Plasmodium Vivax in Human Volunteers[NCT00367380]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Chlorproguanil-Dapsone in Pregnant Women With Plasmodium Falciparum Infection, and Reinfection With P. Falciparum During Pregnancy Following Treatment[NCT00126971]	Phase 1	132 participants	Interventional	2005-07-31	Suspended
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. This outcome measure provides the number of placental malaria infections in maternal subjects diagnosed by the presence of parasites and/or pigment on histological section or molecular evidence of infection (PCR). (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Clinical Malaria, All Species

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	3.09
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	3.16
Maternal SP IPT	4.74

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. Clinical malaria is defined as malaria infection at any parasite density with associated symptoms including at least one of the following: objective fever measured at the clinic, history of fever in the past 48 hours or other symptoms in the last 48 hours including: headache, myalgia, vomiting, or weakness. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: Enrollment to delivery (approximately 12-36 weeks)

Incidence of Infection in the Fetal Circulation

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	0.67
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	1.33
Maternal SP IPT	3.00

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. This outcome measure provides the number of positive for malaria cord blood smear and cord PCR results in maternal subjects based on the results of the thick smear and PCR from the cord blood sample. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	1.95
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	2.78
Maternal SP IPT	0.80

Infants were followed from the time of delivery until 14 weeks of age. This outcome measure provides the incidence of infants with IUGR at delivery. IUGR is defined as weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age based on the World Health Organization (WHO) fetal growth curve. This classification is supported by literature resulting from the INTERGROWTH-21st Project; José Villar. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) (Birthweight < 2500 Grams)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Infant Chloroquine Prophylaxis	16.54
Infant Chloroquine IPT	18.01
Infant SP IPT	20.80

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of infants whose birthweight was less than 2500 grams. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Malaria Infection, All Species.

Intervention	percentage of infants (Number)
Infant Chloroquine Prophylaxis	15.59
Infant Chloroquine IPT	10.98
Infant SP IPT	12.11

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. This outcome measure provides the number of malaria infection episodes measured by positive parasitemia in maternal subjects. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: Enrollment to delivery (approximately 12-36 weeks)

Incidence of Maternal Anemia (Hemoglobin < 10 Grams/Deciliter)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	0.67
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	1.67
Maternal SP IPT	3.00

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of anemia among maternal participants during pregnancy . Anemia is defined as having a hemoglobin value less than 10 grams/deciliter (gm/dL). (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: From enrollment until delivery, approximately 12-36 weeks

Incidence of Maternal Severe Anemia (Hemoglobin < 7gm/dl)

Intervention	percentage of maternal participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	18.3
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	23.7
Maternal SP IPT	22.0

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of severe anemia among maternal participants during pregnancy. Severe anemia is defined as having a hemoglobin value less than 7 gm/dl. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: From enrollment until delivery, approximately 12-36 weeks

Incidence of Miscarriage

Intervention	percentage of maternal participants (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	0.0
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	0.3
Maternal SP IPT	0.3

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of participants' deliveries whose outcome was miscarriage, defined as an infant delivered without any signs of life at less than 28 weeks of gestation. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Placental Malaria by Placental Impression Smear

Intervention	percentage of pregnancies (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	0.33
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	0.67
Maternal SP IPT	1.00

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of malaria infection in the placenta based on diagnosis by positive placental impression smear results. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Placental Malaria Infection Based on Histology

Intervention	percentage of placentas (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	0
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	0
Maternal SP IPT	0.40

The placenta was collected at the time of delivery for examination by histology to determine malaria infection. Malaria infection was concluded if histology identified parasites or malaria pigment in the placental tissue. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Preterm Delivery

Intervention	percentage of pregnancies (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	11.58
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	15.42
Maternal SP IPT	15.42

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of participants' deliveries whose outcome was preterm delivery, defined as delivery less than 37 weeks of gestation. The outcome of the delivery was not considered, and could have been live birth, stillbirth, or miscarriage. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Incidence of Stillbirth

Intervention	percentage of deliveries (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	8.46
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	9.89
Maternal SP IPT	6.84

Maternal participants were followed to outcome of the pregnancy. The outcome measure provides the incidence of participants' deliveries whose outcome was stillbirth, defined as an infant born without any signs of life at 28 weeks or greater of gestation. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: At delivery: Approximately 12-36 weeks after enrollment

Infant Mortality Rate to 14 Weeks of Age

Intervention	percentage of deliveries (Number)
Maternal Chloroquine Prophylaxis	1.10
Maternal Chloroquine IPT	0.37
Maternal SP IPT	1.90

Infants were followed from the time of delivery until 14 weeks of age. This outcome measure provides the incidence of infants who died within 14 weeks of delivery. (NCT01443130)
Timeframe: For 14 weeks after delivery.

Birth Weight of Live Borne Neonate

Intervention	percentage of infants (Number)
Infant Chloroquine Prophylaxis	2.22
Infant Chloroquine IPT	3.65
Infant SP IPT	3.09

Birth weight of live borne neonates were calculated in grams. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age.

Change From Baseline to 36-38 Weeks of Gestation in Hb Concentration.

Intervention	grams (Least Squares Mean)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	3148.3
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	3146.2

Change from Baseline to 36-38 weeks of gestation in Hb concentration was noted. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Baseline, at 36-38 weeks of gestation.

Number of Episodes of Symptomatic Malaria Per Participant From First Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Falciparum Dose to Delivery

Intervention	g/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.13
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.27

This outcome measure determined if an episode of malaria started within the time period of first dose to delivery. Clinical episode of malaria was determined if the participant presented with clinical symptoms of malaria (fever >37.5°C, oral) and diagnosed (either by rapid diagnostic tests or microscopy) with malaria. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Neonates With Congenital Abnormalities at Birth

Intervention	Number of episodes (Least Squares Mean)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.06
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.13

Neonates with congenital abnormalities at birth were noted. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age.

Percentage of Neonates With LBW (<2500 g) in Efficacy Analyzable PP Population

Intervention	Percentage of neonates (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	2.19
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	2.44

LBW was defined as live birth weight <2500 g (up to and including 2499 g). (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Neonates With LBW (<2500 g) in ITT Population

Intervention	Percentage of neonates (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	4.72
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	5.21

LBW was defined as live birth weight <2500 g (up to and including 2499 g). (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Neonates With Ophthalmia Neonatorum at Birth Period

Intervention	Percentage of neonates (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	5.01
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	5.72

Ophthalmia neonatorum was diagnosed at birth. The laboratory diagnosis was performed among neonates with purulent discharge. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants Requiring Additional Treatment for Symptomatic Malaria From First Dose to Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of neonates (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.35
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.17

This outcome measure evaluated the participants requiring additional treatments for malaria during the study period following the first dose (diagnosed based on clinical presentation and/or lab test results). (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Bacterial Infections Including Pneumonia and Other Lower Respiratory Tract Infections From First Dose to Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	5.74
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	10.52

Participants positive for bacterial infections including other lower respiratory tract infections were measured anytime from first dose administration to delivery. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Bacterial Vaginosis Infection at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation.

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.48
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	1.25

Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed based on laboratory result at 36-38 weeks of gestation. A vaginal swab was collected for the Gram staining. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	8.58
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	11.84

Participants positive for Chlamydia trachomatis infection was diagnosed based on laboratory result at 36-38 weeks of gestation. A vaginal swab was collected and PCR assay was used for analysis. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Cord Blood Parasitemia at Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	1.47
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.63

This outcome measure evaluated the percentage of participants positive for cord blood parasitemia at delivery. A participant was positive for parasitemia if the number of asexual parasites per μL was >0. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Maternal Anemia (Hb <11 g/dL) at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.49
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.75

Anemia was defined as Hb <11 g/dL. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation.

Percentage of Participants With Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infection at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	50.57
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	49.11

Participants positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was diagnosed based on laboratory result at 36-38 weeks of gestation. A vaginal swab was collected and PCR assay was used for analysis. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Peripheral Parasitemia at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.40
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	1.64

This outcome measure evaluated the percentage of participants positive for peripheral parasitemia at 36-38 weeks of gestation. A participant was positive for parasitemia if the number of asexual parasites per μL was >0. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Peripheral Parasitemia at Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	2.71
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	4.38

This outcome measure evaluated the percentage of participants positive for peripheral parasitemia at delivery. A participant was positive for parasitemia if the number of asexual parasites per μL was >0. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Placental Malaria at Delivery Based on Histology

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	6.05
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	7.46

Participants positive for placental malaria at delivery were evaluated based on placental histology. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Placental Parasitemia at Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	4.81
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	5.73

Participants with placental parasitemia at delivery were diagnosed using Placental blood smear at birth from participants who deliver at hospital. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Pre-eclampsia From Week 20 to Delivery

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	5.30
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	5.67

Pre-eclampsia was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg on two separate readings taken at least 4 hours apart and proteinuria at least 300 mg protein in a 24 hour urine collection. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: From Week 20 to approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Severe Maternal Anemia (Hemoglobin [Hb] <8 g/dL) at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.63
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	1.04

Severe maternal anemia was defined as Hb <8 g/dL. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation.

Percentage of Participants With Sexually Transmitted Infections From First Dose to 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	1.80
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	2.00

Sexual transmitted disease included Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. This was diagnosed based on clinical presentation prior to Week 36-38 and/or lab test results between Week 36-38. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Upto 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Sub-optimal Pregnancy Outcome in Efficacy Analyzable Per Protocol (PP) Population

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	12.32
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	16.47

Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as live-borne neonate (singleton) with LBW (<2,500g), premature births (<37 weeks as confirmed by the Ballard score), abortion (≤28 weeks), still birth (>28 weeks), lost to follow-up prior to termination of pregnancy or delivery, or missing birth weight of the neonates. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Percentage of Participants With Sub-optimal Pregnancy Outcome Including Neonatal Death and Congenital Malformation

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	10.38
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	10.12

Sub-optimal pregnancy outcome including neonatal deaths and congenital malformations, defined as any of the following: live-borne neonate (singleton) with low birth-weight (or LBW for short, defined as live birth weight <2,500g), premature birth (<37 weeks), abortion (≤28 weeks), still birth (>28 weeks), neonatal death, congenital malformation, lost to follow-up prior to termination of pregnancy or delivery, or missing birth weight of the neonates. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age.

Percentage of Participants With Treponema Pallidum Infection at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	28.51
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	26.51

Participants positive for Treponema pallidum infection was diagnosed based on laboratory result at 36-38 weeks of gestation. Treponema Pallidum particle Agglutination Assay was used. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Participants With Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection at 36-38 Weeks of Gestation

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.93
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	2.01

Participants positive for Trichomonas vaginalis infection was diagnosed based on laboratory result at 36-38 weeks of gestation. A vaginal swab was collected for the laboratory test. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: At 36-38 weeks of gestation

Percentage of Perinatal or Neonatal Deaths

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	8.24
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	10.67

Percentage of perinatal or neonatal deaths were noted. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Day 28 after delivery.

Percentage Participants With Sub-optimal Pregnancy Outcome in Intent-to-Treat (IIT) Population

Intervention	Percentage of neonates (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	2.19
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	1.85

Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as live-borne neonate (singleton) with low birth weight (LBW) (<2,500 g), premature births (<37 weeks as confirmed by the Ballard score), abortion (≤28 weeks), still birth (>28 weeks), lost to follow-up prior to termination of pregnancy or delivery, or missing birth weight of the neonates. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Episodes Per Participant

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	26.16
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	23.67

Number of episodes of sexually transmitted infection episodes per participant were noted. The STI's including Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, from first dose to delivery (diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and lab results). (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Approximately 40 weeks of gestational age .

Nasopharyngeal Swabs Positive for Macrolide Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Intervention	Number of episodes (Least Squares Mean)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0.14
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0.19

This outcome measure evaluated the Streptococcus pneumoniae sensitivity against macrolide antibiotics. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Visits 6 and 7

Nasopharyngeal Swabs Positive for Penicillin Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Visit 6 (N = 8 and 17 respectively)	Visit 7 (N = 16 and 11 respectively)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0	0
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	11.76	0

This outcome measure evaluated the Streptococcus pneumoniae sensitivity against penicillin antibiotics. (NCT01103063)
Timeframe: Visits 6 and 7

Sub Study 1 - Rate of Negative Tests at End of Treatment for COVID-19 Positive PCR Patients in Self-quarantine

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Visit 6 (N = 8 and 17 respectively)	Visit 7 (N = 16 and 11 respectively)
Azithromycin + Chloroquine	0	0
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine	0	0

Rate of negative tests at end of treatment for COVID-19 positive PCR patients in self-quarantine (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: 1-3 days after completion of 14 day treatment

Sub Study 1 - Rate of Negative Tests at End of Treatment for COVID-19 Positive PCR Patients in Self-quarantine

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sub Study 1 Group 1 (HCQ)	4
Sub Study 1 Group 2 (Placebo)	0

Rate of negative tests at end of treatment for COVID-19 positive PCR patients in self-quarantine (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: 15-17 days after completion of 14 day treatment

Sub Study 1 - Secondary Infection of Co-inhabitants of COVID-19 Positive PCR Patients in Self-quarantine

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sub Study 1 Group 1 (HCQ)	6
Sub Study 1 Group 2 (Placebo)	0

Co-inhabitants of COVID-19 positive PCR patients in self-quarantine that test positive up to 31 days after patient begins treatment with HCQ or Placebo (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: Until completion of study, 29 to 31 days after beginning treatment.

Sub Study 2:Health Care Workers:Rate of Hospitalization

if the participant gets COVID and has severe symptoms and hospitalized, end point reached if before the end of the 2 month period (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: Until completion of study, 2 months after start of treatment.

Sub Study 2:Number of Health Care Workers Testing Positive at 2 Months

Rate of COVID-19 infection (confirmed by accepted testing methods) at 2 months (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: Until completion of study, 2 months after start of treatment.

Substudy 1 - Number of COVID-19+ PCR Patients in Self-quarantine Who Are Hospitalized

Number of COVID-19+ PCR patients in self-quarantine who are hospitalized up to 31 days after beginning HCQ or Placebo (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: Until completion of study, 29 to 31 days after beginning treatment.

Sub Study 2:Health Care Workers: Assessment of Any Medical Events That Occur During the ~60 Day Active Period

Assessment of any medical events that occur during the ~60 day active period that is felt to be related to receipt of HCQ (NCT04353037)
Timeframe: Until completion of study, 2 months (~60 days) after start of treatment.

Change in Percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ From Baseline to Week 12

The baseline percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ (mean of pre-entry and entry percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+) was subtracted from the mean of week 10 and week 12 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry, entry, weeks 10 and 12

Change in Percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ From Baseline to Week 24 in Arm A and Arm C

The baseline percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ (mean of pre-entry and entry percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+) was subtracted from the mean of week 22 and week 24 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Pre-entry, entry, Weeks 22 and 24

Change in Percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ From Start to End of the 12-week Chloroquine Treatment Period

For Arm A: Chloroquine then Placebo for off-ART participants and Arm C: Chloroquine then Placebo for on-ART participants, the baseline percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ (mean of pre-entry and entry percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+) was subtracted from the mean of week 10 and week 12 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+. For Arm B: Placebo then Chloroquine for off-ART participants and Arm D: Placebo then Chloroquine for on-ART participants, the mean of week 10 and week 12 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ was subtracted from the mean of week 22 and week 24 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: For Arms A and C: Pre-entry, entry, weeks 10 and 12. For Arms B and D: Weeks 10, 12, 22 and 24

Change in Percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ From Week 12 to Week 24

The mean of week 10 and week 12 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ is subtracted from the mean of the week 22 and week 24 percent CD8 HLA-DR+/CD38+ (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Weeks 10, 12, 22 and 24

Change in Total CD4 T Cell Count From Baseline to Week 12

Baseline CD4 count (mean of pre-entry and entry CD4 count) is subtracted from the mean of week 10 and week 12 CD4 count (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry, entry, weeks 10 and 12

Fasting Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at Entry

Fasting Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at Week 12

Results reported are the week 12 fasting LPS. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 12

Fasting Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at Week 24

Results reported are the week 24 fasting LPS. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 24

HIV-1 RNA Copies/mL at Study Entry for Off-ART Participants

Results reported are for HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL) at study entry for off-ART participants. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Entry

Number of Participants With Events Grade 3 or Higher

Events included signs and symptoms, laboratory abnormalities and/or clinical events grade 3 or higher which were described by site clinician blinded to the treatment arm as definitely or possibly related to the study treatment. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: From start of study treatment to study completion at week 28

Percent CD4 HLA-DR+/CD38+ at Baseline

Baseline CD4 HLA-DR+/CD38+ is computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry CD4 HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry and entry

Percent CD4 HLA-DR+/CD38+ at Week 12

Results reported are the week 12 percentage of CD4 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Week 12

Percent CD4 HLA-DR+/CD38+ at Week 24

Results reported are the week 24 percentage of CD4 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Week 24

Percent CD8 CD38+ at Baseline

Baseline CD8 CD38+ is computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry CD8 CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry and entry

Percent CD8 CD38+ at Week 12

Results reported are the week 12 percentage of CD8 expressing CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Week 12

Percent CD8 CD38+ at Week 24

Results reported are the week 24 percentage of CD8 expressing CD38+. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Week 24

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) at Baseline

Baseline sCD14 was computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry sCD14. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry and entry

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) at Week 12

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) at Week 24

HIV-1 RNA Copies/mL at Study Entry for On-ART Participants

Results reported are for HIV-1 RNA at study entry for on-ART participants. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At Entry

HIV-1 RNA Copies/mL at Week 12 for On-ART Participants

Results reported are for HIV-1 RNA at week 12 for on-ART participants. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 12

HIV-1 RNA Copies/mL at Week 24 for On-ART Participants

Results reported are for HIV-1 RNA at week 24 for on-ART participants. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 24

HIV-1 RNA Copies/mL at Weeks 12 and 24 for Off-ART Participants

Results reported are for HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL) at week 12 and week 24 for off-ART participants. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At weeks 12 and 24

IL-6, Soluble TNF-rI (sTNF-rI) and D-dimer at Baseline

Baseline IL-6, sTNF-rI and D-dimer were computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry IL-6, sTNF-rI and D-dimer, respectively. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry and entry

IL-6, Soluble TNF-rI (sTNF-rI) and D-dimer at Week 12

Results reported are the week 12 IL-6, sTNF-rI and D-dimer. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 12

IL-6, Soluble TNF-rI (sTNF-rI) and D-dimer at Week 24

Results reported are the week 24 IL-6, sTNF-rI and D-dimer. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 24

Percent Activation Levels of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) and Myeloid Dendritic Cells (mDC) at Baseline

Baseline percent activation levels of pDC were computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry percent activation levels of pDC. Similarly, baseline percent activation levels of mDC were computed as the mean of pre-entry and entry percent activation levels of mDC. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At pre-entry and entry

Percent Activation Levels of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) and Myeloid Dendritic Cells (mDC) at Week 12

Results reported are the week 12 percent activation levels of pDC and mDC. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 12

Percent Activation Levels of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) and Myeloid Dendritic Cells (mDC) at Week 24

Results reported are the week 24 percent activation levels of pDC and mDC. (NCT00819390)
Timeframe: At week 24

Infection for P. Vivax

Thick blood smear was performed to patients daily on days 7 to 23, and every other day until day 29. Any prove of P. vivax infection was considered positive and confirmed later by real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR). (NCT00367380)
Timeframe: Twenty eight days

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	moderate adverse events	minor adverse events
Sub Study 2 Group 1 (HCQ)	2	1
Sub Study 2 Group 2 (Placebo)	0	0

Intervention	percent of CD8 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	-2.0
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	-0.5
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	-3.1
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	-1.2

Intervention	percent of CD8 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	10.8
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	-2.4

Intervention	pg/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	13.68
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	1.64
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	8.00
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	7.00

Intervention	pg/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	14.37
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	13.06
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	7.00
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	7.00

Intervention	pg/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	20.54
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	2.83
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	7.00
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	8.00

Intervention	log10 copies/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	4.48
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	4.42

Intervention	percent of CD4 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	6.5
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	10.5
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	7.7
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	9.0

Intervention	percent of CD4 expressing HLA-DR+/CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	11.0
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	12.5
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	7.3
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	9.2

Intervention	percent of CD8 expressing CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	71.0
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	77.0
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	50.8
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	49.9

Authors	Studies
Baniecki, ML	1
Wirth, DF	1
Clardy, J	1
Karunajeewa, HA	4
Salman, S	3
Mueller, I	8
Baiwog, F	4
Gomorrai, S	2
Law, I	2
Page-Sharp, M	3
Rogerson, S	1
Siba, P	3
Ilett, KF	4
Davis, TM	3
Patson, N	1
Mukaka, M	1
Peterson, I	1
Divala, T	2
Kazembe, L	1
Mathanga, D	1
Laufer, MK	3
Chirwa, T	1
Bhatt, D	1
Kumar, S	1
Kumar, P	2
Bisht, S	1
Kumar, A	1
Maurya, AK	1
Pal, A	1
Bawankule, DU	1
Koko, VS	1
Warsame, M	1
Vonhm, B	1
Jeuronlon, MK	1
Menard, D	1
Ma, L	1
Taweh, F	1
Tehmeh, L	1
Nyansaiye, P	1
Pratt, OJ	1

Intervention	percent of CD8 expressing CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	71.5
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	79.5
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	50.9
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	51.9

Intervention	percent of CD8 expressing CD38+ (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	78.0
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	79.5
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	50.6
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	48.7

Intervention	million pg/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	1.43
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	1.97
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	1.80
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	1.58

Intervention	million pg/mL (Median)
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	1.53
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	1.88
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	2.04
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	1.63

Intervention	participants (Number)
	at or below lower limit of quantitation	above lower limit of quantitation
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	16	2
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	17	2

Intervention	log10 copies/mL (Median)
	Week 12	Week 24
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	4.68	4.69
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	4.28	4.61

Intervention	pg/mL (Median)
	IL-6	sTNF-rI	D-dimer
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	1.65	1228.66	286390
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	1.62	1377.81	328460
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	1.01	1316.63	107890
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	1.51	1250.85	103530

Intervention	percentage of cells (Median)
	%pDC expressing CD80+	%pDC expressing CD83+	%pDC expressing CD86+	%pDC expressing PDL-1+	%mDC expressing CD80+	%mDC expressing CD83+	%mDC expressing CD86+	%mDC expressing PDL-1+
A: Chloroquine Then Placebo for Off-ART Participants	0.03	45.48	9.12	2.52	1.04	38.60	96.29	9.82
B: Placebo Then Chloroquine for Off-ART Participants	0.03	36.15	9.35	6.13	0.83	39.94	97.52	16.37
C: Chloroquine Then Placebo for On-ART Participants	0.13	19.91	10.96	4.48	1.31	48.17	96.11	4.58
D: Placebo Then Chloroquine for On-ART Participants	0.07	23.65	12.66	6.49	1.17	26.08	95.38	8.28

Article	Year
A contemporary chemical entities infiltrating in the antimalarial therapy era: a comprehensive review. Folia medica, 2021, Oct-31, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Malaria; Pregnancy	2021
Pyronaridine: a review of its clinical pharmacology in the treatment of malaria. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2023, 10-03, Volume: 78, Issue:10 Topics: Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Female; Humans; Malaria; Malaria, Falciparum; Naphthyridines; Pre	2023
Analysis of the susceptibility to COVID-19 in pregnancy and recommendations on potential drug screening. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2020, Volume: 39, Issue:7 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimalarials; Antiviral Agents; Basal Me	2020
Revisiting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for patients with chronic immunity-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Advances in rheumatology (London, England), 2020, 06-09, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: Antimalarials; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chloroquine;	2020
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Drug treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a critical review of the guidelines. Malaria journal, 2021, Jan-23, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Artemether; Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; Artesunate; Chloroquine	2021
Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nature communications, 2021, 04-15, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Child; Chloroquine; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment	2021
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Azithromycin-chloroquine and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Malaria journal, 2008, Dec-16, Volume: 7 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Antimalarials; Azithromycin; Chloroquine; Drug Administration S	2008
Toxicity and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy used in systemic autoimmune diseases. Clinics in chest medicine, 2010, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antimetabolites; Autoimmune Diseases; Benzamides; C	2010
Azithromycin plus chloroquine: combination therapy for protection against malaria and sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2011, Volume: 7, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Azithromycin; Chloroquine; Drug Therapy, Combination; F	2011
Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials in pregnancy: a systematic review. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2011, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:11 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Atovaquone; Chloroquine; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2011
Ocular toxicity in children exposed in utero to antimalarial drugs: review of the literature. The Journal of rheumatology, 2011, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Databases, Factual; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Hydroxychl	2011
Hydroxychloroquine in lupus: emerging evidence supporting multiple beneficial effects. Internal medicine journal, 2012, Volume: 42, Issue:9 Topics: Antimalarials; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chloroquine; Clinical Trials as Top	2012
Clindamycin as an antimalarial drug: review of clinical trials. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2002, Volume: 46, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Clindamycin; Drug Combinations; Female;	2002
Malaria: a rising incidence in the United States. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2002, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Antimalarials; Chemoprevention; Chloroquine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Female; Global Heal	2002
[Malaria: prophylaxis, treatment, stand-by medication. A single mosquito bite suffices]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2004, Jun-17, Volume: 146, Issue:25 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Artemether; Artemisinins; Atovaquone; Chloroquine; Climate; Doxycycline; Drug	2004
Malaria: prevention in travellers. Clinical evidence, 2003, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Atovaquone; Child; Chloroquine; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Insect Repellents	2003
Malaria: prevention in travellers. Clinical evidence, 2004, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Atovaquone; Child; Chloroquine; Clothing; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Insect	2004
Malaria: prevention in travellers. Clinical evidence, 2004, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Atovaquone; Child; Chloroquine; Clothing; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Insect	2004
Should chloroquine be laid to rest? Acta tropica, 2005, Volume: 96, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Africa; Animals; Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Malaria;	2005
[Malaria chemoprophylaxis]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2005, Oct-17, Volume: 167, Issue:42 Topics: Antimalarials; Atovaquone; Chloroquine; Contraindications; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Female; H	2005
Comparative efficacy of chloroquine and sulphadoxine--pyrimethamine in pregnant women and children: a meta-analysis. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2006, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Drug Combinations; Endemic Diseases; F	2006
Clinical inquiries. What is the most effective and safe malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy? The Journal of family practice, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Antimalarials; Chemoprevention; Chloroquine; Doxycycline; Female; Human	2008
Malaria prophylaxis in travellers: the current position. Experientia, 1984, Dec-15, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Africa; Amodiaquine; Antimalarials; Asia; Chloroquine; Culicidae; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; I	1984
Malaria--resurgence, resistance, and research. (First of two parts). The New England journal of medicine, 1983, Apr-14, Volume: 308, Issue:15 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; DDT; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Europe; Female; Humans; Malaria; Mosqui	1983
Malaria 1984. Part I. Malaria prophylaxis. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1984, Jun-30, Volume: 65, Issue:26 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Dapsone; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans;	1984
Malaria 1984. Part II. Drug-resistant malaria. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1984, Aug-11, Volume: 66, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Malaria; Plasmodium	1984
The melanin binding of drugs and its implications. Drug metabolism reviews, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:5-6 Topics: Animals; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Chloroquine; Ear, Inner; Eye; Female; Fetus; Humans; Melanins; Phar	1984
Antimalarial therapy in SLE. Clinics in rheumatic diseases, 1982, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Antimalarials; Binding Sites; Chloroquine; Corneal Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Femal	1982
[Malaria in pregnant women. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature]. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction, 1982, Volume: 11, Issue:8 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic; Antimalarials; Brain Diseases;	1982
Antimalarial agents. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine. Archives of dermatology, 1980, Volume: 116, Issue:5 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chloroquine; DNA; Eye Diseases; Female; Hemat	1980
The use of chloroquine during pregnancy. The Ceylon medical journal, 1994, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Chloroquine; Female; Humans; Malaria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Com	1994
Antimalarial agents and lupus. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 1994, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Kidney	1994
Women and malaria--special risks and appropriate control strategy. Social science & medicine (1982), 1993, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Ind	1993
Clinical malaria in the tropics. The Medical journal of Australia, 1993, Aug-02, Volume: 159, Issue:3 Topics: Africa; Antimalarials; Asia, Southeastern; Chloroquine; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance;	1993
The treatment of malaria. The New England journal of medicine, 1996, Sep-12, Volume: 335, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Malaria; Ma	1996
Antimalarial drugs in pregnancy--the North American experience. Lupus, 1996, Volume: 5 Suppl 1 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Infant, Newborn; Lupus Erythematosus	1996
The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug safety, 1996, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Contraindications; Female; Folic Acid An	1996
Antimalarial drugs in the treatment of rheumatological diseases. British journal of rheumatology, 1997, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Contraindications; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Male; Pregnancy;	1997
[The treatment of malaria]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1997, Sep-13, Volume: 141, Issue:37 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malar	1997
[Inhibition of blood platelet function]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1979, Jan-01, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antimalarials; Aspirin; Chloroquine; Dipy	1979
[Current information on treatment and prophylaxis of malaria (author's transl)]. MMW, Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 1979, Dec-14, Volume: 121, Issue:50 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amodiaquine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	1979
Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 1977, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Amitriptyline; Animals; Chloroquine; Cornea; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Lens, Cr	1977
Chloroquine: its therapeutic use in photosensitive eruptions. International journal of dermatology, 1976, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Antimalarials; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, D	1976
Cerebral Malaria. Contemporary neurology series, 1975, Volume: 12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Brain Diseases; Capillaries; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Hemorrhage;	1975
Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy: a review. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1992, Volume: 99, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Chloroquine; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Malaria, Falciparum; Me	1992
[The synthesis of the epidemiology and treatment of malaria of the pregnant woman and the infant in subsaharan Africa]. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990), 1991, Volume: 84, Issue:5 Pt 5 Topics: Africa; Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newbor	1991
[Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Report of a clinical case]. Minerva ginecologica, 1991, Volume: 43, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chloroquine; Female; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Methylp	1991
Treatment of severe malaria. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1989, Volume: 82 Suppl 17 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Critical Care; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Malaria; Plasmo	1989
Chemoprophylaxis of malaria. The Medical journal of Australia, 1986, Jun-23, Volume: 144, Issue:13 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Anemia, Hemolytic; Asia; Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine;	1986
Antirheumatic drug treatment during pregnancy and lactation. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Chloroquine; Cyc	1985
Antirheumatic medication in pregnancy. British journal of rheumatology, 1985, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplas	1985
Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1985, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Dogs; Epidermolysis Bullosa; Female; Humans; I	1985
Chloroquine. Transactions of the St. John's Hospital Dermatological Society, 1967, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Child; Chloroquine; Enzymes; Eye Diseases; Fema	1967
Psoriasis--clinical features. British medical journal, 1971, Jul-24, Volume: 3, Issue:5768 Topics: Acrodermatitis; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthritis, Reactive; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Di	1971