chloroquine and Malaria, Vivax studies

Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.
chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Tafenoquine, co-administered with chloroquine, is approved for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.69	Tafenoquine co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria (INSPECTOR): a randomised, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study. ( Baird, JK; Berni, A; Budiman, W; Cedar, E; Chand, K; Crenna-Darusallam, C; Duparc, S; Ekawati, LL; Elyazar, I; Fernando, D; Fletcher, K; Goyal, N; Green, JA; Instiaty, I; Jones, S; Kleim, JP; Lardo, S; Martin, A; Noviyanti, R; Prasetya, CB; Rolfe, K; Santy, YW; Satyagraha, AW; Sharma, H; Soebandrio, A; Subekti, D; Sutanto, I; Tan, LK; Taylor, M, 2023)
"Single-dose tafenoquine 300 mg is approved for Plasmodium vivax malaria relapse prevention in patients at least 16 years old."	9.51	Tafenoquine exposure assessment, safety, and relapse prevention efficacy in children with Plasmodium vivax malaria: open-label, single-arm, non-comparative, multicentre, pharmacokinetic bridging, phase 2 trial. ( Breton, JJ; Chau, NH; Duparc, S; Ernest, TB; Goyal, N; Green, JA; Hien, TT; Hoa, NT; Jones, SW; Martin, A; Mohamed, K; Rolfe, K; Rousell, VM; Sharma, H; Tan, LK; Taylor, M; Vélez, ID, 2022)
"Primaquine is the only widely available drug for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.41	Determinants of Primaquine and Carboxyprimaquine Exposures in Children and Adults with Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Aung, AA; Blessborn, D; Chu, CS; Hanpithakpong, W; Imwong, M; Kraft, K; Ling, C; Nosten, FH; Phyo, AP; Proux, S; Soe, NL; Tarning, J; Thinraow, S; Watson, JA; White, NJ; Wilaisrisak, P; Win, HH; Yotyingaphiram, W, 2021)
"Tafenoquine, a single-dose therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria, has been associated with relapse prevention through the clearance of P."	9.30	Tafenoquine versus Primaquine to Prevent Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Angus, B; Aruachan, S; Bancone, G; Breton, JJ; Brito, MAM; Casapía, M; Chu, CS; Chuquiyauri, R; Clover, DD; Costa, MRF; Craig, G; Duparc, S; Green, JA; Hardaker, E; Hien, TT; Jones, SW; Kendall, L; Koh, GCKW; Lacerda, MVG; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Mohamed, K; Monteiro, WM; Namaik-Larp, C; Nguyen, CH; Nosten, FH; Papwijitsil, R; Rousell, VM; Val, F; Vélez, ID; Villegas, MF; Wilches, VM, 2019)
"Primaquine is necessary for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but the optimum duration of treatment and best partner drug are uncertain."	9.30	Chloroquine Versus Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine With Standard High-dose Primaquine Given Either for 7 Days or 14 Days in Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Bancone, G; Carrara, VI; Chu, CS; Imwong, M; Jeeyapant, A; Lee, SJ; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Phyo, AP; Poe, NP; Proux, S; Raksapraidee, R; Sriprawat, K; Tarning, J; Thinraow, S; Turner, C; Watson, J; White, NJ; Wiladphaingern, J; Wilairisak, P; Win, HH; Yotyingaphiram, W, 2019)
"We assessed the efficacy of standard 3-day courses of chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.27	Therapeutic and Transmission-Blocking  Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin/Piperaquine and Chloroquine against Plasmodium vivax Malaria, Cambodia. ( Bin, S; Kim, S; Lek, D; Menard, D; Piv, EP; Popovici, J; Primault, L; Samreth, R; Serre, D; Vantaux, A, 2018)
" Artesunate cleared parasitemia significantly faster than chloroquine."	9.27	Comparison of the Cumulative Efficacy and Safety of Chloroquine, Artesunate, and Chloroquine-Primaquine in Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Aung, AA; Bancone, G; Carrara, VI; Cheah, PY; Chu, CS; Chue, AL; Imwong, M; Lwin, KM; Moore, KA; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Proux, S; Raksapraidee, R; San, T; Sriprawat, K; Tarning, J; Watson, J; White, NJ; Wiladphaingern, J; Win, HH; Winterberg, M, 2018)
"Chloroquine has been the treatment of choice for acute vivax malaria for more than 60 years."	9.22	Comparison of the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate with chloroquine in acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a phase III, multicentric, open-label study. ( Anvikar, AR; Arora, S; Gogtay, N; Iyer, SS; Jalali, RK; Kochar, SK; Kumar, NB; Lakhani, JD; Rajadhyaksha, GC; Rao, BH; Roy, A; Saha, N; Savargaonkar, D; Sharma, P; Solanki, BB; Srivastava, B; Tripathi, SK; Valecha, N, 2016)
"Chloroquine is an anti-malarial drug being used to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Ethiopia."	9.15	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Halaba district, South Ethiopia. ( Bacha, K; Getahun, K; Ketema, T, 2011)
"Chloroquine (CQ) remains the treatment of choice for Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.15	Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ashley, EA; Lindegardh, N; Lwin, KM; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Price, RN; Russell, B; Singhasivanon, P; Sriprawat, K; White, NJ, 2011)
"Among 975 primary treatment courses, the cumulative 28-day curative efficacies were 26% and 82% for chloroquine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria, respectively."	9.12	Mefloquine is highly efficacious against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Papua, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Fryauff, DJ; Maguire, JD; Marwoto, H; Richie, TL, 2006)
"To assess the safety of chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy."	9.12	Chloroquine prophylaxis against vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Arunjerdja, R; Greenwood, B; Htway, M; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Pimanpanarak, M; Viladpai-Nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2007)
" In a previous dose-ranging study in Thailand, 3 tafenoquine regimens with total doses ranging from 500 mg to 3000 mg prevented relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria in most patients when administered 2 days after receipt of a blood schizonticidal dose of chloroquine."	9.11	Randomized trial of 3-dose regimens of tafenoquine (WR238605) versus low-dose primaquine for preventing Plasmodium vivax malaria relapse. ( Brewer, TG; Heppner, DG; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Phumratanaprapin, W; Silachamroon, U; Siriyanonda, D; Tang, DB; Walsh, DS; Wilairatana, P, 2004)
"At a public hospital in Georgetown, Guyana, 44 patients seeking treatment for symptomatic, slide-confirmed malaria were given standard chloroquine (CQ) therapy and followed for 28 days."	9.10	Chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Guyana. ( Baird, JK; Bravet, PP; Carucci, D; Ferrel, M; Hoffman, SL; Martin, GJ; Prout, TM; Rawlins, S; Tamminga, CL; Tiwari, T; Tjaden, J, 2002)
"For over 4 decades the antimalarial program in India has been prescribing a 5-day primaquine regimen as an antirelapse therapy to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.10	Radical curative efficacy of five-day regimen of primaquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. ( Ghosh, SK; Yadav, RS, 2002)
"To improve upon the efficacy of primaquine prophylaxis for malaria (94%, Plasmodium falciparum malaria; 85%, Plasmodium vivax malaria), we administered chloroquine (300 mg weekly) in combination with primaquine (30 mg daily) to nonimmune Colombian soldiers during 16 weeks of patrol in a region of endemicity and for a further 1 week in base camp."	9.09	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled assessment of chloroquine/primaquine prophylaxis for malaria in nonimmune Colombian soldiers. ( Berman, J; Herrera, R; Padilla, J; Rodriquez, M; Sanchez, J; Soto, J; Toledo, J, 1999)
"25 mg of base/kg of body weight/day over 14 days) and chloroquine (25 mg of base/kg over 3 days) were compared in 85 adult Thai men with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria."	9.07	Blood stage antimalarial efficacy of primaquine in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Chantra, A; Clemens, R; Pukrittayakamee, S; Vanijanonta, S; White, NJ, 1994)
"The efficacy of chloroquine treatment for vivax malaria has been rarely evaluated due to a lack of an appropriate testing method."	8.31	Molecular surveillance of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates from malaria cases in Yunnan Province of China using pvcrt-o gene polymorphisms. ( Chen, M; Deng, Y; Ding, H; Dong, Y; Lin, Y; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Wu, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2023)
"Plasmodium vivax malaria elimination requires radical cure with chloroquine/primaquine."	8.12	Active Pharmacovigilance for Primaquine Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Odisha, India. ( Ahmed, N; Anvikar, AR; Duparc, S; Grewal Daumerie, P; Pradhan, MM; Pradhan, S; Sahu, P; Sharma, S; Valecha, N; Yadav, CP, 2022)
"We reviewed the clinical efficacy of chloroquine for Plasmodium vivax malaria, the changing trend of parasite clearance time, and fever clearance time during 2000-2016 in South Korea."	7.96	Increasing Malaria Parasite Clearance Time after Chloroquine Therapy, South Korea, 2000-2016. ( Cho, SH; Kwak, YG; Lee, KS; Lee, SE; Park, SY; Park, Y; Park, YS; Shin, HI; Song, JE; Yeom, JS, 2020)
" This study aimed to determine therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Guragae zone, southern central Ethiopia."	7.91	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Guragae zone southern Central Ethiopia. ( Bekele, F; Jemal, A; Shumbej, T; Weldesenbet, H; Worku, A, 2019)
"Several reports of chloroquine treatment failure and resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria from Southeast Asian countries have been published."	7.83	Therapeutic Assessment of Chloroquine-Primaquine Combined Regimen in Adult Cohort of Plasmodium vivax Malaria from Primary Care Centres in Southwestern India. ( Ashok, H; Kamath, A; Kamath, V; Kumar, R; Kundapura, P; Mukhopadhyay, C; Saravu, K, 2016)
"Chloroquine (CQ) continues to be the first-line medication used worldwide in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	7.83	Evaluation of the paediatric dose of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Añez, A; Ascaso, C; Garnica, C; Moscoso, M, 2016)
"We evaluated the efficacy of chloroquine and primaquine on uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil, in 2014."	7.83	Efficacy of Chloroquine and Primaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil. ( Chenet, SM; de Oliveira, AM; de Souza, TM; Farias, S; Marchesini, P; Negreiros, S; Okoth, SA; Povoa, MM; Santelli, AC; Udhayakumar, V; Viana, GM, 2016)
"Chloroquine-primaquine (CQ-PQ) continues to be the frontline therapy for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	7.81	Therapeutic responses of Plasmodium vivax malaria to chloroquine and primaquine treatment in northeastern Myanmar. ( Baird, JK; Cao, Y; Cui, L; Fan, Q; Gupta, B; Lee, MC; Liu, H; Parker, DM; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Yan, G; Yang, Z; Yuan, L; Zhou, G, 2015)
"Of late there have been accounts of therapeutic failure and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria especially from Southeast Asian regions."	7.81	Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from a tertiary care hospital in southwestern India. ( Acharya, RV; Acharya, V; Belle, J; Hande, MH; Kamath, A; Rishikesh, K; Saravu, K; Shastry, AB; Vidyasagar, S, 2015)
"Chloroquine-induced pruritus has been described as a common adverse event in African patients being treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and has been associated with treatment discontinuation in this setting."	7.79	Prevalence and risk factors associated to pruritus in Plasmodium vivax patients using chloroquine in the Brazilian Amazon. ( Alecrim, MG; Alexandre, MA; Ballut, PC; Lacerda, MV; Orlando, AC; Siqueira, AM, 2013)
"Tafenoquine was used to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria cases who had previously failed treatment with chloroquine and primaquine."	7.74	Tafenoquine for the treatment of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Edstein, MD; Kitchener, S; Nasveld, P, 2007)
"In most regions of the world, chloroquine has been the standard treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 50 years."	7.73	The decreasing efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria, in Sanliurfa, south-eastern Turkey. ( Kurcer, MA; Kurcer, Z; Simsek, Z, 2006)
"We report a case of abdominal pain with rigidity, mimicking an acute abdomen, caused by metoclopramide, a common anti-emetic drug."	7.73	Abdominal pain with rigidity secondary to the anti-emetic drug metoclopramide. ( Khan, NU; Razzak, JA, 2006)
"Reports from several sites in South America suggest the presence of isolated cases of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria."	7.72	Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. ( Andersen, EM; Arévalo, E; Cairo, J; Garcia, C; Green, M; Huilca, M; Kain, KC; Marquiño, W; Pillai, DR; Ruebush, TK; Solary, L; Zegarra, J, 2003)
"In most regions of the world, chloroquine (CQ) has been the standard treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 40 years."	7.72	Efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Turkey. ( Atay, S; Celik, H; Kat, I; Kurcer, MA; Simsek, Z; Topluoglu, S; Zeyrek, FY, 2004)
"The antimalarial effects of rifampin in 60 adults with Plasmodium vivax malaria were assessed."	7.69	Antimalarial effects of rifampin in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Charoenlarp, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Viravan, C; White, NJ; Wilson, RJ; Yeamput, C, 1994)
"The presence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in the New World has been suspected but not confirmed."	7.69	Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America. ( Kain, KC; Keystone, JS; Phillips, EJ, 1996)
"The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain)."	7.63	Chloroquine or pyrimethamine in salt as a supressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). ( BURGESS, RW; COATNEY, GR; MICKELSEN, O; PIRKLE, CI; YOUNG, MD, 1958)
"Tafenoquine is a single-dose 8-aminoquinoline that has recently been registered for the radical cure of P."	6.90	Single-Dose Tafenoquine to Prevent Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Abdissa, A; Abebe, C; Angus, B; Batista Pereira, D; Beck, HP; Brand, F; Breton, JJ; Brito, MAM; Buathong, N; Casapía, M; Chuquiyauri, R; Clover, DD; Costa, MRF; Diro, E; Duparc, S; Espino, FEJ; Fletcher, K; Getie, S; Green, JA; Hardaker, E; Jones, SW; Kellam, LM; Kleim, JP; Koh, GCKW; Krudsood, S; Lacerda, MVG; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Lon, C; Mia, RZ; Mohamed, K; Mohammed, R; Monteiro, WM; Noedl, H; Rousell, VM; Saunders, DL; Tada, MS; Ugwuegbulam, CO; Val, F; Wubie, KM; Yilma, D; Zeynudin, A, 2019)
" Most of the adverse events were mild in all treatment arms."	6.87	Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy and chloroquine with concomitant primaquine to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria in Brazil: an open label randomized clinical trial. ( Alexandre, MAA; Alves de Lima E Silva, JC; Daher, A; Dos Santos, TC; Lacerda, MVG; Lalloo, DG; Maia, I; Marchesini, P; Nascimento, CT; Pereira, D; Ruffato, R; Santelli, AC; Tada, M, 2018)
" There were no serious adverse events, with most adverse events classified as mild."	6.82	Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluations of a new coated chloroquine tablet in a single-arm open-label non-comparative trial in Brazil: a step towards a user-friendly malaria vivax treatment. ( Daher, A; Fonseca, L; Fontes, CJ; Maia, I; Marchesini, P; Pereira, D; Pitta, L; Ruffato, R; Zanini, G, 2016)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia, but there is evidence for its declining efficacy."	6.80	Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment in southern Ethiopia. ( Abera, A; Aseffa, A; Auburn, S; Gadisa, E; Getachew, S; Petros, B; Price, RN; Thriemer, K, 2015)
"Pyronaridine was non-inferior to chloroquine: treatment difference -0."	6.76	Pyronaridine-artesunate versus chloroquine in patients with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. ( Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Poravuth, Y; Purnama, A; Pyae Phyo, A; Rao, BH; Rueangweerayut, R; Shin, CS; Socheat, D; Tjitra, E; Uthaisin, C; Valecha, N, 2011)
" Factors related to the reappearance of vivax malaria included inadequate total primaquine dosage received (< 2."	6.75	Directly-observed therapy (DOT) for the radical 14-day primaquine treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria on the Thai-Myanmar border. ( Day, NP; Imwong, M; Kaewkungwal, J; Kobayashi, J; Lawpoolsri, S; Maneeboonyang, W; Puangsa-art, S; Pukrittayakamee, S; Singhasivanon, P; Takeuchi, R; Thanyavanich, N, 2010)
" We evaluated the anti-relapse efficacy of total primaquine doses of 45, 105, and 210 mg administered at a dosage of 15 mg/day in 210 adults with P."	6.72	Efficacy of three chloroquine-primaquine regimens for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Colombia. ( Alvarez, G; Blair, S; Carmona-Fonseca, J; Maestre, A; Piñeros, JG; Ríos, A; Tobón, A, 2006)
" In the patients, the median range Cmax value was significantly higher (1547 (996-2446) vs 838 (656-1587) ng ml-1), and AUC(0,28d) was greater (281 (250-515) vs 122 (103-182) micrograms ml-1 h)."	6.67	The pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in healthy Thai subjects and patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Karbwang, J; Limpaibul, L; Na-Bangchang, K; Tan-Ariya, P; Thanavibul, A, 1994)
"Tafenoquine (TQ) is a new alternative to PQ with a longer half-life and can be used as a single-dose treatment."	6.66	Tafenoquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Fernando, D; Rajapakse, S; Rodrigo, C, 2020)
"Primaquine has the potential to reduce malaria-related anaemia at day 42 and beyond by preventing recurrent parasitaemia."	6.61	The haematological consequences of Plasmodium vivax malaria after chloroquine treatment with and without primaquine: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. ( Abreha, T; Alemu, SG; Añez, A; Anstey, NM; Aseffa, A; Assefa, A; Awab, GR; Baird, JK; Barber, BE; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Chu, CS; Commons, RJ; D'Alessandro, U; Dahal, P; Daher, A; de Vries, PJ; Douglas, NM; Erhart, A; Gomes, MSM; Grigg, MJ; Guerin, PJ; Hien, TT; Hwang, J; Kager, PA; Ketema, T; Khan, WA; Lacerda, MVG; Leslie, T; Ley, B; Lidia, K; Monteiro, WM; Nosten, F; Pereira, DB; Phan, GT; Phyo, AP; Price, RN; Rowland, M; Saravu, K; Sibley, CH; Simpson, JA; Siqueira, AM; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, WRJ; Thriemer, K; Thwaites, G; Tran, BQ; Vieira, JLF; Wangchuk, S; Watson, J; White, NJ; William, T; Woodrow, CJ, 2019)
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing various primaquine dosing regimens with the standard primaquine regimen (15 mg/day for 14 days), or with no primaquine, in people with vivax malaria treated for blood stage infection with chloroquine."	6.49	Primaquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with chloroquine. ( Galappaththy, GN; Kirubakaran, R; Tharyan, P, 2013)
" Different primaquine dosing regimens are in use."	6.44	Primaquine for preventing relapses in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Galappaththy, GN; Omari, AA; Tharyan, P, 2007)
"Tafenoquine, co-administered with chloroquine, is approved for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.69	Tafenoquine co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria (INSPECTOR): a randomised, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study. ( Baird, JK; Berni, A; Budiman, W; Cedar, E; Chand, K; Crenna-Darusallam, C; Duparc, S; Ekawati, LL; Elyazar, I; Fernando, D; Fletcher, K; Goyal, N; Green, JA; Instiaty, I; Jones, S; Kleim, JP; Lardo, S; Martin, A; Noviyanti, R; Prasetya, CB; Rolfe, K; Santy, YW; Satyagraha, AW; Sharma, H; Soebandrio, A; Subekti, D; Sutanto, I; Tan, LK; Taylor, M, 2023)
"Chloroquine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography."	5.62	Exposure to chloroquine in male adults and children aged 9-11 years with malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. ( Ferreira Vieira, MVD; Vieira, JLF, 2021)
"Chloroquine was measured in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection."	5.56	Absence of gender influence on the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine combined with primaquine in malaria vivax patients. ( Mello, AGCN; Sena, LWP; Vieira, JLF; Vieira, MVDF, 2020)
"Single-dose tafenoquine 300 mg is approved for Plasmodium vivax malaria relapse prevention in patients at least 16 years old."	5.51	Tafenoquine exposure assessment, safety, and relapse prevention efficacy in children with Plasmodium vivax malaria: open-label, single-arm, non-comparative, multicentre, pharmacokinetic bridging, phase 2 trial. ( Breton, JJ; Chau, NH; Duparc, S; Ernest, TB; Goyal, N; Green, JA; Hien, TT; Hoa, NT; Jones, SW; Martin, A; Mohamed, K; Rolfe, K; Rousell, VM; Sharma, H; Tan, LK; Taylor, M; Vélez, ID, 2022)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia."	5.42	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria among outpatients at Hossana Health Care Centre, southern Ethiopia. ( Assefa, M; Biruksew, A; Eshetu, T, 2015)
"Primaquine is the only widely available drug for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.41	Determinants of Primaquine and Carboxyprimaquine Exposures in Children and Adults with Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Aung, AA; Blessborn, D; Chu, CS; Hanpithakpong, W; Imwong, M; Kraft, K; Ling, C; Nosten, FH; Phyo, AP; Proux, S; Soe, NL; Tarning, J; Thinraow, S; Watson, JA; White, NJ; Wilaisrisak, P; Win, HH; Yotyingaphiram, W, 2021)
"In addition, on the day of recurrence of parasitaemia the levels of chloroquine-desethylchloroquine (CQ-DCQ) were above the minimum effective concentration (>or=100 etag/ml) in all the three cases, showing that treatment failure could not be attributed to low level of drug in the patients blood."	5.35	Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Serbo town, Jimma zone, south-west Ethiopia. ( Bacha, K; Birhanu, T; Ketema, T; Petros, B, 2009)
"vivax malaria is low in comparison with black-skinned Africans."	5.31	Frequency of pruritus in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients treated with chloroquine in Thailand. ( Bussaratid, V; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Silachamroon, U; Walsh, DS; Wilairatana, P, 2000)
"Tafenoquine, a single-dose therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria, has been associated with relapse prevention through the clearance of P."	5.30	Tafenoquine versus Primaquine to Prevent Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Angus, B; Aruachan, S; Bancone, G; Breton, JJ; Brito, MAM; Casapía, M; Chu, CS; Chuquiyauri, R; Clover, DD; Costa, MRF; Craig, G; Duparc, S; Green, JA; Hardaker, E; Hien, TT; Jones, SW; Kendall, L; Koh, GCKW; Lacerda, MVG; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Mohamed, K; Monteiro, WM; Namaik-Larp, C; Nguyen, CH; Nosten, FH; Papwijitsil, R; Rousell, VM; Val, F; Vélez, ID; Villegas, MF; Wilches, VM, 2019)
"Primaquine is necessary for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but the optimum duration of treatment and best partner drug are uncertain."	5.30	Chloroquine Versus Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine With Standard High-dose Primaquine Given Either for 7 Days or 14 Days in Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Bancone, G; Carrara, VI; Chu, CS; Imwong, M; Jeeyapant, A; Lee, SJ; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Phyo, AP; Poe, NP; Proux, S; Raksapraidee, R; Sriprawat, K; Tarning, J; Thinraow, S; Turner, C; Watson, J; White, NJ; Wiladphaingern, J; Wilairisak, P; Win, HH; Yotyingaphiram, W, 2019)
"Chloroquine-treated red cells contained enzyme activities and antioxidant contents (GSH, vitamin C) comparable to those of control and non-parasitized red cells."	5.29	Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence mechanism in Plasmodium vivax malaria before and after chloroquine treatment. ( Kumar, A; Prakash, A; Sarin, K; Sharma, A, 1993)
"We assessed the efficacy of standard 3-day courses of chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.27	Therapeutic and Transmission-Blocking  Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin/Piperaquine and Chloroquine against Plasmodium vivax Malaria, Cambodia. ( Bin, S; Kim, S; Lek, D; Menard, D; Piv, EP; Popovici, J; Primault, L; Samreth, R; Serre, D; Vantaux, A, 2018)
" Artesunate cleared parasitemia significantly faster than chloroquine."	5.27	Comparison of the Cumulative Efficacy and Safety of Chloroquine, Artesunate, and Chloroquine-Primaquine in Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Aung, AA; Bancone, G; Carrara, VI; Cheah, PY; Chu, CS; Chue, AL; Imwong, M; Lwin, KM; Moore, KA; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Proux, S; Raksapraidee, R; San, T; Sriprawat, K; Tarning, J; Watson, J; White, NJ; Wiladphaingern, J; Win, HH; Winterberg, M, 2018)
"Chloroquine has been the treatment of choice for acute vivax malaria for more than 60 years."	5.22	Comparison of the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate with chloroquine in acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a phase III, multicentric, open-label study. ( Anvikar, AR; Arora, S; Gogtay, N; Iyer, SS; Jalali, RK; Kochar, SK; Kumar, NB; Lakhani, JD; Rajadhyaksha, GC; Rao, BH; Roy, A; Saha, N; Savargaonkar, D; Sharma, P; Solanki, BB; Srivastava, B; Tripathi, SK; Valecha, N, 2016)
"Chloroquine combined with primaquine has been the standard radical curative regimen for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria for over half a century."	5.19	Pharmacokinetic interactions between primaquine and chloroquine. ( Ashley, EA; Charunwatthana, P; Day, NP; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Lawpoolsri, S; Lee, SJ; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2014)
"Chloroquine is an anti-malarial drug being used to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Ethiopia."	5.15	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Halaba district, South Ethiopia. ( Bacha, K; Getahun, K; Ketema, T, 2011)
"Chloroquine (CQ) remains the treatment of choice for Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.15	Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ashley, EA; Lindegardh, N; Lwin, KM; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Price, RN; Russell, B; Singhasivanon, P; Sriprawat, K; White, NJ, 2011)
"Among 975 primary treatment courses, the cumulative 28-day curative efficacies were 26% and 82% for chloroquine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria, respectively."	5.12	Mefloquine is highly efficacious against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Papua, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Fryauff, DJ; Maguire, JD; Marwoto, H; Richie, TL, 2006)
"We conducted a study to compare the safety and tolerability of anti-relapse drugs elubaquine and primaquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.12	Safety and tolerability of elubaquine (bulaquine, CDRI 80/53) for treatment of Plasmidium vivax malaria in Thailand. ( Brittenham, GM; Chalermrut, K; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Luplertlop, N; Muangnoicharoen, S; Srivilairit, S; Tangpukdee, N; Thanachartwet, V; Wilairatana, P, 2006)
"To assess the safety of chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy."	5.12	Chloroquine prophylaxis against vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Arunjerdja, R; Greenwood, B; Htway, M; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Pimanpanarak, M; Viladpai-Nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2007)
" In a previous dose-ranging study in Thailand, 3 tafenoquine regimens with total doses ranging from 500 mg to 3000 mg prevented relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria in most patients when administered 2 days after receipt of a blood schizonticidal dose of chloroquine."	5.11	Randomized trial of 3-dose regimens of tafenoquine (WR238605) versus low-dose primaquine for preventing Plasmodium vivax malaria relapse. ( Brewer, TG; Heppner, DG; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Phumratanaprapin, W; Silachamroon, U; Siriyanonda, D; Tang, DB; Walsh, DS; Wilairatana, P, 2004)
"At a public hospital in Georgetown, Guyana, 44 patients seeking treatment for symptomatic, slide-confirmed malaria were given standard chloroquine (CQ) therapy and followed for 28 days."	5.10	Chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Guyana. ( Baird, JK; Bravet, PP; Carucci, D; Ferrel, M; Hoffman, SL; Martin, GJ; Prout, TM; Rawlins, S; Tamminga, CL; Tiwari, T; Tjaden, J, 2002)
"For over 4 decades the antimalarial program in India has been prescribing a 5-day primaquine regimen as an antirelapse therapy to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.10	Radical curative efficacy of five-day regimen of primaquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. ( Ghosh, SK; Yadav, RS, 2002)
"To improve upon the efficacy of primaquine prophylaxis for malaria (94%, Plasmodium falciparum malaria; 85%, Plasmodium vivax malaria), we administered chloroquine (300 mg weekly) in combination with primaquine (30 mg daily) to nonimmune Colombian soldiers during 16 weeks of patrol in a region of endemicity and for a further 1 week in base camp."	5.09	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled assessment of chloroquine/primaquine prophylaxis for malaria in nonimmune Colombian soldiers. ( Berman, J; Herrera, R; Padilla, J; Rodriquez, M; Sanchez, J; Soto, J; Toledo, J, 1999)
"Chloroquine has been the standard treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 40 years in most regions of the world."	5.09	Chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. ( Bussaratid, V; Chalermrut, K; Chokjindachai, W; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Singhasivanon, P; Treeprasertsuk, S; Viriyavejakul, P; Walsh D, S; White, J; Wilairatana, P, 1999)
"Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria is emerging in Oceania, Asia, and Latin America."	5.09	Assessing drug sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to halofantrine or choroquine in southern, central Vietnam using an extended 28-day in vivo test and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. ( Baird, JK; Doan, HN; Fryauff, DJ; Gómez-Saladín, E; Kain, KC; Le, DC; Nguyen, DT; Taylor, WR; Tran, TU, 2000)
"The present in vivo study evaluates the potential use of ketotifen, a tricyclic antihistaminic drug, in treatment of Sudanese patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (19-38 years)."	5.09	Ketotifen in treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. ( Elhag, ER; Ibrahim, AM; Mustafa, SE, 2000)
"25 mg of base/kg of body weight/day over 14 days) and chloroquine (25 mg of base/kg over 3 days) were compared in 85 adult Thai men with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria."	5.07	Blood stage antimalarial efficacy of primaquine in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Chantra, A; Clemens, R; Pukrittayakamee, S; Vanijanonta, S; White, NJ, 1994)
"Chloroquine remains the mainstay of treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria despite increasing reports of treatment failure."	4.98	The effect of chloroquine dose and primaquine on Plasmodium vivax recurrence: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient pooled meta-analysis. ( Abreha, T; Alemu, SG; Añez, A; Anstey, NM; Awab, GR; Baird, JK; Barber, BE; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Chu, CS; Commons, RJ; D'Alessandro, U; Dahal, P; Daher, A; de Vries, PJ; Erhart, A; Gomes, MSM; Gonzalez-Ceron, L; Grigg, MJ; Guerin, PJ; Heidari, A; Humphreys, GS; Hwang, J; Kager, PA; Ketema, T; Khan, WA; Lacerda, MVG; Leslie, T; Ley, B; Lidia, K; Monteiro, WM; Nosten, F; Pereira, DB; Phan, GT; Phyo, AP; Price, RN; Rowland, M; Saravu, K; Sibley, CH; Simpson, JA; Siqueira, AM; Stepniewska, K; Sutanto, I; Taylor, WRJ; Thriemer, K; Thwaites, G; Tran, BQ; Tran, HT; Valecha, N; Vieira, JLF; Wangchuk, S; White, NJ; William, T; Woodrow, CJ; Zuluaga-Idarraga, L, 2018)
" Chemopreventive strategies have been increasingly deployed in Africa, notably intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in pregnancy, and monthly amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during the rainy season months in children aged between 3 months and 5 years across the sub-Sahel."	4.90	Malaria. ( Dondorp, AM; Faiz, MA; Hien, TT; Mokuolu, OA; Pukrittayakamee, S; White, NJ, 2014)
"Chloroquine is the first-line treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria in most endemic countries, but resistance is increasing."	4.90	Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Baird, JK; Nosten, F; Price, RN; Valecha, N; von Seidlein, L; White, NJ, 2014)
"Drug resistance is one of the major factors contributing to the resurgence of malaria, especially resistance to the most affordable drugs such as chloroquine and Fansidar, a combination drug of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine."	4.82	Genetic and biochemical aspects of drug resistance in malaria parasites. ( Hayton, K; Su, XZ, 2004)
"Ethiopia rolled out primaquine nationwide in 2018 for radical cure along with chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in its bid for malaria elimination by 2030."	4.31	Treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax with chloroquine plus radical cure with primaquine without G6PDd testing is safe in Arba Minch, Ethiopia: assessment of clinical and parasitological response. ( Abadura, GS; Bayissa, GA; Behaksra, SW; Bulto, MG; Gadisa, E; Mekonnen, DA; Tadesse, FG; Taffese, HS; Tessema, TS, 2023)
"The efficacy of chloroquine treatment for vivax malaria has been rarely evaluated due to a lack of an appropriate testing method."	4.31	Molecular surveillance of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates from malaria cases in Yunnan Province of China using pvcrt-o gene polymorphisms. ( Chen, M; Deng, Y; Ding, H; Dong, Y; Lin, Y; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Wu, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2023)
"The online and command line versions of Malaria-Profiler detect ~ 250 markers from genome sequences covering Plasmodium speciation, likely geographical source, and resistance to chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and other anti-malarial drugs for P."	4.31	Rapid profiling of Plasmodium parasites from genome sequences to assist malaria control. ( Beshir, KB; Binh, NTH; Bousema, T; Campino, S; Clark, TG; Di Santi, SM; Dombrowski, JG; Gitaka, J; Manko, E; Ngoc, NTH; Nolder, D; Phelan, JE; Sutherland, CJ; Thieu, NQ; Thorpe, J; Turkiewicz, A; van de Vegte-Bolmer, M; Vanheer, LN, 2023)
"Plasmodium vivax malaria elimination requires radical cure with chloroquine/primaquine."	4.12	Active Pharmacovigilance for Primaquine Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Odisha, India. ( Ahmed, N; Anvikar, AR; Duparc, S; Grewal Daumerie, P; Pradhan, MM; Pradhan, S; Sahu, P; Sharma, S; Valecha, N; Yadav, CP, 2022)
" Chloroquine (CQ) is a low-cost antimalarial used worldwide for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	4.12	Fighting Plasmodium chloroquine resistance with acetylenic chloroquine analogues. ( Annunciato, Y; Caroline C Aguiar, A; Cortopassi, WA; Dos Santos Ferreira, A; Garcia Teles, CB; Gazarini, ML; Guido, RVC; Gunderson, E; Jacobson, MP; Krettli, AU; Meneghetti, MR; Pereira, DB; Pimentel, AS; Ramamoorthi, R; Silva, AES, 2022)
"We reviewed the clinical efficacy of chloroquine for Plasmodium vivax malaria, the changing trend of parasite clearance time, and fever clearance time during 2000-2016 in South Korea."	3.96	Increasing Malaria Parasite Clearance Time after Chloroquine Therapy, South Korea, 2000-2016. ( Cho, SH; Kwak, YG; Lee, KS; Lee, SE; Park, SY; Park, Y; Park, YS; Shin, HI; Song, JE; Yeom, JS, 2020)
"Mainstay treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria has long relied on chloroquine (CQ) against blood-stage parasites plus primaquine against dormant liver-stage forms (hypnozoites), however drug resistance confronts this regimen and threatens malaria control programs."	3.91	Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance links to pvcrt transcription in a genetic cross. ( Abebe, Y; Bailey, JA; Brazeau, NF; Chakravarty, S; DeConti, DK; Dinglasan, RR; Eastman, RT; Engels, T; Fasinu, PS; Fay, MP; Gibson, TJ; Gwadz, RW; Han, PK; Hoffman, SL; James, ER; Juliano, JJ; Kaslow, SR; Kessler, EG; Kim, A; Kite, WA; Krause, MA; Lambert, LE; Melendez-Muniz, V; Moraes Barros, RR; Mu, J; Orr-Gonzalez, S; Parobek, CM; Sá, JM; Salzman, RE; Serre, D; Sim, BKL; Tao, D; Thomas, ML; Velmurugan, S; Walker, L; Wellems, TE, 2019)
" This study aimed to determine therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Guragae zone, southern central Ethiopia."	3.91	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Guragae zone southern Central Ethiopia. ( Bekele, F; Jemal, A; Shumbej, T; Weldesenbet, H; Worku, A, 2019)
"Several reports of chloroquine treatment failure and resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria from Southeast Asian countries have been published."	3.83	Therapeutic Assessment of Chloroquine-Primaquine Combined Regimen in Adult Cohort of Plasmodium vivax Malaria from Primary Care Centres in Southwestern India. ( Ashok, H; Kamath, A; Kamath, V; Kumar, R; Kundapura, P; Mukhopadhyay, C; Saravu, K, 2016)
"Chloroquine (CQ) continues to be the first-line medication used worldwide in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.83	Evaluation of the paediatric dose of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Añez, A; Ascaso, C; Garnica, C; Moscoso, M, 2016)
"We evaluated the efficacy of chloroquine and primaquine on uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil, in 2014."	3.83	Efficacy of Chloroquine and Primaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil. ( Chenet, SM; de Oliveira, AM; de Souza, TM; Farias, S; Marchesini, P; Negreiros, S; Okoth, SA; Povoa, MM; Santelli, AC; Udhayakumar, V; Viana, GM, 2016)
" We report an unusual case of a 23-day-old girl with neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria, suspected primarily on the basis of positive maternal history that her mother had malaria during her pregnancy and was cured with chloroquine therapy."	3.83	Congenital malaria: Importance of diagnosis and treatment in pregnancy. ( Gülaşı, S; Özdener, N, 2016)
"Chloroquine-primaquine (CQ-PQ) continues to be the frontline therapy for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.81	Therapeutic responses of Plasmodium vivax malaria to chloroquine and primaquine treatment in northeastern Myanmar. ( Baird, JK; Cao, Y; Cui, L; Fan, Q; Gupta, B; Lee, MC; Liu, H; Parker, DM; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Yan, G; Yang, Z; Yuan, L; Zhou, G, 2015)
"Of late there have been accounts of therapeutic failure and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria especially from Southeast Asian regions."	3.81	Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from a tertiary care hospital in southwestern India. ( Acharya, RV; Acharya, V; Belle, J; Hande, MH; Kamath, A; Rishikesh, K; Saravu, K; Shastry, AB; Vidyasagar, S, 2015)
" Radical cure with primaquine was prescribed after the first bout of malaria for 6 patients."	3.80	Compliance to recommendations for the management of curative treatment of Plasmodium vivax/ovale infections. ( Bellanger, AP; Chirouze, C; Faucher, JF; Hoen, B; Hustache-Mathieu, L; Shaniya, N, 2014)
"Primaquine (PQ) remains the sole available drug to prevent relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria more than 60 years after licensure."	3.80	Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (+)-primaquine and (-)-primaquine enantiomers in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). ( Gettyacamin, M; Imerbsin, R; Khemawoot, P; Lanteri, C; Nanayakkara, NP; Ohrt, C; Sampath, A; Saunders, D; Siripokasupkul, R; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Tekwani, BL; Vanachayangkul, P; Walker, L, 2014)
"Patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria are treated with primaquine to prevent relapse infections."	3.79	Genetic analysis of primaquine tolerance in a patient with relapsing vivax malaria. ( Alenazi, T; Bright, AT; Houston, S; Paganotti, GM; Shokoples, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ; Winzeler, EA; Yanow, SK, 2013)
"Chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) are still the drugs of choice to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria in many endemic areas, Brazil included."	3.79	In vitro chloroquine resistance for Plasmodium vivax isolates from the Western Brazilian Amazon. ( Alecrim, MG; Brasil, LW; Chehuan, YF; Costa, JS; Costa, MR; Lacerda, MV; Melo, GC; Monteiro, WM; Nogueira, F; Silveira, H, 2013)
"Chloroquine-induced pruritus has been described as a common adverse event in African patients being treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and has been associated with treatment discontinuation in this setting."	3.79	Prevalence and risk factors associated to pruritus in Plasmodium vivax patients using chloroquine in the Brazilian Amazon. ( Alecrim, MG; Alexandre, MA; Ballut, PC; Lacerda, MV; Orlando, AC; Siqueira, AM, 2013)
" After sporozoite inoculation and blood-stage cure of initial parasitemia with chloroquine, rhesus macaques were treated on subsequent relapses with chloroquine in conjunction with test regimens of approved drugs."	3.78	Use of a rhesus Plasmodium cynomolgi model to screen for anti-hypnozoite activity of pharmaceutical substances. ( Bennett, K; Deye, GA; Fracisco, S; Gettayacamin, M; Hansukjariya, P; Im-erbsin, R; Macareo, L; Magill, AJ; Ohrt, C; Rothstein, Y; Sattabongkot, J, 2012)
"In Honduras, chloroquine and primaquine are recommended and still appear to be effective for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.77	Drug resistance associated genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax collected in Honduras, Central America. ( Alger, J; Banegas, E; Bjorkman, A; Enamorado, IG; Ferreira, PE; Fontecha, G; Jovel, IT; Mejía, RE; Piedade, R; Ursing, J; Veiga, MI, 2011)
" Chloroquine is the first-line treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria in most parts of the world."	3.76	Congenital malaria due to chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a case report. ( Maithani, MM; Mohan, K, 2010)
" knowlesi infection had uncomplicated malaria that responded to chloroquine and primaquine treatment."	3.75	Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection. ( Cox-Singh, J; Daneshvar, C; Davis, TM; Divis, PC; Rafa'ee, MZ; Singh, B; Zakaria, SK, 2009)
"We compared the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in pregnant and nonpregnant women treated for Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.74	Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria. ( Fernandez, C; Greenwood, BM; Lee, SJ; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Paw, MK; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; Thwai, KL; Viladpai-nguen, SJ; Villegas, L; White, NJ, 2008)
"Tafenoquine was used to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria cases who had previously failed treatment with chloroquine and primaquine."	3.74	Tafenoquine for the treatment of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Edstein, MD; Kitchener, S; Nasveld, P, 2007)
"To assess the efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in in Dawei District, southern Myanmar."	3.74	Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine in Dawei, southern Myanmar. ( Annerberg, A; de Radiguès, X; Guthmann, JP; Imwong, M; Lesage, A; Lindegardh, N; Min Lwin, M; Nosten, F; Pittet, A; Zaw, T, 2008)
"In most regions of the world, chloroquine has been the standard treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 50 years."	3.73	The decreasing efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria, in Sanliurfa, south-eastern Turkey. ( Kurcer, MA; Kurcer, Z; Simsek, Z, 2006)
"We report a case of abdominal pain with rigidity, mimicking an acute abdomen, caused by metoclopramide, a common anti-emetic drug."	3.73	Abdominal pain with rigidity secondary to the anti-emetic drug metoclopramide. ( Khan, NU; Razzak, JA, 2006)
"Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria was first reported in India in 1995."	3.72	Monitoring the chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax from Calcutta and Orissa, India. ( Addy, M; Bandyopadhyay, AK; Maji, AK; Nandy, A, 2003)
"The influence of combinations containing the blood schizontocides chloroquine (CQ) or mefloquine (MEF), together with the 8-aminoquinolines (8AQ) primaquine (PQ) or the new, long-acting compound, tafenoquine (TAF), on the rate of selection of resistance to the individual compounds was examined using the asexual, intra-erythrocytic stages in rodent malaria models."	3.72	The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXI. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 4: the potential role of 8-aminoquinolines. ( Peters, W; Robinson, BL; Stewart, LB, 2003)
" All recurrent parasitemias occurred with whole blood levels of chloroquine plus desethylchloroquine exceeding 100 ng/ml."	3.72	Very high risk of therapeutic failure with chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Indonesian Papua. ( Baird, JK; Fryauff, DJ; Leksana, B; Subianto, B; Sumawinata, IW; Sutamihardja, A, 2003)
"Reports from several sites in South America suggest the presence of isolated cases of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria."	3.72	Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. ( Andersen, EM; Arévalo, E; Cairo, J; Garcia, C; Green, M; Huilca, M; Kain, KC; Marquiño, W; Pillai, DR; Ruebush, TK; Solary, L; Zegarra, J, 2003)
"In most regions of the world, chloroquine (CQ) has been the standard treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 40 years."	3.72	Efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Turkey. ( Atay, S; Celik, H; Kat, I; Kurcer, MA; Simsek, Z; Topluoglu, S; Zeyrek, FY, 2004)
"Nias Island, off the north-western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, was one of the first locations in which chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria was reported."	3.71	The drug sensitivity and transmission dynamics of human malaria on Nias Island, North Sumatra, Indonesia. ( Atmosoedjono, S; Baird, JK; Bangs, MJ; Fryauff, DJ; Leksana, B; Masbar, S; Nagesha, HS; Sismadi, P; Susanti, AI; Wiady, I, 2002)
"A case of a sixty two year old white man with Plasmodium vivax malaria, who has shown chloroquine associated acute cardiac arrhythmia is reported."	3.70	Chloroquine and cardiac arrhythmia: case report. ( Pessanha, BS; Potsch, DF; Ramos Júnior, AN; Sforza-de-Almeida, MP; Siqueira-Batista, R, 1998)
"The response to standard chloroquine treatment was evaluated, by microscopical examination of blood-smears, among 81 soldiers diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea in 1996."	3.70	Response to chloroquine of Plasmodium vivax among South Korean soldiers. ( Kim, DS; Kim, KH; Kim, MJ; Kim, YK; Lee, KN; Lim, CS; Strickman, D, 1999)
" At present, under the National guidelines; all fevers are presumed to be due to malaria and chloroquine is given as presumptive treatment."	3.70	Clinical case definition of malaria at a secondary level hospital in northern India. ( Anand, K; Kant, S; Kapoor, SK; Kumar, G, 1999)
"Seventy-nine adults with Plasmodium vivax malaria, from the Porto Velho area of Rond nia (western Amazon region, Brazil), gave informed consent to participate in a blind, clinical study of two regimens of treatment with chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine."	3.70	In-vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Rond nia (western Amazon region, Brazil) to regimens including chloroquine and primaquine. ( Kimura, E; Menezes, MJ; Pereira da Silva, LH; Tada, MS; Villalobos-Salcedo, JM, 2000)
"The antimalarial effects of rifampin in 60 adults with Plasmodium vivax malaria were assessed."	3.69	Antimalarial effects of rifampin in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Charoenlarp, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Viravan, C; White, NJ; Wilson, RJ; Yeamput, C, 1994)
"The presence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in the New World has been suspected but not confirmed."	3.69	Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America. ( Kain, KC; Keystone, JS; Phillips, EJ, 1996)
" Currently, there is no established treatment for Plasmodium vivax parasitemias that are not cured by chloroquine."	3.69	WR 238605, chloroquine, and their combinations as blood schizonticides against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax in Aotus monkeys. ( Cooper, RD; Kyle, DE; Nuzum, EO; Obaldia, N; Rieckmann, KH; Rossan, RN; Shanks, GD, 1997)
"The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain)."	3.63	Chloroquine or pyrimethamine in salt as a supressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). ( BURGESS, RW; COATNEY, GR; MICKELSEN, O; PIRKLE, CI; YOUNG, MD, 1958)
" Herein, the results of three bioequivalence studies are presented, providing individual pharmacokinetic data on chloroquine and primaquine of more than a hundred healthy volunteers and using up-to-date analytical methods."	3.11	Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and primaquine in healthy volunteers. ( da Fonseca, LB; da Silva, DMD; da Silva, LSFV; Daher, A; Esteves, AL; Mendonça, JS; Pereira, HM; Pinto, DP; Soares Medeiros, JJ, 2022)
"Tafenoquine is a single-dose 8-aminoquinoline that has recently been registered for the radical cure of P."	2.90	Single-Dose Tafenoquine to Prevent Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria. ( Abdissa, A; Abebe, C; Angus, B; Batista Pereira, D; Beck, HP; Brand, F; Breton, JJ; Brito, MAM; Buathong, N; Casapía, M; Chuquiyauri, R; Clover, DD; Costa, MRF; Diro, E; Duparc, S; Espino, FEJ; Fletcher, K; Getie, S; Green, JA; Hardaker, E; Jones, SW; Kellam, LM; Kleim, JP; Koh, GCKW; Krudsood, S; Lacerda, MVG; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Lon, C; Mia, RZ; Mohamed, K; Mohammed, R; Monteiro, WM; Noedl, H; Rousell, VM; Saunders, DL; Tada, MS; Ugwuegbulam, CO; Val, F; Wubie, KM; Yilma, D; Zeynudin, A, 2019)
" Most of the adverse events were mild in all treatment arms."	2.87	Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy and chloroquine with concomitant primaquine to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria in Brazil: an open label randomized clinical trial. ( Alexandre, MAA; Alves de Lima E Silva, JC; Daher, A; Dos Santos, TC; Lacerda, MVG; Lalloo, DG; Maia, I; Marchesini, P; Nascimento, CT; Pereira, D; Ruffato, R; Santelli, AC; Tada, M, 2018)
"Chloroquine serves as a drug of choice, with primaquine as a radical cure."	2.82	Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern. ( Kaur, D; Sehgal, R; Sinha, S, 2022)
" No clear dose-response pattern was evident for heterologous recurrences of P."	2.82	Estimation of the Antirelapse Efficacy of Tafenoquine, Using Plasmodium vivax Genotyping. ( Beck, HP; Carter, N; Duparc, S; Green, JA; Koh, G; Krudsood, S; Lacerda, MV; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Osorio, L; Rubio, JP; Rueangweerayut, R; Wampfler, R, 2016)
" There were no serious adverse events, with most adverse events classified as mild."	2.82	Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluations of a new coated chloroquine tablet in a single-arm open-label non-comparative trial in Brazil: a step towards a user-friendly malaria vivax treatment. ( Daher, A; Fonseca, L; Fontes, CJ; Maia, I; Marchesini, P; Pereira, D; Pitta, L; Ruffato, R; Zanini, G, 2016)
"Some parasite recurrences were detected by PCR and/or serological testing."	2.80	Effectiveness of combined chloroquine and primaquine treatment in 14 days versus intermittent single dose regimen, in an open, non-randomized, clinical trial, to eliminate Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico. ( Betanzos, AF; Galindo-Virgen, S; Gonzalez-Ceron, L; Palomeque, OL; Rodriguez, MH; Rosales, AF; Sandoval, MA; Santillan, F, 2015)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia, but there is evidence for its declining efficacy."	2.80	Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment in southern Ethiopia. ( Abera, A; Aseffa, A; Auburn, S; Gadisa, E; Getachew, S; Petros, B; Price, RN; Thriemer, K, 2015)
"Tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole approved in the USA for the treatment of indications including amoebiasis and giardiasis."	2.78	Triangular test design to evaluate tinidazole in the prevention of Plasmodium vivax relapse. ( Cheah, PY; Lwin, KM; Macareo, L; Miller, RS; Nosten, F; Yuentrakul, P, 2013)
"Radical cure of vivax malaria is one of challenges for malaria elimination."	2.78	Artemisinin-naphthoquine combination versus chloroquine-primaquine to treat vivax malaria: an open-label randomized and non-inferiority trial in Yunnan Province, China. ( Li, CF; Liu, H; Nie, RH; Wang, JZ; Xu, JW; Yang, HL, 2013)
" Chloroquine, either alone or in combination with primaquine, is still effective against P."	2.78	In vivo therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine alone or in combination with primaquine against vivax malaria in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, and polymorphism in pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes. ( Bera, DK; Biswas, A; Das, S; Ganguly, S; Guha, SK; Kundu, PK; Maji, AK; Ray, K; Saha, B; Saha, P, 2013)
"This suggested that 32 of the 47 recurrences were probable relapses of which 22 (69%) were genetically homologous."	2.77	Genotyping of Plasmodium vivax reveals both short and long latency relapse patterns in Kolkata. ( Addy, M; Day, NP; Dondorp, AM; Imwong, M; Kim, JR; Maji, AK; Nandy, A; Pukrittayakamee, S; White, NJ, 2012)
"Pyronaridine was non-inferior to chloroquine: treatment difference -0."	2.76	Pyronaridine-artesunate versus chloroquine in patients with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. ( Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Poravuth, Y; Purnama, A; Pyae Phyo, A; Rao, BH; Rueangweerayut, R; Shin, CS; Socheat, D; Tjitra, E; Uthaisin, C; Valecha, N, 2011)
"A safe and reproducible Plasmodium vivax infectious challenge method is required to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates."	2.76	Consistent safety and infectivity in sporozoite challenge model of Plasmodium vivax in malaria-naive human volunteers. ( Arévalo-Herrera, M; Echavarría, JF; Epstein, JE; Herrera, S; Jordán-Villegas, A; Palacios, R; Ramírez, O; Richie, TL; Rocha, L; Solarte, Y; Vélez, JD, 2011)
"Chloroquine was used as first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax in Indonesia before the initial launch of artemisinin combination therapy in 2004."	2.75	Evaluation of chloroquine therapy for vivax and falciparum malaria in southern Sumatra, western Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Endawati, D; Laihad, F; Ling, LH; Setiabudy, R; Sutanto, I, 2010)
" Factors related to the reappearance of vivax malaria included inadequate total primaquine dosage received (< 2."	2.75	Directly-observed therapy (DOT) for the radical 14-day primaquine treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria on the Thai-Myanmar border. ( Day, NP; Imwong, M; Kaewkungwal, J; Kobayashi, J; Lawpoolsri, S; Maneeboonyang, W; Puangsa-art, S; Pukrittayakamee, S; Singhasivanon, P; Takeuchi, R; Thanyavanich, N, 2010)
" Each case in group A received a total dosage of 1 200 mg(base) over a 3-day period (600 mg on the first day then 300 mg daily)."	2.74	[Sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Laza City, Myanmar]. ( Liang, GL; Sun, XD; Wang, J; Zhang, ZX, 2009)
"06 liters/h/kg), the median distribution half-life (t 1/2 alpha) was 0."	2.73	Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of piperaquine and chloroquine in Melanesian children with uncomplicated malaria. ( Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Lammey, J; Law, I; Lin, E; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Siba, P, 2008)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is an effective treatment of choice for vivax malaria in most settings, but with the spread of CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, many countries now use artemisinin-based combination therapy for treatment of falciparum malaria."	2.73	Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus artesunate compared with chloroquine for the treatment of vivax malaria in areas co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax: a randomised non-inferiority trial in eastern Afghanistan. ( Durrani, N; Kolaczinski, K; Rahim, S; Rowland, M, 2007)
"vivax malaria were treated according to the new policy guidelines (i."	2.73	Low efficacy of amodiaquine or chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Papua New Guinea. ( Beck, HP; Genton, B; Goroti, M; Maku, P; Marfurt, J; Müeller, I; Reeder, JC; Sie, A, 2007)
"vivax malaria were included in the study."	2.72	Clinical-parasitological response and in-vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine and quinine on the western border of Thailand. ( Congpuong, K; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R; Sirichaisinthop, J; Tasanor, O; Wernsdorfer, WH, 2006)
" We evaluated the anti-relapse efficacy of total primaquine doses of 45, 105, and 210 mg administered at a dosage of 15 mg/day in 210 adults with P."	2.72	Efficacy of three chloroquine-primaquine regimens for treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Colombia. ( Alvarez, G; Blair, S; Carmona-Fonseca, J; Maestre, A; Piñeros, JG; Ríos, A; Tobón, A, 2006)
"Vivax malaria was endemic on the Korean peninsula for many centuries until the late 1970's when the Republic of Korea (ROK) was declared "malaria free"."	2.71	Evaluation of anti-malarial effects of mass chemoprophylaxis in the Republic of Korea army. ( Ahn, SY; Cha, JE; Choi, DH; Kim, YA; Lee, JH; Oh, S; Oh, YH; Park, JW; Ryu, SH; Song, KJ; Yang, HY; Yeom, JS, 2005)
"Primaquine was better tolerated than chloroquine."	2.68	Primaquine for prophylaxis against malaria among nonimmune transmigrants in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Bangs, MJ; Basri, H; Fryauff, DJ; Leksana, B; Masbar, S; Richie, TL; Subianto, B; Wiady, I, 1995)
"The efficacy and toxicity of oral quinine combined with oral chloroquine were studied in 50 Thai men with uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	2.68	Therapeutic effects of chloroquine in combination with quinine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. ( Chantra, A; Chindanond, D; Clemens, R; Phophak, N; Pukrittayakamee, S; Vanijanonta, S, 1996)
"Halofantrine-primaquine was significantly more effective than chloroquine-primaquine against falciparum malaria (P < 0."	2.68	Halofantrine and primaquine for radical cure of malaria in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Bangs, MJ; Basri, H; Fryauff, DJ; Harjosuwarno, S; Hoffman, SL; Richie, TL; Subianto, B; Tjitra, E; Wiady, I, 1997)
"falciparum."	2.68	In vivo resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum at Nabire, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Fryauff, DJ; Leksana, B; Subianto, B; Sutanihardja, MA; Wiady, I; Widjaya, H, 1997)
" In the patients, the median range Cmax value was significantly higher (1547 (996-2446) vs 838 (656-1587) ng ml-1), and AUC(0,28d) was greater (281 (250-515) vs 122 (103-182) micrograms ml-1 h)."	2.67	The pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in healthy Thai subjects and patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Karbwang, J; Limpaibul, L; Na-Bangchang, K; Tan-Ariya, P; Thanavibul, A, 1994)
"Halofantrine was administered as prophylaxis for malaria to mine workers returning from endemic areas of Papua New Guinea."	2.67	Postexposure administration of halofantrine for the prevention of malaria. ( Edstein, MD; Kereu, RK; Rieckmann, KH; Shanks, GD; Spicer, PE, 1993)
"Tafenoquine (TQ) is a new alternative to PQ with a longer half-life and can be used as a single-dose treatment."	2.66	Tafenoquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Fernando, D; Rajapakse, S; Rodrigo, C, 2020)
"Primaquine has the potential to reduce malaria-related anaemia at day 42 and beyond by preventing recurrent parasitaemia."	2.61	The haematological consequences of Plasmodium vivax malaria after chloroquine treatment with and without primaquine: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. ( Abreha, T; Alemu, SG; Añez, A; Anstey, NM; Aseffa, A; Assefa, A; Awab, GR; Baird, JK; Barber, BE; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Chu, CS; Commons, RJ; D'Alessandro, U; Dahal, P; Daher, A; de Vries, PJ; Douglas, NM; Erhart, A; Gomes, MSM; Grigg, MJ; Guerin, PJ; Hien, TT; Hwang, J; Kager, PA; Ketema, T; Khan, WA; Lacerda, MVG; Leslie, T; Ley, B; Lidia, K; Monteiro, WM; Nosten, F; Pereira, DB; Phan, GT; Phyo, AP; Price, RN; Rowland, M; Saravu, K; Sibley, CH; Simpson, JA; Siqueira, AM; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, WRJ; Thriemer, K; Thwaites, G; Tran, BQ; Vieira, JLF; Wangchuk, S; Watson, J; White, NJ; William, T; Woodrow, CJ, 2019)
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing various primaquine dosing regimens with the standard primaquine regimen (15 mg/day for 14 days), or with no primaquine, in people with vivax malaria treated for blood stage infection with chloroquine."	2.49	Primaquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with chloroquine. ( Galappaththy, GN; Kirubakaran, R; Tharyan, P, 2013)
"Primaquine was officially licensed as an anti-malarial drug by the FDA in 1952."	2.47	Primaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issues. ( Fernando, D; Rajapakse, S; Rodrigo, C, 2011)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is a relatively inexpensive drug for treatment of malaria."	2.46	Efficacy and safety of chloroquine for treatment in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infections in endemic countries. ( Aung, K; Naing, C; Wah, MJ; Win, DK, 2010)
" Different primaquine dosing regimens are in use."	2.44	Primaquine for preventing relapses in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Galappaththy, GN; Omari, AA; Tharyan, P, 2007)
"Primaquine treatment, the only therapeutic option against relapse, might also be failing."	2.44	Neglect of Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Baird, JK, 2007)
"Rarely, cerebral malaria is a presenting complication or occurs during the course of P."	2.43	Cerebral malaria owing to Plasmodium vivax: case report. ( Atambay, M; Daldal, N; Gungor, S; Ozen, M, 2006)
" For optimal efficacy, treatment regimens must be adjusted with regard to dosage of primaquine and association with halofantrine, mefloquine or other new antimalarial agents."	2.41	[Epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of plasmodial infection from Plasmodium vivax]. ( Granier, H; Klotz, F; Martin, J; Nicolas, X, 2000)
"If the recurrence appears before day 16, it is almost certainly a recrudescence and between days 17 and 28 it may be either a recrudescence or a relapse by chloroquine-resistant parasites."	2.40	Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels. ( Baird, JK; Fryauff, DJ; Hoffman, SL; Leksana, B; Masbar, S; Sutanihardja, MA; Wignall, FS, 1997)
"In both areas, malaria is stable and the inhabitants acquire a high immunity before the age of ten; most of the severe cases touch children below 10."	2.38	[Epidemiological stratification of malaria in Madagascar]. ( Aknouche, F; Blanchy, S; Laventure, S; Mouchet, J; Rajaonarivelo, E; Rakotonjanabelo, A; Ranaivoson, G; Rossella, M, 1993)
"Chloroquine (CQ) has been the preferred clinical treatment for vivax malaria in Yunnan Province since 1958, with over 300,000 patients."	1.91	Characteristics of molecular markers associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax strains from vivax malaria cases in Yunnan Province, China. ( Chen, M; Deng, Y; Ding, H; Dong, Y; Liu, Y; Wu, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, C; Zheng, W, 2023)
"Malaria is caused by parasite of the genus Plasmodium and is still one of the most important infectious diseases in the world."	1.91	Transmission-blocking activity of antimalarials for Plasmodium vivax malaria in Anopheles darlingi. ( Aguiar, ACC; Andrade, AO; Araújo, JE; Araújo, MS; Bastos, AS; G Teles, CB; Gazzinelli, RT; Lima, AA; Martinez, LN; Medeiros, JF; Pereira, DB; Pontual, JDC; Santos, NAC; Silva, AMV; Vinetz, JM, 2023)
"Chloroquine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	1.72	Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in patients with malaria by P. vivax from the Western Brazilian Amazon basin. ( Alecrim, MDGC; Almeida, ACG; Brito-Sousa, JD; Costa, MRF; Filho, FSS; Melo, GC; Melo, MM; Monteiro, WM; Vieira, JLF, 2022)
"Malaria is a major health problem in Peru despite substantial progress achieved by the ongoing malaria elimination program."	1.72	Drug resistance and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. ( Barazorda, K; Braga, G; Delgado-Ratto, C; Gamboa, D; Joya, CA; Lizewski, SE; Lucas, C; Nolasco, O; Ricopa, L; Salas, CJ; Sanchez, JF; Valdivia, HO; Villena, FE, 2022)
"Chloroquine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography."	1.62	Exposure to chloroquine in male adults and children aged 9-11 years with malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. ( Ferreira Vieira, MVD; Vieira, JLF, 2021)
"vivax infection with well-documented orthostatic hypotension is described."	1.62	Severe orthostatic hypotension in otherwise uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection. ( Dondorp, AM; Kheawsawaung, K; Krudsood, S; Schultz, MJ; Sivakorn, C; Techarang, T; Wilairatana, P, 2021)
"Relapses in vivax malaria have posed great challenges for malaria control, and they also account for a great proportion of reported cases."	1.62	Evaluation of the effect of supervised anti-malarial treatment on recurrences of Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Brito-Sousa, JD; Dinelly, KMO; Lacerda, MVG; Melo, GC; Monteiro, WM; Omena, AG; Peterka, C; Rodovalho, S; Sampaio, VS; Silva, MGO; Siqueira, AM; Vitor-Silva, S, 2021)
"There is widespread suboptimal dosing of chloroquine that is probably due to the dosing regimen based on patient age, which reduces the drug exposure with a possible influence on parasite clearance."	1.56	The extent of chloroquine underdosing in adult patients with malaria by Plasmodium vivax from an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon basin. ( Gabryelle Nunes Cardoso Mello, A; Luiz Fernandes Vieira, J; Regina Matos Lopes, T; Sena, LWP; Valéria Dias Ferreira, M, 2020)
"We compare recurrence rates observed after primary P."	1.56	Quantifying and preventing Plasmodium vivax recurrences in primaquine-untreated pregnant women: An observational and modeling study in Brazil. ( Corder, RM; Davenport, MP; de Lima, ACP; Docken, SS; Ferreira, MU; Khoury, DS, 2020)
"Chloroquine was measured in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection."	1.56	Absence of gender influence on the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine combined with primaquine in malaria vivax patients. ( Mello, AGCN; Sena, LWP; Vieira, JLF; Vieira, MVDF, 2020)
" In several endemic areas, including the Brazilian Amazon basin, anti-malarial drugs are dispensed in small plastic bags at a dosing regimen based on age."	1.51	Doses of chloroquine in the treatment of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in patients between 2 and 14 years of age from the Brazilian Amazon basin. ( de Ataide, MA; de Sena, LWP; Dias, RM; Ferreira, MVD; Mello, AGNC; Vieira, JLF, 2019)
"The therapeutic efficacy study for treating falciparum malaria was complemented with molecular analysis for artemisinin and piperaquine resistance, and in vitro drug susceptibility testing."	1.51	Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinins and Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Phuoc Chien Commune, Ninh Thuan Province, south-central Vietnam. ( Birrell, GW; Chavchich, M; Chuang, I; Edstein, MD; Manh, ND; Martin, NJ; Phong, NC; Quang, HH; San, NN, 2019)
"There was no difference in time to recurrence or recurrence frequency between patients treated with 14-day or 7-9 day primaquine regimens (HR = 1."	1.51	Evaluation of Plasmodium vivax malaria recurrence in Brazil. ( Daher, A; Fontes, CJ; Lalloo, DG; Marchesini, P; Silva, JCAL; Stevens, A; Ter Kuile, FO, 2019)
"vivax malaria were randomized to receive chloroquine (CQ; 25 mg base/kg given over 3 days) alone or together with primaquine (PQ; 0."	1.51	Efficacy of Primaquine in Preventing Short- and Long-Latency Plasmodium vivax Relapses in Nepal. ( Adhikari, B; Banjara, MR; Chotivanich, K; Das Thakur, G; Day, NPJ; Ghimire, P; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Imwong, M; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rijal, KR; White, NJ, 2019)
"Time to first vivax recurrence was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and risk factors for first and recurrent infections were identified by Cox regression models."	1.51	Plasmodium vivax morbidity after radical cure: A cohort study in Central Vietnam. ( A Cleves, M; Aguirre, AR; D'Alessandro, U; Erhart, A; Hens, N; Le, HX; Nguyen, HV; Nguyen, TT; Nguyen, VV; Nguyen, XX; Pham, TV; Rosanas-Urgell, A; Speybroeck, N; Tran, DT, 2019)
"vivax malaria episode until the recurrence did not differ between patients with AS of ≤ 1 versus ≥ 1."	1.48	CYP2D6 activity and the risk of recurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: a prospective cohort study. ( Almeida, ACG; Brasil, LW; Kühn, A; Lacerda, MVG; Monteiro, WM; Ramasawmy, R; Rodrigues-Soares, F; Santoro, AB; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2018)
"vivax malaria is rising."	1.46	An outbreak of locally acquired Plasmodium vivax malaria among migrant workers in Oman. ( Al Mukhaini, SK; Al-Abri, S; Ali, OAM; Bienvenu, AL; Bonnot, G; Petersen, E; Picot, S; Simon, B; Sow, F, 2017)
" In view of the limitations related to follow-up of patients and to assessing the plasma dosage of CQ and its metabolites, an alternative approach to monitor chemo-resistance (QR) is to use molecular markers."	1.43	Plasmodium vivax mdr1 genotypes in isolates from successfully cured patients living in endemic and non-endemic Brazilian areas. ( Almeida-de-Oliveira, NK; Brasil, P; Daniel-Ribeiro, CT; de Lavigne, AR; de Lima, SR; de Pina-Costa, A; Ferreira-da-Cruz, Mde F; Gomes, LR; Ménard, D, 2016)
"Chloroquine disposition was most adequately described by the two-compartment model with one transit compartment absorption model into the central compartment and a first-order transformation of chloroquine into desethylchloroquine with an additional peripheral compartment added to desethylchloroquine."	1.43	Population pharmacokinetics of a three-day chloroquine treatment in patients with Plasmodium vivax infection on the Thai-Myanmar border. ( Äbelö, A; Cheomung, A; Höglund, R; Moussavi, Y; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R, 2016)
"Plasmodium vivax malaria is a major public health problem in French Guiana."	1.43	Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana. ( Briolant, S; Caro, V; Casteras, J; Faway, E; Legrand, E; Menard, D; Musset, L; Pelleau, S; Volney, B, 2016)
"Chloroquine was administered at the standard dose of 25 mg base/kg body weight over three days."	1.42	Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax in the Saharan zone in Mauritania. ( Abdel Aziz, MB; Ba, MD; Basco, LK; Boukhary, AO; Deida, JM; Khairy, ML; Lebatt, SM; Lemrabott, MA; Mohamed Lemine, YO; Niang, SD; Ould Ahmedou Salem, MS; Ouldabdallahi, M; Ringwald, P, 2015)
"Chloroquine has been administered to the soldiers of the Republic of Korea as prophylaxis against vivax malaria."	1.42	Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of pvmdr1 and microsatellite genotype in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Republic of Korea military personnel. ( Chung, DI; Dinzouna-Boutamba, SD; Goo, YK; Hong, Y; Jeong, S; Yang, HW; Yeo, SG, 2015)
"The primaquine doses were adjusted for the patients' weight."	1.42	Efficacy in the treatment of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in Oiapoque, Brazil, on the border with French Guiana: the importance of control over external factors. ( Couto, ÁA; Couto, VS; Gomes, Mdo S; Júnior, AA; Legrand, E; Machado, RL; Menezes, RA; Musset, L; Nacher, M; Sousa, AP; Stefani, A; Vieira, JL, 2015)
"Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia."	1.42	Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria among outpatients at Hossana Health Care Centre, southern Ethiopia. ( Assefa, M; Biruksew, A; Eshetu, T, 2015)
"vivax malaria were included in the study and invited to return after 14 days, post-treatment with chloroquine and primaquine, for clinical and laboratorial reevaluations."	1.40	Influence of Plasmodium vivax malaria on the relations between the osmotic stability of human erythrocyte membrane and hematological and biochemical variables. ( Bernardino Neto, M; de Freitas, MV; Fabbri, C; Garrote-Filho, MS; Lacerda, MV; Lima, ES; Mascarenhas Netto, Rde C; Penha-Silva, N, 2014)
"vivax malaria is a substantial risk."	1.40	Imported malaria is stable from Africa but declining from Asia. ( David, K; Møller, CH, 2014)
"The current available treatment for P."	1.40	Evaluation of antimalarial activity and toxicity of a new primaquine prodrug. ( Aguiar, AC; Campos, ML; Chin, CM; da Fonseca, LM; Davanço, MG; de Andrade, CR; Dos Santos, JL; Dos Santos, LA; Krettli, AU; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG, 2014)
"Chloroquine has been used massively for vivax malaria prophylaxis and treatment in the Republic of Korea (ROK) military personnel from 1997."	1.39	Evaluation of the efficacy of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis for vivax malaria among Republic of Korea military personnel. ( Chung, DI; Goo, YK; Hong, Y; Jeong, C; Jeong, S; Jha, BK; Kim, S; Kong, HH; Lee, WK; Lee, YR; Sylvatrie-Danne, DB; Yang, HW; Yoon, YR, 2013)
" The treatment of malaria in young children and the relative benefits of age- and weight-based dosing need further exploration."	1.38	Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in India via sentinel sites: outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure, 2009-2010. ( Anvikar, AR; Arora, U; Bhatt, RM; Das, MK; Dhariwal, AC; Ghosh, SK; Gupta, R; Kaitholia, K; Kumar, A; Mishra, N; Shah, NK; Sharma, SK; Singh, JP; Sonal, GS; Srivastava, B; Valecha, N, 2012)
"vivax malaria were successfully analyzed using both the microscopic schizont maturation inhibition and SYBR Green-I assays."	1.37	Assessment of in vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax fresh isolates. ( Chacharoenkul, W; Muhamad, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R; Rungsihirunrat, K, 2011)
"Prednisolone was then tapered and stopped."	1.37	Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia concurrent with Plasmodium vivax infection: a case report. ( Anurathapan, U; Chanthavanich, P; Sirachainan, N; Sitcharungsi, R, 2011)
"Patients who were being treated for P."	1.37	Adherence to Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment in the Brazilian Amazon Region. ( Fontes, CJ; Ishikawa, EA; Pereira, EA, 2011)
"In Plasmodium vivax infection, however, retinal hemorrhage is very rare; only five cases have been reported in the literature."	1.36	Retinal hemorrhage in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Chin, HS; Chung, MH; Lee, JH; Moon, YS, 2010)
"falciparum malaria was evaluated in the Anand district of Gujarat state, in western India."	1.35	Therapeutic responses of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum to chloroquine, in an area of western India where P. vivax predominates. ( Dash, AP; Joshi, H; Mallick, PK; Prajapati, SK; Srivastava, HC; Valecha, N; Yadav, RS, 2008)
"Chloroquine level were measured on 32 individuals, and showed evidence of adequate absorption of standard chloroquine therapy."	1.35	Resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax at Alor in the Lesser Sundas Archipelago in eastern Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Manoempil, P; Suprijanto, S; Sutanto, I, 2009)
"In addition, on the day of recurrence of parasitaemia the levels of chloroquine-desethylchloroquine (CQ-DCQ) were above the minimum effective concentration (>or=100 etag/ml) in all the three cases, showing that treatment failure could not be attributed to low level of drug in the patients blood."	1.35	Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Serbo town, Jimma zone, south-west Ethiopia. ( Bacha, K; Birhanu, T; Ketema, T; Petros, B, 2009)
"Here we describe high rates of P."	1.35	Recurrent parasitemias and population dynamics of Plasmodium vivax polymorphisms in rural Amazonia. ( da Silva, NS; da Silva-Nunes, M; Ferreira, MU; Orjuela-Sánchez, P, 2009)
"Vivax malaria is widespread and resistance has been described for chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine."	1.33	Absence of nucleotide polymorphism in a Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance gene after failure of mefloquine prophylaxis in French Guyana. ( Brega, S; Cheminel, V; de Monbrison, F; Gérôme, P; Peyron, F; Picot, S; Velut, G, 2005)
"Chloroquine was initiated for therapy and the patient was successfully treated."	1.33	[A transfusion-transmitted malaria case]. ( Altoparlak, U; Erol, S; Kadanali, A; Ozkurt, Z; Taşyaran, MA, 2005)
"The patient was given chloroquine by his captain in a dosage regimen appropriate for quinine (2 tablets 3 times daily for 7 d)."	1.32	Toxicity related to chloroquine treatment of resistant vivax malaria. ( Barrett, PH; Davis, TM; Ilett, KF; Syed, DA, 2003)
"Chloroquine resistance was seen in 23% of the cases."	1.32	Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, central India: a case study in a tribal community. ( Chand, SK; Mishra, AK; Shukla, MM; Singh, N, 2003)
"Cases of vivax malaria have rapidly increased annually among counties bordering the DMZ, and have spread to approximately 40 km south of the DMZ."	1.32	Vivax malaria: a continuing health threat to the Republic of Korea. ( Chai, JY; Choe, KW; Kim, TS; Klein, TA; Lee, HC; Moon, SH; Oh, MD; Pacha, LA; Park, JW; Ryu, SH; Yeom, JS, 2003)
"Oral chloroquine is the treatment of choice for uncomplicated Plasmodium malariae infections worldwide."	1.31	Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium malariae in south Sumatra, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Bangs, MJ; Laksana, B; Maguire, JD; Mahmud, N; Masbar, S; Prodjodipuro, P; Sismadi, P; Sumawinata, IW; Susanti, I, 2002)
"vivax malaria is low in comparison with black-skinned Africans."	1.31	Frequency of pruritus in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients treated with chloroquine in Thailand. ( Bussaratid, V; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Silachamroon, U; Walsh, DS; Wilairatana, P, 2000)
"vivax malaria were compared with 20, apparently healthy controls."	1.31	Immunological alterations associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea. ( Han, K; Kang, CS; Kim, BK; Kim, M; Kim, Y; Lee, EJ; Lee, HK; Lee, J; Lee, S; Lim, J; Oh, EJ; Oh, J, 2001)
"vivax parasitemias were sensitive to chloroquine and the blood remained clear, with the exception of one case in which an asymptomatic parasitemia appeared on day 28."	1.30	Survey of in vivo sensitivity to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Lombok, Indonesia. ( Baird, JK; Candradikusuma, D; Fryauff, DJ; Leksana, B; Marwoto, H; Masbar, S; Richie, T; Romzan, A; Sutamihardja, MA; Tuti, S, 1997)
"falciparum."	1.30	Profound thrombocytopenia in Plasmodium vivax malaria. ( Bhoi, S; Kakar, A; Kakar, S; Prakash, V, 1999)
"Chloroquine was undetectable in plasma samples of 8 out of 55 P."	1.30	Chloroquine concentration profile in the community of Mewat region, district Gurgaon (Haryana), India. ( Dua, VK; Gupta, NC; Sharma, VP, 1999)
"There were 26 cases of cerebral malaria, with a death rate of 34."	1.29	[Malaria in children at the Sihanoukville Hospital (Cambodia)]. ( Imbert, P; Martin, YN; Migliani, R; Pheng, S; Sokhan, C; Yen, KK, 1994)
"Chloroquine has been the treatment of choice for vivax malaria for more than 40 years."	1.29	Vivax malaria resistant to treatment and prophylaxis with chloroquine. ( Andersen, EM; Bangs, MJ; Basri, H; Gorden, J; Harjosuwarno, S; Lal, AA; Mount, DL; Murphy, GS; Purwokusumo, AR, 1993)
"Chloroquine-treated red cells contained enzyme activities and antioxidant contents (GSH, vitamin C) comparable to those of control and non-parasitized red cells."	1.29	Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence mechanism in Plasmodium vivax malaria before and after chloroquine treatment. ( Kumar, A; Prakash, A; Sarin, K; Sharma, A, 1993)
"Primaquine has been found adequate to prevent relapse in more than 90% vivax cases, while efficacy of chloroquine-pyrimethamine and chloroquine alone was almost comparable."	1.29	Studies on Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Kheda district, Gujarat. ( Bhatt, RM; Sharma, SK; Sharma, VP; Srivastava, HC, 1996)
" In nine of 13 patients who received prophylaxis, there was inadequate dosing or poor compliance."	1.28	Imported malaria in the Bronx: review of 51 cases recorded from 1986 to 1991. ( Froude, JR; Tanowitz, HB; Weiss, LM; Wittner, M, 1992)

Research

Studies (507)

Authors

Clinical Trials (38)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Area Under the Curve From Time 0 Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC[0-infinity]) of Tafenoquine by Weight Band in Participants Aged >=2 Years to <16 Years (Weighing >=5 kg)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	11 (2.17)	18.7374
1990's	103 (20.32)	18.2507
2000's	137 (27.02)	29.6817
2010's	204 (40.24)	24.3611
2020's	52 (10.26)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Karunajeewa, HA	2
Ilett, KF	4
Mueller, I	7
Siba, P	2
Law, I	2
Page-Sharp, M	3
Lin, E	2
Lammey, J	1
Batty, KT	1
Davis, TM	6
Lek-Uthai, U	3
Suwanarusk, R	4
Ruengweerayut, R	5
Skinner-Adams, TS	1
Nosten, F	27
Gardiner, DL	1
Boonma, P	1
Piera, KA	2
Andrews, KT	1
Machunter, B	1
McCarthy, JS	3
Anstey, NM	10
Price, RN	24
Russell, B	7
Maher, SP	1
Vantaux, A	2
Chaumeau, V	1
Chua, ACY	1
Cooper, CA	1
Andolina, C	1
Péneau, J	1
Rouillier, M	1
Rizopoulos, Z	1
Phal, S	1
Piv, E	1
Vong, C	1
Phen, S	1
Chhin, C	1
Tat, B	1
Ouk, S	1
Doeurk, B	1
Kim, S	4
Suriyakan, S	1
Kittiphanakun, P	1
Awuku, NA	1
Conway, AJ	1
Jiang, RHY	1
Bifani, P	1
Campo, B	1
Witkowski, B	1
Kyle, DE	5
Vélez, ID	2
Hien, TT	5
Green, JA	7
Martin, A	2
Sharma, H	2
Rousell, VM	3
Breton, JJ	3
Ernest, TB	1
Rolfe, K	2
Taylor, M	3
Mohamed, K	3
Jones, SW	3
Chau, NH	1
Hoa, NT	2
Duparc, S	9
Tan, LK	2
Goyal, N	2
Kaagaard, MD	1
Matos, LO	1
Holm, AE	1
Gomes, LC	1
Wegener, A	1
Lima, KO	1
Vieira, IVM	1
de Souza, RM	1
Marinho, CRF	1
Hviid, L	1
Vestergaard, LS	1
Dominguez, H	1
Biering-Sørensen, T	1
Silvestre, OM	1
Brainin, P	1
Daher, A	6
Pinto, DP	1
da Fonseca, LB	1
Pereira, HM	1
da Silva, DMD	1
da Silva, LSFV	1
Esteves, AL	1
Soares Medeiros, JJ	1
Mendonça, JS	1
Anvikar, AR	3
Sahu, P	1
Pradhan, MM	1
Sharma, S	1
Ahmed, N	1
Yadav, CP	1
Pradhan, S	1
Grewal Daumerie, P	1
Valecha, N	14
Soe, MT	1
Aung, PL	1
Nyunt, MH	2
Sein, MM	1
Cho, C	1
Yang, Z	4
Menezes, L	1
Parker, DM	2
Kyaw, MP	3
Cui, L	4
Chamma-Siqueira, NN	1
Negreiros, SC	1
Ballard, SB	1
Farias, S	2
Silva, SP	1
Chenet, SM	3
Santos, EJM	1
Pereira de Sena, LW	1
Póvoa da Costa, F	1
Cardoso-Mello, AGN	1
Marchesini, PB	1
Peterka, CRL	1
Viana, GMR	1
Macedo de Oliveira, A	1
Wang, Z	3
Wei, C	2
Pan, Y	1
Ji, X	1
Chen, Q	1
Zhang, L	1
Wang, H	2
Bong, JJ	1
Lee, W	1
Lee, CH	1
Park, Q	1
Noh, KT	1
Le Goff, M	1
Kendjo, E	1
Thellier, M	1
Piarroux, R	1
Boelle, PY	1
Jauréguiberry, S	1
Khan, N	1
Daily, JP	1
Melo, MM	1
Costa, MRF	3
Filho, FSS	1
Brito-Sousa, JD	2
Almeida, ACG	3
Monteiro, WM	14
Melo, GC	7
Vieira, JLF	7
Alecrim, MDGC	1
Kaur, D	1
Sinha, S	1
Sehgal, R	1
Villena, FE	1
Sanchez, JF	1
Nolasco, O	1
Braga, G	1
Ricopa, L	1
Barazorda, K	1
Salas, CJ	1
Lucas, C	1
Lizewski, SE	1
Joya, CA	1
Gamboa, D	2
Delgado-Ratto, C	2
Valdivia, HO	1
Alves-Junior, ER	1
Dombroski, TCD	1
Nakazato, L	1
Dutra, V	1
Neves-Costa, JD	1
Katsuragawa, TH	2
Varela Figueroa, N M	1
Macho, A	1
Fontes, CJF	1
Rios-Santos, F	1
Cortopassi, WA	1
Gunderson, E	1
Annunciato, Y	1
Silva, AES	1
Dos Santos Ferreira, A	1
Garcia Teles, CB	1
Pimentel, AS	1
Ramamoorthi, R	1
Gazarini, ML	1
Meneghetti, MR	1
Guido, RVC	1
Pereira, DB	4
Jacobson, MP	1
Krettli, AU	2
Caroline C Aguiar, A	1
Assefa, A	6
Mohammed, H	5
Anand, A	3
Abera, A	4
Sime, H	4
Minta, AA	3
Tadesse, M	3
Tadesse, Y	4
Girma, S	4
Bekele, W	4
Etana, K	3
Alemayehu, BH	5
Teka, H	5
Dilu, D	3
Haile, M	4
Solomon, H	4
Moriarty, LF	3
Zhou, Z	4
Svigel, SS	3
Ezema, B	3
Tasew, G	4
Woyessa, A	4
Hwang, J	7
Murphy, M	3
Morais, CMG	1
Brito, RMM	1
Weselucha-Birczyńska, A	1
Pereira, VSS	1
Pereira-Silva, JW	1
Menezes, A	1
Pessoa, FAC	1
Kucharska, M	1
Birczyńska-Zych, M	1
Ríos-Velásquez, CM	1
de Andrade-Neto, VF	1
Belay, H	1
Alemu, M	1
Hailu, T	1
Hailegeorgies, H	1
Gidey, B	1
Assefa, G	1
Alebachew Reta, M	1
Almaw Tamene, A	1
Pirahmadi, S	2
Afzali, S	1
Mehrizi, AA	1
Raz, A	1
Raeisi, A	2
Mekonnen, DA	1
Abadura, GS	1
Behaksra, SW	1
Taffese, HS	1
Bayissa, GA	1
Bulto, MG	1
Tessema, TS	1
Tadesse, FG	2
Gadisa, E	3
Sutanto, I	5
Soebandrio, A	1
Ekawati, LL	1
Chand, K	2
Noviyanti, R	4
Satyagraha, AW	1
Subekti, D	1
Santy, YW	1
Crenna-Darusallam, C	1
Instiaty, I	1
Budiman, W	1
Prasetya, CB	1
Lardo, S	1
Elyazar, I	2
Cedar, E	1
Fernando, D	5
Berni, A	1
Jones, S	1
Kleim, JP	3
Fletcher, K	2
Baird, JK	31
Ding, H	2
Dong, Y	2
Deng, Y	2
Xu, Y	2
Liu, Y	3
Wu, J	2
Chen, M	2
Zhang, C	2
Zheng, W	1
Rumaseb, A	2
Moraes Barros, RR	2
Sá, JM	2
Juliano, JJ	3
William, T	4
Braima, KA	1
Barber, BE	4
Grigg, MJ	4
Marfurt, J	5
Auburn, S	7
Andrade, AO	1
Santos, NAC	1
Bastos, AS	1
Pontual, JDC	1
Araújo, JE	1
Silva, AMV	1
Martinez, LN	1
Lima, AA	1
Aguiar, ACC	1
G Teles, CB	1
Medeiros, JF	1
Vinetz, JM	1
Gazzinelli, RT	1
Araújo, MS	1
Anjani, QK	1
Volpe-Zanutto, F	1
Hamid, KA	1
Sabri, AHB	1
Moreno-Castellano, N	1
Gaitán, XA	1
Calit, J	1
Bargieri, DY	1
Donnelly, RF	1
Liu, L	1
Lin, Y	1
Phelan, JE	1
Turkiewicz, A	1
Manko, E	1
Thorpe, J	1
Vanheer, LN	1
van de Vegte-Bolmer, M	1
Ngoc, NTH	1
Binh, NTH	1
Thieu, NQ	1
Gitaka, J	1
Nolder, D	1
Beshir, KB	1
Dombrowski, JG	1
Di Santi, SM	1
Bousema, T	2
Sutherland, CJ	1
Campino, S	1
Clark, TG	1
Kebede, AM	1
Sutanto, E	1
Trimarsanto, H	2
Benavente, ED	1
Barnes, M	1
Pearson, RD	1
Siegel, SV	1
Erko, B	2
Getachew, S	2
Aseffa, A	5
Petros, B	5
Lo, E	1
Mohammed, R	2
Yilma, D	2
Rayner, JC	1
Kwiatkowski, DP	1
Golassa, L	2
He, X	1
Pan, M	1
Zeng, W	1
Zou, C	1
Pi, L	1
Qin, Y	1
Zhao, L	1
Qin, P	1
Lu, Y	1
Huang, Y	1
Pratt-Riccio, LR	1
Baptista, BO	1
Torres, VR	1
Bianco-Junior, C	1
Perce-Da-Silva, DS	1
Riccio, EKP	1
Lima-Junior, JDC	1
Totino, PRR	1
Cassiano, GC	1
Storti-Melo, LM	1
Machado, RLD	1
de Oliveira-Ferreira, J	1
Banic, DM	1
Carvalho, LJM	1
Daniel-Ribeiro, CT	5
Musset, L	3
Heugas, C	1
Naldjinan, R	1
Blanchet, D	1
Houze, P	1
Abboud, P	1
Volney, B	2
Walter, G	1
Lazrek, Y	1
Epelboin, L	1
Pelleau, S	2
Ringwald, P	8
Legrand, E	3
Demar, M	1
Djossou, F	1
Camarlinghi, G	1
Parisio, EM	1
Nardone, M	1
Mancini, F	1
Ciervo, A	1
Boccolini, D	1
Mattei, R	1
Hailemeskel, E	1
Menberu, T	1
Shumie, G	1
Behaksra, S	1
Chali, W	1
Keffale, M	1
Belachew, M	1
Shitaye, G	1
Abebe, D	1
Ashine, T	1
Drakeley, C	1
Mamo, H	1
Kaslow, SR	1
Brazeau, NF	1
Parobek, CM	1
Tao, D	1
Salzman, RE	1
Gibson, TJ	1
Velmurugan, S	1
Krause, MA	1
Melendez-Muniz, V	1
Kite, WA	1
Han, PK	1
Eastman, RT	1
Kim, A	2
Kessler, EG	1
Abebe, Y	1
James, ER	1
Chakravarty, S	1
Orr-Gonzalez, S	1
Lambert, LE	1
Engels, T	1
Thomas, ML	1
Fasinu, PS	1
Serre, D	4
Gwadz, RW	1
Walker, L	2
DeConti, DK	1
Mu, J	1
Bailey, JA	1
Sim, BKL	1
Hoffman, SL	7
Fay, MP	1
Dinglasan, RR	1
Wellems, TE	1
de Sena, LWP	1
Mello, AGNC	1
Ferreira, MVD	2
de Ataide, MA	1
Dias, RM	1
Collins, KA	1
Wang, CY	1
Adams, M	1
Mitchell, H	1
Robinson, GJ	1
Rampton, M	1
Elliott, S	1
Odedra, A	1
Khoury, D	1
Ballard, E	1
Shelper, TB	1
Lucantoni, L	1
Avery, VM	1
Chalon, S	2
Moehrle, JJ	1
Ngassa Mbenda, HG	1
Wang, M	1
Guo, J	1
Siddiqui, FA	1
Hu, Y	1
Kittichai, V	1
Sattabongkot, J	5
Cao, Y	2
Jiang, L	1
Spotin, A	2
Mahami-Oskouei, M	2
Ahmadpour, E	1
Parsaei, M	2
Rostami, A	1
Emami, S	1
Gholipour, S	1
Farmani, M	1
Wang, X	1
Ruan, W	1
Zhou, S	1
Feng, X	1
Yan, H	1
Huang, F	2
Devine, A	1
Howes, RE	1
Price, DJ	1
Moore, KA	2
Ley, B	3
Simpson, JA	7
Dittrich, S	1
Teklehaimanot, A	3
Teklehaimanot, H	1
Girmay, A	1
Abd-Rahman, AN	1
Marquart, L	1
Gobeau, N	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Does Artemisinin Combination Treatment Reduce the Radical Curative Efficacy of High Dose Tafenoquine for Plasmodium Vivax Malaria?[NCT05788094]	Phase 4	388 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-26	Recruiting
An Open Label, Non-comparative, Multicenter Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Tafenoquine (SB-252263, WR238605) in the Treatment of Pediatric Subjects With Plasmodium Vivax Malaria[NCT02563496]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-06	Completed
The Malaria Heart Disease Study: A Novel Pathway to Subclinical Heart Disease[NCT04445103]		597 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-06-21	Terminated (stopped due to Due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was not possible to complete the study inclusion as originally anticipated.)
Efficacy of Three Regimens of Chloroquine and Primaquine for the Treatment of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil[NCT03610399]		257 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-09	Completed
A Clinical Study to Assess the Safety and Feasibility of Controlled Blood-stage Plasmodium Vivax Human Malaria Infection Through Experimental Inoculation of Cryopreserved Infected Erythrocytes in Healthy Thai Adults[NCT05071079]		16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-23	Recruiting
Induced Blood-Stage Plasmodium Vivax Infection With HMPBS02-Pv Challenge Agent in Healthy Malaria-Naive Adults to Produce a Plasmodium Vivax Parasite Cell Bank for Future Studies[NCT05095272]	Phase 1	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-15	Completed
Randomised Parallel Open Label Comparison Between 7 and 14 Day Primaquine Combined With 3-day Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or 3-day Chloroquine Regimens for Radical Cure of Plasmodium Vivax[NCT01640574]	Phase 3	680 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Ethiopia Antimalarial in Vivo Efficacy Study 2012: Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine Alone Compared to Artemether-lumefantrine Plus Primaquine and Chloroquine Alone Compared to Chloroquine Plus Primaquine for Plasmodium Vivax Infection[NCT01680406]	Phase 4	398 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Host and Parasites Factors Contributing to Risk of Plasmodium Re-infection and Morbidity in Elementary School Children in Maprik, East Sepik Province[NCT02143934]	Phase 4	524 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
A Randomised Open Label Study Comparing the Efficacy of Chloroquine/Primaquine, Chloroquine and Artesunate in the Treatment of Vivax Malaria Along the Thai-Burmese Border[NCT01074905]	Phase 3	655 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Tafenoquine After Weekly and Escalating Monthly Doses of Tafenoquine in Healthy Vietnamese Volunteers[NCT05203744]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-10	Not yet recruiting
A Multi-centre, Double-blind, Randomised, Parallel-group, Active Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Tafenoquine (SB-252263, WR238605) in Subjects With Plasmodium Vivax Malaria.[NCT01376167]	Phase 2	851 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-24	Completed
FocaL Mass Drug Administration for Vivax Malaria Elimination (FLAME): a Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Peru[NCT05690841]	Phase 3	7,700 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-02-01	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double Dummy, Comparative, Multicenter Study to Assess the Incidence of Hemolysis, Safety, and Efficacy of Tafenoquine (SB-252263, WR238605) Versus Primaquine in the Treatment of Subjects With Plasmodium Vivax Malaria[NCT02216123]	Phase 3	251 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Efficacy of Chloroquine (CQ) Alone Compared to Concomitant CQ and Primaquine (PQ) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Vivax Infection[NCT02691910]	Phase 2/Phase 3	204 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Ethiopia In-vivo Efficacy Study 2009: Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Infection and Either Artemether-lumefantrine or Chloroquine for P. Vivax Infection[NCT01052584]		354 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Pilot Human Study of Tinidazole Efficacy For Radical Cure Of Plasmodium Vivax[NCT00811096]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Incorporation of the 'Ottawa Malaria Decision Aid' Into the Pre-travel Consultation Process: Assessment of Travelers' Knowledge, Decisional Conflict, Preparation for Decision-making and Medication Adherence Compared to Standard Care[NCT01976325]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Recruiting
Infections in Migrants in Sweden - the Importance of Malaria and Other Parasitic Infections[NCT05086887]		715 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2019-04-15	Recruiting
Clinical Efficacy of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in North Sumatera, Indonesia and the Association of Molecular Markers With Treatment Outcomes[NCT02325180]	Phase 4	338 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Health Care Provider Use of Plasmodium Vivax Radical Cure (RC) With Tafenoquine or Primaquine After Semi-quantitative G6PD Testing: A Feasibility Study in Peru[NCT05361486]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-08-28	Recruiting
Phase 1, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Orally Administered Primaquine and Chloroquine in Healthy Thai Adult Subjects[NCT01218932]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Completed
Development of Safer Drugs for Malaria in U.S. Troops, Civilian Personnel, and Travelers: Clinical Evaluation of Primaquine Enantiomer[NCT02898779]	Phase 1	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-01	Completed
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Scheme Treatments to Treat Plasmodium Vivax Cases in Patients Living in Communities With Persistence of Transmission in Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico[NCT02394197]	Phase 4	153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Artesunate-mefloquine vs Chloroquine in Patients With Acute Uncomplicated P. Knowlesi and P. Vivax Malaria: a Randomized Open Label Trial in Sabah, Malaysia[NCT01708876]	Phase 3	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Randomised Comparative Study to Assess the Efficacy and Tolerability of Blood Schizonticidal Treatments With Artesunate Amodiaquine Winthrop® / Coarsucam (ASAQ) Versus Chloroquine (CQ) for Uncomplicated Plasmodium Vivax Monoinfection Malaria[NCT01378286]	Phase 3	380 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Dihydroartimisinine+Papiraquine (Artekin) Compared With First Line Drugs for Treatment of Vivax and Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Afghanistan[NCT00682578]	Phase 3	1,086 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
A Phase III Comparative (Double-blind, Double-dummy) Randomised Multicentre Study to Assess the Safety & Efficacy of Oral Pyronaridine Artesunate (180:60 mg) Versus Chloroquine (155 mg) in Children & Adult Patients With Acute Vivax Malaria[NCT00440999]	Phase 3	456 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Comparison of the Susceptibility of Naive and Pre-immune Volunteers to Infectious Challenge With Viable Plasmodium Vivax Sporozoites.[NCT01585077]	Phase 1/Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of a Vaccine Derived From the Synthetic CS Protein of Plasmodium Vivax[NCT02083068]	Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Evaluating the Efficacy of Chloroquine for the Treatment of Plasmodium Vivax Infections in Central Vietnam[NCT02610686]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Recruiting
Prospective Assessment of Relapse Characteristics of Plasmodium Ovale and Antimalarial Treatment Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine for Mixed Species and Non-falciparum Malaria in Gabon[NCT02528279]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Establishment of a Sporozoite Challenge Model for Plasmodium Vivax in Human Volunteers[NCT01083095]	Early Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Phase 1 and Phase 2a Clinical Trial:Immunization of Human Volunteers With P. Vivax Irradiated Sporozoites[NCT01082341]	Phase 1/Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of Reproducibility of a Sporozoite Challenge Model for Plasmodium Vivax in Human Volunteers[NCT00367380]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
A Multi Center Randomized Open Label Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Chloroquine for the Treatment of Hospitalized Adults With Laboratory Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vietnam[NCT04328493]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-07	Completed
An Open-label Three Arm Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Chlorproguanil / Dapsone (Lapdap) Compared With Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine / Pyrimethamine for the Treatment of Vivax Malaria in Pakistan and Afghanistan[NCT00158561]	Phase 3	750 participants	Interventional	2004-02-29	Completed
A Randomised Non-Inferiority Trial of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Plus Artesunate Compared to Chloroquine for the Treatment of Vivax Malaria in Eastern Afghanistan.[NCT00486694]	Phase 2	190 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Blood samples were collected at indicated time points for pharmacokinetic analysis of tafenoquine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using standard non-compartmental methods. AUC(0-infinity) of tafenoquine was evaluated for participants aged >=2 years to <16 years (weighing >=5 kg). Pharmacokinetic (PK) population consisted of all participants with at least one PK sample taken at Days 3, 15, 29 and 60, with accurate dosing and sample time histories. (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Days 3, 15, 29 and 60 post dose

Number of Participants With Relapse-Free Efficacy at 4 Months

Intervention	Hours*microgram per milliliter (Median)
Tafenoquine 100 mg	85.1
Tafenoquine 150 mg	154.7
Tafenoquine 200 mg	111.4
Tafenoquine 300 mg	120.8

Relapse is defined as positive blood smear with or without vivax malaria symptoms. A participant was considered to have demonstrated relapse-free efficacy if: a) Participant is slide positive for Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) at Baseline. b) Participant showed initial clearance of P. vivax parasitemia defined as a negative slide at or before the Day 29 visit. c) Participant is not slide-positive for P. vivax at any assessment. d) Participant did not take a concomitant medication with anti-malarial activity at any point between Study Day 1 and their last parasite assessment. e) Participant is parasite-free at 4 months defined as a negative asexual P. vivax parasite slide at the first parasite assessment performed during study. Microbiologic-Intent-To-Treat (mITT) Population consisted of all participants who received a dose of study treatment (tafenoquine) and had microscopically-confirmed vivax parasitemia at Baseline. (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: 4 months

Number of Participants With Gastrointestinal Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Tafenoquine 100 mg	12
Tafenoquine 150 mg	4
Tafenoquine 200 mg	20
Tafenoquine 300 mg	17

Number of participants experiencing gastrointestinal adverse events including vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorder, epigastric discomfort and nausea were assessed. Number of participants with gastrointestinal adverse events for each treatment group have been presented. Safety Population consisted of all participants who received at least one dose of study medication (tafenoquine). (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Hemoglobin Decline From Baseline Over First 10 Days

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Vomiting	Abdominal pain	Diarrhea	Gastrointestinal disorder	Epigastric discomfort	Nausea
Tafenoquine 100 mg	2	0	2	0	0	0
Tafenoquine 150 mg	3	0	0	1	0	0
Tafenoquine 200 mg	1	3	1	1	0	0
Tafenoquine 300 mg	6	0	0	0	1	1

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is known to be a risk factor for hemolysis in participants treated with 8-aminoquinolines. Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin decrease of >=30 percent (%) of >30 grams per liter (g/L) from Baseline; or, an overall drop in hemoglobin below 60.0 g/L in the first 15 days of the study were considered as protocol defined serious adverse events (SAEs). Number of participants with hemoglobin decline from Baseline over first 10 days have been presented. Baseline was defined as the latest pre-tafenoquine dose assessment on Day 1. (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 10

Number of Participants With Non-serious Adverse Events (Non-SAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	<=20 g/L	>20 g/L to <=30 g/L	>30 g/L or >=30%
Tafenoquine 100 mg	14	0	0
Tafenoquine 150 mg	5	0	0
Tafenoquine 200 mg	21	1	0
Tafenoquine 300 mg	19	0	0

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant, temporarily associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. An SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, is a congenital anomaly/ birth defect, other situations and is associated with liver injury. (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Worst Case Clinical Chemistry Results Relative to PCI Criteria Post-Baseline Relative to Baseline

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Non-SAEs	SAEs
Tafenoquine 100 mg	10	0
Tafenoquine 150 mg	4	0
Tafenoquine 200 mg	10	0
Tafenoquine 300 mg	13	1

"Blood samples were collected for analysis of clinical chemistry parameters. PCI ranges were >3*ULN international units per liter (IU/L) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), >2.5*ULN IU/L (alkaline phosphatase), >3*ULN IU/L (aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), >1.5*ULN micromoles/L (mcmol/L) (bilirubin), >5*ULN IU/L (creatine kinase [CK]), 3*ULN mcmol/L (creatinine), >1.5*ULN mcmol/L (indirect bilirubin), and >11.067 millimoles/L (urea). Participants were counted in worst case category that their value changes to (low, within range or no change or high), unless there is no change in their category. Participants whose laboratory value category was unchanged (e.g., High to High), or whose value became within range, were recorded in the To within Range or No Change category. Participants were counted twice if participant has values that changed To Low and To High, so the percentages may not add to 100%. Baseline value is the latest pre-Tafenoquine dose assessment on Day 1." (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and up to Day 8

Number of Participants With Worst Case Hematology Results Relative to Potential Clinical Importance (PCI) Criteria Post-Baseline Relative to Baseline

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	ALT: To Low	ALT: To within Range or No Change	ALT: To High	Alkaline phosphatase: To Low	Alkaline phosphatase: To within Range or No Change	Alkaline phosphatase: To High	AST: To Low	AST: To within Range or No Change	AST: To High	Bilirubin: To Low	Bilirubin: To within Range or No Change	Bilirubin: To High	CK: To Low	CK: To within Range or No Change	CK: To High	Creatinine: To Low	Creatinine: To within Range or No Change	Creatinine: To High	Indirect bilirubin: To Low	Indirect bilirubin: To within Range or No Change	Indirect bilirubin: To High	Urea: To Low	Urea: To within Range or No Change	Urea: To High
Tafenoquine 100 mg	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0	0	14	0
Tafenoquine 150 mg	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0
Tafenoquine 200 mg	0	22	0	0	21	1	0	22	0	0	22	0	0	22	0	0	22	0	0	22	0	0	22	0
Tafenoquine 300 mg	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0	0	19	0

"Blood samples were collected for analysis of eosinophils, lymphocytes, platelets and reticulocytes. PCI ranges were >1.5*10^9 (high) cells per liter (cells/L) for eosinophils, <0.5*10^9 cells/L (low) or >4*10^9 cells/L (high) for lymphocytes, <50*10^9 cells/L (low) for platelet count and >1*upper limit of normal (ULN) 10^12 cells/L (high) for reticulocyte count. Participants were counted in worst case category that their value changes to (low, within range or no change or high), unless there is no change in their category. Participants whose laboratory value category was unchanged (e.g., High to High), or whose value became within range, were recorded in To within Range or No Change category. Participants were counted twice if the participant has values that changed 'To Low' and 'To High', so the percentages may not add to 100%. Baseline value is the latest pre-tafenoquine dose assessment on Day 1." (NCT02563496)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and up to Day 8

Participants With Adequate Clinical and Parasitologic Response Among Patients Enrolled

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Eosinophils: To Low	Eosinophils: To within Range or No Change	Eosinophils: To High	Lymphocytes: To Low	Lymphocytes: To within Range or No Change	Lymphocytes: To High	Platelet count: To Low	Platelet count: To within Range or No Change	Platelet count: To High	Reticulocyte count: To Low	Reticulocyte count: To within Range or No Change	Reticulocyte count: To High
Tafenoquine 100 mg	0	12	2	0	9	5	0	14	0	0	13	1
Tafenoquine 150 mg	0	4	1	0	3	2	0	5	0	0	5	0
Tafenoquine 200 mg	0	20	2	0	20	2	0	22	0	0	18	4
Tafenoquine 300 mg	0	18	1	0	16	3	0	19	0	0	15	4

Participants with adequate clinical and parasitologic response among patients enrolled, meaning patients who did not fail treatment by day 168. Those are participants who at day 168 did not present clinical deterioration or presence of parasitemia. (NCT03610399)
Timeframe: 168 days

Participants With Adequate Clinical and Parasitologic Response Among Patients Enrolled

Intervention	participants (Number)
Primaquine Regular Dose Unsupervised	29
Primaquine Regular Dose Supervised	44
Primaquine Double Dose Unsupervised	67

Participants with adequate clinical and parasitologic response among patients enrolled, meaning patients who did not fail treatment by day 28. Those are participants who at day 28 did not present clinical deterioration or presence of parasitemia. (NCT03610399)
Timeframe: 28 days

Participants With Adequate Clinical and Parasitologic Response Based on Microsatellite-corrected Analysis Per Protocol Day 168

Intervention	participants (Number)
Primaquine Regular Dose Unsupervised	61
Primaquine Regular Dose Supervised	88
Primaquine Double Dose Unsupervised	90

Participants with microsatellite-corrected adequate clinical and parasitologic response among patients enrolled, meaning patients who did not fail treatment by day 168. Those are participants who at day 168 did not present clinical deterioration or presence of parasitemia with homologous (same genotype) parasites. (NCT03610399)
Timeframe: 168 days

P. Vivax Blood Collection

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Primaquine Regular Dose Unsupervised	29
Primaquine Regular Dose Supervised	44
Primaquine Double Dose Unsupervised	67

Collection of blood for the production of a P. vivax blood-stage parasite bank from study participants following experimental infection with P. vivax isolate HMPBS02-Pv. (NCT05095272)
Timeframe: Time of enrollment until blood collection for blood-stage parasite bank (10-11 days post-infection)

Number of Participants Who Received Blood Transfusion

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Healthy Malaria-naive US Adults Between 18 and 50 Years of Age	2

The number of participants who received blood transfusion as a result of hemoglobin decline has been summarized. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Acute Renal Failure

Intervention	Participants (Number)
CQ Only	0
TQ + CQ	0
PQ + CQ	0

There were no participants with acute renal failure in the study. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Recurrence-free Efficacy at 4 Months Post Dose

Intervention	Participants (Number)
CQ Only	0
TQ + CQ	0
PQ + CQ	0

A participant (par) was considered to have demonstrated recurrence-free efficacy at 4 months if: a) Par had non-zero P vivax asexual parasite count at Baseline. b) Par showed initial clearance of P vivax parasitemia. c) Par had no positive asexual P vivax parasite count at any assessment prior to or on Study Day 130 following initial parasite clearance. d) Par did not take a concomitant medication with anti-malarial activity at any point between Study Day 1 and their last parasite assessment after Study Day 109 (up to and including Study Day 130). e) Par is parasite-free at 4 months defined as a negative asexual P vivax parasite count at the first parasite assessment performed after Study Day 109 (up to and including Study Day 130). Par were censored if they did not have P.vivax at Baseline, or took a drug with anti-malarial action despite not having malaria parasites or did not have a 4 month assessment. The number of par with recurrence-free efficacy at 4 months has been summarized. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: 4 months post dose

Number of Participants With Recurrence-free Efficacy at 6 Months Post Dose

Intervention	Participants (Number)
CQ Only	47
TQ + CQ	177
PQ + CQ	90

A participant was considered to have demonstrated recurrence-free efficacy at 6 months if: a) Participant had non-zero P vivax asexual parasite count at Baseline. b) Participant showed initial clearance of P vivax parasitemia defined as two negative asexual P vivax parasite counts, with at least 6 hours between the counts, and no positive counts in the interval. c) Participant had no positive asexual P vivax parasite count at any assessment prior to or on Study Day 201 following initial parasite clearance. d) Participant did not take a concomitant medication with anti-malarial activity at any point between Study Day 1 and their last parasite assessment. e) Participant is parasite-free at 6 months. Participants were censored if they did not have P.vivax at Baseline, or took a drug with anti-malarial action despite not having malaria parasites, or did not have a 6 month assessment. The number of participants with recurrence-free efficacy at 6 months has been summarized. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: 6 months post dose

Oral Clearance (CL/F) of TQ

Intervention	Participants (Number)
CQ Only	35
TQ + CQ	155
PQ + CQ	83

Apparent population oral clearance of TQ (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Day 2, Day 8, Day 15, Day 29 and Day 60

Time to Fever Clearance

Intervention	Liters per hour (Median)
Participants in TQ Only Arms	2.96

Fever clearance time was defined as time from first dose of treatment to the time when body temperature falls to normal within Study Days 1-4 and remains normal for at least 48 hours up to the Day 8 visit. Fever clearance was considered to have been achieved once an initial temperature of more than 37.40 degree Celsius is reduced to a value less than or equal to 37.40 degree Celsius and in the absence of value more than 37.40 degree Celsius in the following 48 hours up to the Day 8 visit. The time taken to achieve fever clearance was analyzed using Kaplan Meier Methodology. The median fever clearance time along with 95% confidence interval has been presented for each treatment group. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time to Parasite Clearance

Intervention	Hours (Median)
CQ Only	7
TQ + CQ	7
PQ + CQ	8

Parasite clearance time was defined as time needed to clear asexual parasite from the blood that is, parasite numbers falling below the limit of detection in the thick blood smear and remaining undetectable after 6 to 12 hours. The time taken to achieve parasite clearance was analyzed using Kaplan Meier Methodology. The median parasite clearance time along with 95% confidence interval has been presented for each treatment group. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time to Recurrence of P Vivax Malaria

Intervention	Hours (Median)
CQ Only	43
TQ + CQ	45
PQ + CQ	42

Recurrence was defined as the first confirmed presence of P vivax asexual stage parasites after clearance of initial parasitemia following CQ treatment. Time to recurrence was defined as the time (in days) from initial parasite clearance to recurrence. The time to recurrence was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. NA indicates data was not available due to insufficient number of participants with events during the follow up period in the study. The median number of days to recurrence along with 95% confidence interval has been presented for each treatment group. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Volume of Distribution (Vc/F) of TQ

Intervention	Days (Median)
CQ Only	86
TQ + CQ	NA
PQ + CQ	NA

Apparent population central volume of distribution of TQ (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Day 2, Day 8, Day 15, Day 29 and Day 60

Change From Baseline in Percent Methemoglobin

Intervention	Liters (Median)
Participants in TQ Only Arms	915

Methemoglobin assessment was made with the aid of a non-invasive signal extraction pulse CO-Oximeter handheld machine (Masimo). The change from Baseline in percent methemoglobin by treatment, time and sex has been summarized. The last assessment performed prior to the first dose of study medication (CQ or randomized treatment) was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post baseline assessment minus the Baseline assessment for percent methemoglobin. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 120

Cost Associated With Recurrence Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Intervention	Percent Methemoglobin (Mean)
	Day 2, Male	Day 2, Female	Day 3, Male	Day 3, Female	Day 5, Male	Day 5, Female	Day 8, Male	Day 8, Female	Day 11, Male	Day 11, Female	Day 15, Male	Day 15, Female	Day 22, Male	Day 22, Female	Day 29, Male	Day 29, Female	Day 60, Male	Day 60, Female	Day 120, Male	Day 120, Female
CQ Only	-0.18	-0.22	-0.15	-0.20	-0.28	-0.20	-0.12	-0.16	-0.07	-0.13	0.12	-0.08	0.07	-0.05	-0.10	-0.18	0.44	0.19	0.20	0.10
PQ + CQ	-0.10	-0.01	-0.02	0.11	1.28	0.90	3.01	2.58	3.61	3.41	3.51	3.63	1.96	1.86	0.58	0.49	0.20	0.16	0.37	0.37
TQ + CQ	-0.03	0.10	-0.01	0.26	0.42	1.37	0.98	2.04	1.17	2.13	0.94	1.67	0.54	0.93	0.23	0.24	-0.10	0.03	0.07	-0.03

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the total costs spent on treatment, transport, medication and tests. The cost was summarized according to the place at which the participant went to for care (drug shop, trial clinic, other clinic, hospital (inpatient/outpatient), traditional healer, other). The reported costs by type and by site has been summarized. Where costs have not been reported at a visit, the number of participants analyzed is given as 0. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Cost Associated With Recurrence Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Intervention	US Dollars (USD) (Mean)
	Brazil (Drug shop for care)	Brazil (Enrollment clinic for care)	Brazil (other location for care)	Peru (Drug shop for care)	Peru (Enrollment clinic for care)	Peru (Attended another clinic)	Peru (Other location for care)	Thailand (Drug shop for care)	Thailand (Enrollment clinic for care)	Thailand (In-hospital care)
First Malaria Recurrence	4.76	6.17	4.23	1.47	8.78	2.71	0.72	4.60	19.15	6.13

Cost Incurred With Purchase of Medications Associated With Recurrence Episode of Malaria

Intervention	US Dollars (USD) (Mean)
	Brazil (Enrollment clinic for care)	Peru (Enrollment clinic for care)	Peru (Attended another clinic)	Peru (Other location for care)
First Malaria Recurrence Follow-up	6.15	8.54	3.94	1.30

"Health outcomes were evaluated based on the cost of medications purchased. The reported total medication cost for paracetamol associated with recurrence episode of P vivax malaria has been reported by site. Where costs have not been reported at a visit, the number of participants analyzed is given as 0. Medications recorded as Other and medications without costs are excluded from the analysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed." (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Cost Incurred With Purchase of Medications Associated With Recurrence Episode of Malaria

Intervention	USD (Mean)
	Peru, n=23, 3
First Malaria Recurrence Follow-up	0.32

Incidence of Visual Field Abnormalities Based on Best Corrected Visual Acuity Test Scores

Intervention	USD (Mean)
	Peru, n=23, 3	Brazil, n=6, 0
First Malaria Recurrence	0.49	1.70

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites (Manaus) prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. Best corrected visual acuity was assessed individually for each eye. Scores were recorded as a ratio. The values were used to derive a logMAR score for statistical analysis where logMAR=-1x log10 (ratio score). The mean and standard deviation of logMAR score for each treatment group has been summarized. High scores were associated with worse vision, and low scores with better vision. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Incidence of Visual Field Abnormalities Based on Best Corrected Visual Acuity Test Scores

Intervention	logMAR scores (Mean)
	Baseline; right eye	Baseline; left eye	Day 29; right eye	Day 29; left eye	Day 90; right eye	Day 90; left eye
CQ Only	0.041	0.048	0.039	0.032	0.044	0.041

Number of Participants With Action Taken to Treat Recurrence Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Intervention	logMAR scores (Mean)
	Baseline; right eye	Baseline; left eye	Day 29; right eye	Day 29; left eye	Day 90; right eye	Day 90; left eye	Day 180; right eye	Day 180; left eye
PQ + CQ	0.029	0.048	0.021	0.045	0.016	0.041	0.000	0.000
TQ + CQ	0.046	0.039	0.049	0.032	0.038	0.028	0.033	0.033

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the actions taken by the participants to treat recurrence episode of P vivax malaria. The reported action taken by site is summarized. Where no action by site have been reported at a visit, the number of participants analyzed is given as 0. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Action Taken to Treat Recurrence Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Brazil, Nothing	Brazil, Drug shop	Brazil, Trial clinic	Brazil, Other	Cambodia, Nothing	Ethiopia, Nothing	Ethiopia, Another clinic	Ethiopia, Other	Ethiopia, Trial clinic	Peru, Nothing	Peru, Drug shop	Peru, Trial clinic	Peru, Another clinic	Peru, Other	Thailand, Nothing	Thailand, Drug shop	Thailand, Trial clinic	Thailand, In hospital
First Malaria Recurrence Follow-up	5	0	76	0	14	13	0	0	1	0	0	63	54	1	16	0	0	0

Number of Participants With Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Data Outside the Reference Range

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Brazil, Nothing	Brazil, Drug shop	Brazil, Trial clinic	Brazil, Other	Cambodia, Nothing	Ethiopia, Nothing	Ethiopia, Another clinic	Ethiopia, Other	Ethiopia, Trial clinic	Peru, Nothing	Peru, Drug shop	Peru, Trial clinic	Peru, Another clinic	Peru, Other	Philippines, Nothing	Thailand, Nothing	Thailand, Drug shop	Thailand, Trial clinic	Thailand, In hospital
First Malaria Recurrence	21	2	62	2	13	12	1	1	0	1	8	61	10	15	1	1	1	13	1

Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of clinical chemistry parameters including Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (Alk. Phos), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, creatine kinase, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), indirect bilirubin and urea. The number of participants with clinical chemistry laboratory data outside the extended normal range (F3) was presented. The upper and lower limits for F3 range were defined by multiplying the normal range limits by different factors. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Gastrointestinal Disorders

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	ALT, High	Alk Phos, High	AST, High	Bilirubin, High	Creatine kinase, High	Creatinine, High	GFR, Low	Indirect bilirubin	Urea, High
CQ Only	11	3	5	18	8	0	0	11	42
PQ + CQ	5	1	2	12	8	0	0	8	46
TQ + CQ	10	1	7	23	5	1	1	22	85

Gastrointestinal tolerability was analyzed by the number of par experiencing gastrointestinal disorders such as abdominal pain, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. The number of participants with gastrointestinal disorders for each treatment group has been summarized. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Hematology Laboratory Data Outside the Reference Range

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Nausea	Vomiting	Abdominal pain upper	Diarrhoea	Abdominal pain	Dyspepsia
CQ Only	12	9	13	6	5	5
PQ + CQ	9	11	7	5	6	2
TQ + CQ	21	22	11	15	8	6

Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of hematology parameters including eosinophils, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, reticulocytes and methemoglobin. The number of participants with hematology laboratory data outside the extended normal range (F3) was presented. The upper and lower limits for F3 range were defined by multiplying the normal range limits by different factors. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Hemoglobin Decline From Baseline Over First 29 Days

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Blood eosinophils, High	Blood leukocytes, Low	Blood lymphocytes, Low	Blood lymphocytes, High	Blood neutrophils, Low	Blood platelets, Low	Blood reticulocytes, High	Methemoglobin, High
CQ Only	18	0	7	23	2	14	72	4
PQ + CQ	28	2	0	13	7	15	85	11
TQ + CQ	38	3	4	32	5	35	141	5

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) deficiency is known to be a risk factor for hemolysis in participants treated with 8-aminoquinolines. Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin decreases of >=30% or >3 grams/deciliter (g/dL) from Baseline; or, an overall drop in hemoglobin below 6.0 g/dL in the first 15 days of the study were considered as protocol defined serious adverse events (SAEs). Number of participants with maximum hemoglobin decline from Baseline over first 29 days of study has been summarized. Safety Population consisted of all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study medication. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 29

Number of Participants With Keratopathy

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	<=20 grams/liter (g/L)	>20g/L to <=30 g/L	>30 g/L or >=30%
CQ Only	120	11	2
PQ + CQ	114	12	3
TQ + CQ	214	31	14

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites (Manaus) prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. The number of participants displaying keratopathy in each eye was summarized for each visit. The number of participants with new keratopathy at any time post Baseline was also reported. Ophthalmic Safety Population comprised of all participants in the Safety Population who have results from any eye assessments. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Keratopathy

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline; right eye	Baseline; left eye	Day 1; right eye	Day 1; left eye	Day 29; right eye	Day 29; left eye	Day 90; right eye	Day 90; left eye	Any time post Baseline; right eye	Any time post Baseline; left eye
CQ Only	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites (Manaus) prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. The number of participants displaying keratopathy in each eye was summarized for each visit. The number of participants with new keratopathy at any time post Baseline was also reported. Ophthalmic Safety Population comprised of all participants in the Safety Population who have results from any eye assessments. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Retinal Changes From Baseline

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline; right eye	Baseline; left eye	Day 1; right eye	Day 1; left eye	Day 29; right eye	Day 29; left eye	Day 90; right eye	Day 90; left eye	Day 180; right eye	Day 180; left eye	Any time post Baseline; right eye	Any time post Baseline; left eye
PQ + CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TQ + CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites (Manaus) prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post Baseline assessment minus the Baseline assessment. The number of participants with definite retinal change and questionable (ques) retinal change from Baseline was presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Retinal Changes From Baseline

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Day 29, Definite change, right eye	Day 29, Ques change, right eye	Day 29, Definite change, left eye	Day 29, Ques change, left eye	Day 90, Definite change, right eye	Day 90, Ques change, right eye	Day 90, Definite change, left eye	Day 90, Ques change, left eye	Day 180, Definite change, right eye	Day 180, Ques change, right eye	Day 180, Definite change, left eye	Day 180, Ques change, left eye
CQ Only	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
TQ + CQ	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites (Manaus) prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post Baseline assessment minus the Baseline assessment. The number of participants with definite retinal change and questionable (ques) retinal change from Baseline was presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Number of Participants With TEAEs and Serious TEAEs

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Day 29, Definite change, right eye	Day 29, Ques change, right eye	Day 29, Definite change, left eye	Day 29, Ques change, left eye	Day 90, Definite change, right eye	Day 90, Ques change, right eye	Day 90, Definite change, left eye	Day 90, Ques change, left eye
PQ + CQ	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	2

An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant under clinical investigation, temporarily associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, is a congenital anomaly/ birth defect, other situations and is associated with possible drug induced liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia. TEAEs is defined as AEs with an onset date and time on or after that of the start of first dose of study medication (including CQ). Number of participants with TEAEs and serious TEAEs have been presented. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With TEAEs by Maximum Intensity

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	TEAEs	Serious TEAEs
CQ Only	86	6
PQ + CQ	76	4
TQ + CQ	164	21

An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant under clinical investigation, temporarily associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. TEAE is defined as AEs with an onset date and time on or after that of the start of first dose of study medication (including CQ). Number of participants with AEs based on severity has been presented. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) Potentially Related to Hemoglobin Decrease

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Mild or Grade 1	Moderate or Grade 2	Severe or Grade 3	Grade 4	Grade 5
CQ Only	30	52	3	1	0
PQ + CQ	38	37	1	0	0
TQ + CQ	70	89	2	0	1

TEAEs are defined as adverse events (AEs) with an onset date and time on or after that of the start of first dose of study medication (including CQ). The number of participants with TEAEs potentially related to hemoglobin decrease has been presented. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time Lost by Participants or Care Givers From Normal Occupation

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Haemoglobin decreased	Fatigue	Hyperbilirubinaemia	Pallor
CQ Only	2	2	1	0
PQ + CQ	2	0	0	0
TQ + CQ	14	1	0	1

Health outcomes were evaluated based on total time lost by participants or care givers due to an episode of malaria. The reported time lost due to recurrence episode of P vivax malaria has been summarized by category and by site. Where categories by site have not been reported at a visit, the number of participants analyzed is given as 0. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT01376167)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time Lost by Participants or Care Givers From Normal Occupation

Intervention	Days (Number)
	Brazil, Housework	Brazil, Farming	Brazil, paid employment	Brazil, Other	Cambodia, Farming	Ethiopia, Housework	Ethiopia, Farming	Ethiopia, Student	Ethiopia, Paid employment	Ethiopia, Other	Peru, Housework	Peru, Farming	Peru, Student	Peru, Paid employment	Peru, Other	Thailand, paid employment	Thailand, Other
First Malaria Recurrence Follow-up	0	0	0	5	24	3	3	0	4	7	29	28	6	8.5	32	0	0

Cost Associated With a Hemolysis Event

Intervention	Days (Number)
	Brazil, Housework	Brazil, Farming	Brazil, paid employment	Brazil, Other	Cambodia, Farming	Ethiopia, Housework	Ethiopia, Farming	Ethiopia, Student	Ethiopia, Paid employment	Ethiopia, Other	Peru, Housework	Peru, Farming	Peru, Student	Peru, Paid employment	Peru, Other	Philippines, Farming	Thailand, paid employment	Thailand, Other
First Malaria Recurrence	1	8	8	3	17	4	2.5	3	2	1	24	19	1	6	26	0	20	1

Health outcomes were evaluated based on cost incurred due to clinically relevant hemolysis. The total cost was evaluated based on the amount spent on treatment, transport, medication and test. The costs associated with hemolysis event has been presented. The aim of this outcome measure was to determine the cost to a participant due to an event of hemolysis, regardless of treatment received in the study. It was not expected there would be major cost differences with hemoglobin decrease between the treatment arms. This was pre-specified in the statistical analysis plan. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Cost Incurred With Purchase of Medications Associated With Hemolysis Event

Intervention	USD (Mean)
Participants With Clinically Relevant Hemolysis	9.174

"Health outcomes were evaluated based on the cost of medications purchased. The total medication cost associated with hemolysis event has been presented. Medications recorded as Other and medications without costs are excluded from the analysis. The aim of this outcome measure was to determine the cost to a participant due to an event of hemolysis, regardless of treatment received in the study. It was not expected there would be major cost differences with hemoglobin decrease between the treatment arms. This was pre-specified in the statistical analysis plan." (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants or Care Givers Who Had Taken Time Off From Normal Occupation Due to a Hemolysis Event

Intervention	USD (Mean)
Participants With Clinically Relevant Hemolysis	0

Health outcomes were evaluated based on total time lost by participants or care givers due to a hemolysis event. The number of participants or care givers who took days off from work due to a hemolysis event has been presented based on the normal occupation. The aim of this outcome measure was to determine the time taken off by participants due to an event of hemolysis, regardless of treatment received in the study. It was not expected there would be major differences in time taken off by participants with hemoglobin decrease between the treatment arms. This was pre-specified in the statistical analysis plan. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Action Taken to Treat a Hemolysis Event

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Participants With Clinically Relevant Hemolysis	0

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the actions taken by the participants to treat hemolysis events. The number of participants in Brazil who attended the trial clinic to treat a hemolysis event has been presented. The aim of this outcome measure was to determine the action taken by a participant due to an event of hemolysis, regardless of treatment received in the study. It was not expected there would be major differences in action taken by the participants with hemoglobin decrease between the treatment arms. This was pre-specified in the statistical analysis plan. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With P. Falciparum

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Participants With Clinically Relevant Hemolysis	1

Microscopic blood slides (two thick film and one thin film slide) were prepared and examined for asexual parasite count. The number of participants with positive P. falciparum asexual parasite count post Baseline has been summarized for each treatment arm. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Recrudescence

Recrudescence is defined as any P. vivax parasitemia occurring on or before Day 32 (that is, blood stage treatment failure). A participant was considered to have had a recrudescence if both of the following were true: a) Participant had a positive P. vivax asexual parasite count at Baseline and demonstrated clearance (that is, did not have two negative asexual P. vivax parasite counts, with at least 6 hours between the counts, and no positive counts in the interval). b) Participant had a positive genetically homologous asexual P. vivax parasite count, after their zero count in Days 1 to 5, but on or before Study Day 32. The number of participants with recrudescence before Study Day 33 has been presented. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 32

Oral Clearance (CL/F) of TQ

Apparent population oral clearance of TQ (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Day 2, Day 3, Day 8, Day 15, Day 29, Day 60 and Day 180

Percentage of Participants With Clinically Relevant Hemolysis.

Clinically relevant hemolysis is defined as a decrease in hemoglobin of >=30% or >3 grams per deciliter (g/dL) from Baseline; or, an overall drop in hemoglobin below 6.0 g/dL at any visit after the first dose of study medication. The percentage of participants with clinically relevant hemolysis has been summarized. Safety Population comprised of all randomized participants who received at least one dose of blinded study medication. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Rate of Relapse-free Efficacy at Four Months Post Dose

A participant was considered to have demonstrated recurrence-free efficacy at 4 months if: a) Participant had non-zero P. vivax asexual parasite count at Baseline. b) Participant showed initial clearance of P. vivax parasitemia. c) Participant had no positive asexual P. vivax parasite count at any assessment prior to or on Study Day 130 following initial parasite clearance. d) Participant did not take a concomitant medication with anti-malarial activity at any point between Study Day 1 and their last parasite assessment after Study Day 109 (up to and including Study Day 130). e) Participant is parasite-free at 4 months. The rate of relapse-free efficacy was estimated by Kaplan-Meier methodology. The percentage of participants who were relapse-free at 4 months post dose has been presented along with 95% confidence interval. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: 4 months post dose

Rate of Relapse-free Efficacy at Six Months Post Dose

A participant was considered to have demonstrated relapse-free efficacy at 6 months if: a) Participant had non-zero P. vivax asexual parasite count at Baseline. b) Participant showed initial clearance of P. vivax parasitemia defined as two negative asexual P. vivax parasite counts, with at least 6 hours between the counts, and no positive counts in the interval. c) Participant had no positive asexual P. vivax parasite count at any assessment prior to or on Study Day 201 following initial parasite clearance. d) Participant did not take a concomitant medication with anti-malarial activity at any point between Study Day 1 and their last parasite assessment. e) Participant is parasite-free at 6 months. The rate of relapse-free efficacy was estimated by Kaplan-Meier methodology. The percentage of participants who were relapse-free at 6 months post dose has been presented along with 95% confidence interval. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: 6 months post dose

Time to Fever Clearance

Fever clearance time is defined as the time from first dose of treatment to the time when body temperature falls to normal within Study Days 1-4 and remains normal for at least 48 hours up to the Day 8 visit. Fever clearance was considered to have been achieved once an initial temperature of more than 37.4 degree Celsius is reduced to a value less than or equal to 37.4 degree Celsius, in the absence of value more than 37.4 degree Celsius in the following 48 hours up to the Day 8 visit. The time taken to achieve fever clearance was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 9

Time to Gametocyte Clearance

Gametocyte clearance time is defined as time from first dose until the first slide that was gametocyte negative and remained so at the next slide reading. The time taken to achieve gametocyte clearance was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time to Parasite Clearance

Parasite clearance time is defined as time needed to clear asexual parasite from the blood that is, parasite numbers falling below the limit of detection in the thick blood smear and remaining undetectable after 6 to 12 hours later. The time to achieve parasite clearance was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier methodology. The median parasite clearance time along with 95% confidence interval has been presented for each treatment group. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Time to Relapse of P. Vivax Malaria

Relapse is defined by a positive blood smear with or without vivax symptoms. Relapse is described as any recurrence of malaria that occurred after Day 32 of the study. The time to relapse was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. The median number of days to relapse along with 95% confidence interval has been presented for each treatment group. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Volume of Distribution (Vc/F) of TQ

Apparent population central volume of distribution of TQ (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Day 2, Day 3, Day 8, Day 15, Day 29, Day 60 and Day 180

Change From Baseline in Percent Methemoglobin

Methemoglbin is an oxidized and inactive form of hemoglobin. Methemoglobin assessment was made with the aid of a non-invasive signal extraction pulse CO-Oximeter handheld machine. The change from Baseline in percent methemoglobin by treatment, time and sex has been summarized. The latest pre-treatment assessment where treatment is their first dose of study medication (CQ/PQ/TQ/Placebo) was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline is the value at post dose visit minus the Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 120

Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate

Vital signs were measured twice a day on Days 1 through 3, at least 4 hours apart, and immediately prior to PK measurements. The mean and standard deviation of pulse rate has been presented. The values presented does not include Day 3 assessments for participant number 570. Baseline value is defined as the latest pre-treatment assessment where treatment is their first dose of study medication (CQ/PQ/TQ/Placebo). Change from Baseline is the value at post dose minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Vital signs were measured twice a day on Days 1 through 3, at least 4 hours apart, and immediately prior to pharmacokinetic (PK) measurements. MAP was calculated as the sum of SBP and two times DBP divided by 3. The mean and standard deviation of SBP, DBP and MAP has been presented. The values presented does not include Day 3 assessments for participant number 570. Baseline value is defined as the latest pre-treatment assessment where treatment is their first dose of study medication (CQ/PQ/TQ/Placebo). Change from Baseline is the value at post dose minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Change From Baseline in Temperature

Vital signs were performed twice a day on Days 1 through 3, at least 4 hours apart, and immediately prior to PK measurements. The mean and standard deviation of pulse rate has been presented. The values presented does not include Day 3 assessments for participant number 570. Baseline value is defined as the latest pre-treatment assessment where treatment is their first dose of study medication (CQ/PQ/TQ/Placebo). Change from Baseline is the value at post dose minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Cost Associated With Relapse Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the total costs spent on treatment, transport, medication and tests. The cost was summarized according to the place at which the participant went to for care (drug shop, trial clinic, other clinic, hospital emergency center, other). The costs associated with a relapse episode of P. vivax malaria has been presented. Participants may be represented in more than one category, so the total number of participants may be less than the number quoted. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Cost Associated With Relapse Episode of P Vivax Malaria

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the total costs spent on treatment, transport, medication and tests. The cost was summarized according to the place at which the participant went to for care (drug shop, trial clinic, other clinic, hospital emergency center, other). The costs associated with a relapse episode of P. vivax malaria has been presented. Participants may be represented in more than one category, so the total number of participants may be less than the number quoted. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Cost Incurred With Purchase of Medications Associated With Relapse Episode of P. Vivax Malaria

"Health outcomes were evaluated based on the cost of medications purchased. The total medication cost for paracetamol associated with relapse episode of P vivax malaria has been presented. Medications recorded as Other and medications without costs are excluded from the analysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title)." (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants or Care Givers Who Had Taken Time Off From Normal Occupation Due to Relapse Episode of Malaria

Health outcomes were evaluated based on total time lost by participants or care givers due to an episode of malaria. The number of participants or care givers who had taken off from their normal occupation due to relapse episode of P vivax malaria has been presented by country. Participants may be represented in more than one category, so the total number of participants may be less than the number quoted. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants or Care Givers Who Had Taken Time Off From Normal Occupation Due to Relapse Episode of Malaria

Number of Participants With Abnormal Urinalysis Dipstick Results

Mid-stream urine was collected and analyzed for bilirubin, glucose, ketones, leukocyte esterase (LE), nitrites, occult blood, proteins and urobilinogen by dipstick method. The number of participants with abnormal urinalysis results (Trace, +, ++, +++, ++++) has been presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Action Taken to Treat Relapse Episode of P. Vivax Malaria

Health outcomes were evaluated based on the actions taken by the participants to treat relapse episode of P vivax malaria. The number of participants with the type of action taken to treat relapse episode of P vivax malaria has been presented by country. Participants may be represented in more than one category, so the total number of participants may be less than the number quoted. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Change in Best Corrected Visual Acuity Test Scores

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. Change from Baseline is the value at post dose visit minus the Baseline value. Best corrected visual acuity was assessed individually for each eye. Scores were recorded as a ratio. The values were used to derive a logMAR score for statistical analysis where logMAR=-1x log10 (ratio score). The number of participants with change in Best Corrected Visual Acuity Test Scores from Baseline has been presented where possible change is defined as a change from Baseline >=0.12 to <0.3 and definite change is defined as a change from Baseline >=0.3 logMAR score. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Data Outside the Reference Range

Plasma or serum samples were anlalyzed to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, creatine kinase, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), indirect bilirubin and urea. The number of participants with clinical chemistry laboratory values outside the extended normal range (F3) has been presented. The upper and lower limits for F3 range were defined by multiplying the normal range limits by different factors. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment. Safety Population consisted of all randomized participants who received at least one dose of blinded study medication. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings

12 lead ECG was performed with the participant in a semi-supine position having rested in this position for at least 10 minutes. ECG assessments were performed in triplicate at screening followed by single ECGs 12 hours after the first dose of study medication and at Day 29. The number of participants with abnormal-clinically significant ECG findings have been presented. The 12 Hour Post Randomized Treatment (11.5-12.5 Hours) timepoint included all readings taken between 11.5 and 12.5 hours post randomized treatment. The 12 Hour Post Randomized Treatment (8-72 Hours) timepoint is a sensitivity analysis of the 12 Hour post randomized treatment timepoint, including all readings taken between 8 and 72 hours post randomized treatment. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 29

Number of Participants With Genetically Homologous and Genetically Heterologous P. Vivax Infections

Two drops of peripheral blood were collected onto pre-printed filter paper for subsequent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Plasmodium species on all participants at screening (Day 1; pre-dose) and; if necessary, at the time of the first recrudescence/relapse or re-infection. PCR of the P. vivax genes, was used to distinguish between genetically homologous and genetically heterologous infection. The number of participants with genetically homologous and genetically heterologous P. vivax infections has been summarized for each treatment group. Only those participants with an infection occuring on or after Study Day 33 were analyzed. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Hematology Laboratory Data Outside the Reference Range

Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of hematology parameters including eosinophils, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, reticulocytes and methemoglobin. The number of participants with hematology laboratory data outside the extended normal range (F3) has been presented. The upper and lower limits for F3 range were defined by multiplying the normal range limits by different factors. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment. Participants having both High and Low values for Normal Ranges at any post-baseline visits for safety parameters were counted in both the High and Low categories. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 120

Number of Participants With Keratopathy

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal follow-up visit. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 (and up to resolution) if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. The number of participants displaying keratopathy in each eye has been summarized for each visit. The number of participants with new keratopathy at any time post Baseline is also reported. Ophthalmic Safety Population comprised of all participants in the Safety Population who have results from any eye assessments. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Retinal Changes From Baseline

Ophthalmic assessments were carried out at pre-qualified sites prior to randomization and at Days 29 and 90 and at withdrawal follow-up. Assessments were carried out at Day 180 (and up to resolution) if the Day 90 assessments showed abnormalities. The last assessment performed on the day of randomization or earlier was considered Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated as the value at post dose visit minus the Baseline value. The number of participants with definite retinal change and questionable (ques) retinal change from Baseline has been presented. The number of participants with maximum change post-Baseline (definite when absent or questionable at Baseline) has been presented for either eye. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n=X in category title). (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 180

Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious TEAEs

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant under clinical investigation, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, is a congenital anomaly/ birth defect, other situations such as important medical events and events of possible drug induced liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia. TEAEs are defined as AEs with an onset date and time on or after that of the start of first dose of study medication (including CQ). Number of participants with TEAEs and serious TEAEs have been presented. (NCT02216123)
Timeframe: Up to Day 180

Fever Clearance Time

Fever clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to the first normal reading of temperature (<37.5°C for axillary/tympanic or <38°C for oral/rectal) for 2 consecutive normal temperature readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Days 0 to 42

Parasite Clearance Time

Parasite clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to the time of first blood draw with parasite clearance. Parasite clearance is defined as zero presence of asexual parasites for 2 consecutive negative readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Days 0 to 42

Crude Cure Rate on Day 14

Cure rate on Day 14 is defined as the absence of P. vivax parasitaemia on Day 14 irrespective of temperature (axillary, oral, tympanic, rectal) without previously meeting any of the criteria of treatment failure throughout the follow-up period. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 14

Crude Cure Rate on Days 21 and 28.

Cure on Day 21 and 28 is defined as the absence of P. vivax parasitaemia on Day 21 and 28 irrespective of temperature (axillary, oral, tympanic, rectal) without previously meeting any of the criteria of treatment failure throughout the follow-up period. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 21 and 28

Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Number of participants with adverse events, including clinically significant laboratory results, ECG, vital signs or physical examination abnormalities. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 0 to 42. Subjects experiencing AEs at Day 42 were followed for up to 30 days after the end of study or resolution of the event, whichever was earlier

Percentage of Subjects With Crude and PCR-corrected Cure Rate on Day 42

Cure on Day 42 is defined as the absence of P. vivax parasitaemia on Day 42 irrespective of temperature (axillary, oral, tympanic, rectal) without previously meeting any of the criteria of treatment failure throughout the follow-up period. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 42

Percentage of Subjects With Fever Clearance on Days 1, 2, and 3

Percentage of subjects with fever clearance on Day 1 (24 hours after first dose), Day 2 (48 hours after first dose), and Day 3 (72 hours after first dose). (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 1, 2, and 3

Percentage of Subjects With Parasite Clearance on Days 1, 2, and 3

Percentage of subjects with parasite clearance on Day 1 (24 hours after first dose), Day 2 (48 hours after first dose), and Day 3 (72 hours after first dose). (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Days 1, 2, and 3

Percentage of Subjects With PCR-corrected Cure Rate on Days 14, 21, and 28

Cure on Days 14, 21, and 28 is defined as the absence of P. vivax parasitaemia on Days 14, 21, and 28 irrespective of temperature (axillary, oral, tympanic, rectal) without previously meeting any of the criteria of treatment failure throughout the follow-up period. (NCT00440999)
Timeframe: Day 14, 21, and 28

Infection for P. Vivax

Thick blood smear was performed to patients daily on days 7 to 23, and every other day until day 29. Any prove of P. vivax infection was considered positive and confirmed later by real time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR). (NCT00367380)
Timeframe: Twenty eight days

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
TQ+CQ	2.41
PQ+CQ	1.18

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
TQ+CQ	82.3
PQ+CQ	79.7

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
TQ+CQ	72.7
PQ+CQ	75.1

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Day 2, Male, n=114, 53	Day 2, Female, n=52, 32	Day 3, Male, n=114, 53	Day 3, Female, n=52, 32	Day 5, Male, n=113, 53	Day 5, Female, n=52, 32	Day 8, Male, n=112, 52	Day 8, Female, n=52, 32	Day 11, Male, n=112, 52	Day 11, Female, n=51, 32	Day 15, Male, n=113, 52	Day 15, Female, n=52, 32	Day 22, Male, n=112, 52	Day 22, Female, n=52, 32	Day 29, Male, n=111, 52	Day 29, Female, n=52, 32	Day 60, Male, n=107, 51	Day 60, Female, n=52, 32	Day 120, Male, n=109, 50	Day 120, Female, n=50, 31
PQ+CQ	0.02	-0.06	0.03	0.17	0.89	1.32	2.63	2.81	3.30	3.44	3.26	3.61	1.58	2.30	0.46	0.84	0.20	0.14	-0.01	0.04
TQ+CQ	0.02	-0.16	0.18	0.08	0.77	0.63	1.22	1.00	1.16	1.04	1.01	0.81	0.61	0.32	0.24	-0.02	0.05	-0.09	0.06	0.14

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
	Day 1 assessment 4; n=161, 84	Day 2 assessment 1; n=166, 85	Day 2 assessment 4; n=166, 85	Day 3 assessment 1; n=166, 83	Day 3 assessment 4; n=166, 82	Day 8; n=164, 84	Day 11; n=163, 84	Day15; n=165, 84	Day 22; n=164, 84	Day 29; n=163, 84	Day 60; n=160, 83	Day 90; n=160, 82	Day 120; n=159, 81	Day 150; n=161, 82	Day180; n=160, 83
PQ+CQ	-9.3	-9.9	-11.8	-18.2	-17.5	-14.6	-15.5	-16.9	-16.8	-17.5	-18.5	-18.6	-19.1	-17.9	-18.3
TQ+CQ	-10.8	-9.9	-11.9	-15.1	-16.5	-12.7	-13.4	-13.5	-14.7	-16.9	-16.7	-16.3	-16.7	-16.8	-18.0

Intervention	millimeter of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
	SBP, Day 1 assessment 4; n=161, 84	SBP, Day 2 assessment 1; n=166, 85	SBP, Day 2 assessment 4; n=166, 85	SBP, Day 3 assessment 1; n=166, 83	SBP, Day 3 assessment 4; n=166, 82	SBP, Day 8; n=164, 84	SBP, Day 11; n=163, 84	SBP, Day15; n=165, 84	SBP, Day 22; n=164, 84	SBP, Day 29; n=163, 84	SBP, Day 60; n=160, 83	SBP, Day 90; n=160, 82	SBP, Day 120; n=159, 81	SBP, Day 150; n=161, 82	SBP, Day180; n=160, 83	DBP, Day 1 assessment 4; n=161, 84	DBP, Day 2 assessment 1; n=166, 85	DBP, Day 2 assessment 4; n=166, 85	DBP, Day 3 assessment 1; n=166, 83	DBP, Day 3 assessment 4; n=166, 82	DBP, Day 8; n=164, 84	DBP, Day 11; n=163, 84	DBP, Day15; n=165, 84	DBP, Day 22; n=164, 84	DBP, Day 29; n=163, 84	DBP, Day 60; n=160, 83	DBP, Day 90; n=160, 82	DBP, Day 120; n=159, 81	DBP, Day 150; n=161, 82	DBP, Day180; n=160, 83	MAP, Day 1 assessment 4; n=161, 84	MAP, Day 2 assessment 1; n=166, 85	MAP, Day 2 assessment 4; n=166, 85	MAP, Day 3 assessment 1; n=166, 83	MAP, Day 3 assessment 4; n=166, 82	MAP, Day 8; n=164, 84	MAP, Day 11; n=163, 84	MAP, Day15; n=165, 84	MAP, Day 22; n=164, 84	MAP, Day 29; n=163, 84	MAP, Day 60; n=160, 83	MAP, Day 90; n=160, 82	MAP, Day 120; n=159, 81	MAP, Day 150; n=161, 82	MAP, Day180; n=160, 83
PQ+CQ	-0.9	-2.3	-2.7	-2.1	-2.2	0.8	1.2	2.5	2.9	4.4	4.3	5.3	3.1	4.9	5.7	-1.5	-2.2	-2.6	-1.3	-1.9	1.1	-0.5	0.4	1.3	1.5	1.9	3.5	2.4	4.1	3.7	-1.3	-2.2	-2.6	-1.6	-2.0	1.0	0.1	1.1	1.8	2.4	2.7	4.1	2.6	4.4	4.4
TQ+CQ	1.2	0.4	-0.8	-0.6	-2.7	2.2	1.3	3.2	3.3	2.6	4.4	3.8	3.8	4.4	3.7	1.1	-0.1	-0.8	-0.2	-1.9	0.9	-0.0	1.5	1.2	0.9	3.1	2.7	3.3	3.2	2.9	1.1	0.0	-0.8	-0.3	-2.2	1.3	0.4	2.0	1.9	1.5	3.5	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.2

Intervention	US Dollars (USD) (Mean)
	Brazil; enrollment clinic for care; n=19, 17	Colombia; hospital emergency center; n=1,1	Peru; enrollment clinic for care; n=32, 33	Peru; attended another clinic; n=8, 30	Thailand; enrollment clinic for care; n=0, 1	Vietnam; drug shop for care;n=1, 2	Vietnam; attended another clinic; n=0, 1
First Malaria Relapse Follow-up	8.032	16.775	8.815	3.959	1.534	2.809	0.936

Intervention	US Dollars (USD) (Mean)
	Brazil; enrollment clinic for care; n=19, 17	Colombia; enrollment clinic for care; n=1,0	Colombia; attended another clinic; n=1,0	Colombia; hospital emergency center; n=1,1	Peru; enrollment clinic for care; n=32, 33	Peru; attended another clinic; n=8, 30	Peru; Other; n=8, 0	Vietnam; drug shop for care;n=1, 2	Vietnam; Other; n=1, 0
First Malaria Relapse	8.208	42.776	4.194	16.775	9.244	1.677	0.818	0.702	1.873

Intervention	USD (Mean)
	Colombia; n=2, 1	Peru; n=6, 2	Vietnam; n=1, 1
First Malaria Relapse	2.516	0.491	0.468
First Malaria Relapse Follow-up	4.194	0.327	2.341

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Brazil; Housework; n=2, 1	Brazil; Farming; n=1, 1	Brazil; Student; n=1, 1	Brazil; Paid employment; n=7, 7	Brazil; Other; n=8, 7	Colombia; Farming; n=2, 2	Colombia; Paid employment; n=1, 1	Peru; Housework; n=18, 18	Peru, Farming; n=4, 4	Peru; Student; n=3, 3	Peru; Paid employment; n=1, 1	Peru; Other; n=7, 7	Thailand; Farming; n=1, 1	Vietnam; Farming; n=4, 4	Vietnam; Paid employment; n=0, 3
First Malaria Relapse Follow-up	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	15	4	2	1	6	1	1	2

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Bilirubin, Day 1, Trace	Bilirubin, Day 1, +	Bilirubin, Day1, ++	Bilirubin, Day 3, +	Bilirubin, Day 3, ++	Bilirubin, Day 5, Trace	Bilirubin, Day 5, +	Bilirubin, Day 8, +	Bilirubin, Day 11, Trace	Bilirubin, Day 22, Trace	Bilirubin, Day 22, +	Bilirubin, Day 60, Trace	Bilirubin, Day 60, +	Bilirubin, Day 90, +	Bilirubin, Day 120, +	Glucose, Day 1, +	Glucose, Day 1, ++	Glucose, Day1, +++	Glucose, Day1, ++++	Glucose, Day 3, +	Glucose, Day 3, ++	Glucose, Day 3, +++	Glucose, Day 3, ++++	Glucose, Day 5, ++	Glucose, Day 5, +++	Glucose, Day 8, +	Glucose, Day 8, ++	Glucose, Day 8,+++	Glucose, Day 11, Trace	Glucose, Day 11, +	Glucose, Day 11, ++	Glucose, Day 11, +++	Glucose, Day 15, ++	Glucose, Day 15, +++	Glucose, Day 15, ++++	Glucose, Day 22, +	Glucose, Day 22, +++	Glucose, Day 29, Trace	Glucose, Day 29, ++	Glucose, Day 60, +	Glucose, Day 60, ++	Glucose, Day 90, +	Glucose, Day 90, ++	Glucose, Day 90, +++	Glucose, Day 120, Trace	Glucose, Day 120, +	Glucose, Day 120, ++	Glucose, Day 120, +++	Glucose, Day 120, ++++	Ketones, Day 1, Trace	Ketones, Day 1, +	Ketones, Day1, ++	Ketones, Day1, +++	Ketones, Day 3, Trace	Ketones, Day 3, +	Ketones, Day 3, ++	Ketones, Day 3, +++	Ketones, Day 5, +	Ketones, Day 8, +	Ketones, Day 11, Trace	Ketones, Day 22, Trace	Ketones, Day 22, +	Ketones, Day 90, Trace	Ketones, Day 90, +	Ketones, Day 90, ++	Ketones, Day 120, Trace	Ketones, Day 120, +	Ketones, Day 120, ++	LE, Day 1, Trace	LE, Day 1, +	LE, Day1, ++	LE, Day1, +++	LE, Day 3, Trace	LE, Day 3, +	LE, Day 3, ++	LE, Day 3, +++	LE, Day 5, Trace	LE, Day 5, +	LE, Day 5, ++	LE, Day 5, +++	LE, Day 8, Trace	LE, Day 8, +	LE, Day 8, ++	LE, Day 8, +++	LE, Day 11, Trace	LE, Day 11, +	LE, Day 11, ++	LE, Day 11, +++	LE, Day 15, Trace	LE, Day 15, +	LE, Day 15, ++	LE, Day 15, +++	LE, Day 22, Trace	LE, Day 22, +	LE, Day 22, ++	LE, Day 22, +++	LE, Day 29, Trace	LE, Day 29, +	LE, Day 29, ++	LE, Day 29, +++	LE, Day 60, Trace	LE, Day 60, +	LE, Day 60, ++	LE, Day 60, +++	LE, Day 90, Trace	LE, Day 90, +	LE, Day 90, ++	LE, Day 90, +++	LE, Day 120, Trace	LE, Day 120, +	LE, Day 120, ++	LE, Day 120, +++	Nitrite, Day 1, Trace	Nitrite, Day 1, +	Nitrite, Day 3, +	Nitrite, Day 5, +	Nitrite, Day 5, +++	Nitrite, Day 8, +++	Nitrite, Day 11, +	Nitrite, Day 15, +	Nitrite, Day 22, Trace	Nitrite, Day 29, +	Nitrite, Day 60, +	Nitrite, Day 90, Trace	Nitrite, Day 90, +	Nitrite, Day 120, +	Nitrite, Day 120, ++	Occult blood, Day 1, Trace	Occult blood, Day 1, +	Occult blood, Day 1, ++	Occult blood, Day1, +++	Occult blood, Day1, ++++	Occult blood, Day 3, Trace	Occult blood, Day 3, +	Occult blood, Day 3, ++	Occult blood, Day 3, +++	Occult blood, Day 3, ++++	Occult blood, Day 5, Trace	Occult blood, Day 5, +	Occult blood, Day 5, ++	Occult blood, Day 5, +++	Occult blood, Day 5, ++++	Occult blood, Day 8, Trace	Occult blood, Day 8, +	Occult blood, Day 8, ++	Occult blood, Day 8,+++	Occult blood, Day 11, Trace	Occult blood, Day 11, +	Occult blood, Day 11, ++	Occult blood, Day 11, +++	Occult blood, Day 11, ++++	Occult blood, Day 15, Trace	Occult blood, Day 15, +	Occult blood, Day 15, ++	Occult blood, Day 15, +++	Occult blood, Day 15, ++++	Occult blood, Day 22, Trace	Occult blood, Day 22, +	Occult blood, Day 22, ++	Occult blood, Day 22, +++	Occult blood, Day 22, ++++	Occult blood, Day 29, Trace	Occult blood, Day 29, +	Occult blood, Day 29, ++	Occult blood, Day 29, +++	Occult blood, Day 29, ++++	Occult blood, Day 60, Trace	Occult blood, Day 60, +	Occult blood, Day 60, ++	Occult blood, Day 60, +++	Occult blood, Day 60, ++++	Occult blood, Day 90, Trace	Occult blood, Day 90, +	Occult blood, Day 90, ++	Occult blood, Day 90, +++	Occult blood, Day 90, ++++	Occult blood, Day 120, Trace	Occult blood, Day 120, +	Occult blood, Day 120, ++	Occult blood, Day 120, +++	Occult blood, Day 120, ++++	Protein, Day 1, Trace	Protein, Day 1, +	Protein, Day1, ++	Protein, Day 3, Trace	Protein, Day 3, +	Protein, Day 3, ++	Protein, Day 5, Trace	Protein, Day 5, +	Protein, Day 5, ++	Protein, Day 8, Trace	Protein, Day 8, +	Protein, Day 8,++	Protein, Day 11, Trace	Protein, Day 11, +	Protein, Day 11, ++	Protein, Day 15, +	Protein, Day 15, ++	Protein, Day 22, Trace	Protein, Day 22, +	Protein, Day 22, ++	Protein, Day 29, Trace	Protein, Day 29, +	Protein, Day 29, ++	Protein, Day 60, Trace	Protein, Day 60, +	Protein, Day 60, ++	Protein, Day 90, Trace	Protein Day 90, +	Protein, Day 120, Trace	Protein, Day 120, +	Protein, Day 120, ++	Urobilinogen, Day 1, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 1, +	Urobilinogen, Day1, ++	Urobilinogen, Day1, +++	Urobilinogen, Day 3, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 3, +	Urobilinogen, Day 3, ++	Urobilinogen Day 3, +++	Urobilinogen, Day 3, ++++	Urobilinogen, Day 5, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 5, +	Urobilinogen, Day 8, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 8, +	Urobilinogen, Day 8, ++	Urobilinogen, Day 8,+++	Urobilinogen, Day 11, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 11, +	Urobilinogen, Day 11, ++	Urobilinogen, Day 15, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 15, +	Urobilinogen, Day 15, ++	Urobilinogen, Day 22, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 29, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 29, +	Urobilinogen, Day 60, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 60, +	Urobilinogen, Day 90, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 90, +	Urobilinogen, Day 120, Trace	Urobilinogen, Day 120, +	Urobilinogen, Day 120, ++
PQ+CQ	1	2	0	3	0	0	0	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	3	1	1	1	2	1	1	3	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	0	1	2	1	0	2	4	1	1	1	1	0	1	2	2	0	0	2	3	1	1	3	2	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	9	2	2	0	5	1	0	1	4	2	2	3	4	1	2	2	3	3	1	2	8	3	1	2	4	0	1	0	6	4	0	3	4	2	1	1	7	2	1	1	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	4	7	4	2	1	3	6	3	3	1	1	3	3	2	2	4	4	0	2	1	3	2	0	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	5	1	1	1	2	5	1	4	0	0	7	3	0	0	1	7	2	3	2	2	5	3	0	2	8	8	1	6	13	1	5	1	1	4	2	0	3	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	2	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	5	4	1	2	11	4	3	1	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1
TQ+CQ	1	9	3	8	2	1	4	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	3	2	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	3	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	3	4	4	2	0	5	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	3	19	5	1	4	13	2	1	3	11	3	3	7	10	6	2	6	11	3	3	8	4	4	2	4	13	3	1	5	11	1	4	8	8	5	2	6	13	2	0	5	12	5	0	1	4	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	3	0	2	2	1	2	18	9	12	6	4	14	9	5	3	4	7	6	4	3	4	12	3	3	2	8	3	3	1	2	11	3	2	0	4	11	4	2	1	5	17	3	3	1	5	15	2	3	1	4	13	7	4	2	2	13	3	6	0	15	19	4	8	21	3	5	4	2	6	6	1	1	4	1	2	1	2	2	1	3	4	1	3	3	1	4	3	2	6	1	8	23	10	3	6	14	8	0	0	3	3	2	0	0	0	1	2	0	3	1	1	3	4	2	3	1	4	3	2	2	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Brazil; Trial clinic; n=19, 17	Brazil; Other; n=19, 17	Colombia; Nothing; n=4, 3	Colombia; Trial clinic; n=4, 3	Colombia; Another clinic; n=4, 3	Colombia; Hospital emergency center; n=4, 3	Peru; Trial clinic; n=33, 33	Peru; Another clinic; n=33, 33	Peru; Other; n=33, 33	Thailand; Nothing; n=1, 1	Thailand; Trial Clinic; n=1, 1	Vietnam; Nothing; n=4, 7	Vietnam; Drug Shop; n=4, 7	Vietnam; Other; n=4, 7	Vietnam; Another clinic; n=4, 7
First Malaria Relapse	19	5	2	1	1	1	32	8	9	1	0	1	2	1	0
First Malaria Relapse Follow-up	17	0	2	0	0	1	33	33	0	0	1	5	2	0	1

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Maximum change; possible; right eye; n=27, 13	Maximum change; definite; right eye; n=27, 13	Maximum change; possible; left eye; n=27, 13	Maximum change; definite; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; possible change; right eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; definite change; right eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; possible change; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; definite change; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 90; possible change; right eye; n=27, 12	Day 90; definite change; right eye; n=27, 12	Day 90; possible change; left eye; n=27, 12	Day 90; definite change; left eye; n=27, 12	Day 180; possible change; right eye; n=2, 2	Day 180; definite change; right eye; n=2, 2	Day 180; possible change; left eye; n=2, 2	Day 180; definite change; left eye; n=2, 2
PQ+CQ	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
TQ+CQ	1	0	2	1	1	0	2	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	ALT, High	ALP, High	AST, High	Bilirubin, High	Creatine kinase, High	Creatinine, High	GFR, Low	Indirect bilirubin, High	Urea, High
PQ+CQ	0	1	3	18	4	0	0	21	19
TQ+CQ	8	0	6	28	3	0	0	36	40

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	11.5 to 12.5 hours Day 1, Assessment 1; n=143, 75	11.5 to 12.5 hours Day 1 Assessment 2; n=6, 6	11.5 to 12.5 hours Day 1 Assessment 3; n=5, 5	8 to 72 hours Day 1 Assessment 1; n=166, 85	8 to 72 hours Day 1 Assessment 2; n=6, 6	8 to 72 hours Day 1 Assessment 3; n=5, 5	Day 29; n=161, 84
PQ+CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TQ+CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Heterologous P. vivax	Homologous P. vivax	Unknown genetic classification
PQ+CQ	9	10	1
TQ+CQ	8	29	5

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline; right eye; n=27, 13	Baseline; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 1; right eye; n=27, 13	Day 1; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; right eye; n=27, 13	Day 29; left eye; n=27, 13	Day 90; right eye; n=27, 12	Day 90; left eye; n=27, 12	Day 180; right eye; n=2, 2	Day 180; left eye; n=2, 2	Any time post Baseline; right eye; n=27, 13	Any time post Baseline; left eye; n=27, 13
PQ+CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TQ+CQ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Day 29, Definite change, right eye; n=22, 13	Day 29, Ques change, right eye; n=22, 13	Day 29, Definite change, left eye; n=22, 13	Day 29, Ques change, left eye; n=22, 13	Day 90, Definite change, right eye; n=24, 11	Day 90, Ques change, right eye; n=24, 11	Day 90, Definite change, left eye; n=24, 11	Day 90, Ques change, left eye; n=24, 11	Day 180, Definite change, right eye; n=3, 2	Day 180, Ques change, right eye; n=3, 2	Day 180, Definite change, left eye; n=3, 2	Day 180, Ques change, left eye; n=3, 2	Maximum change post-Baseline; either eye; n=27, 13
PQ+CQ	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TQ+CQ	0	2	0	1	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Total cured	Cambodia	India	Indonesia/Maumere	Thailand/Mae Sot	Thailand/Mae Ramat	baseline P. vivax = 250-5,000/uL	baseline P. vivax = >5,000/uL-10,000/uL	baseline P. vivax = >10,000/uL	age ≤ 12 years	age ≥ 12 years	Gender - Male	Gender - Female	Previous P. vivax episode in the past = no	Previous P. vivax episode in the past = yes
Chloroquine	209	73	33	10	46	47	80	59	70	11	198	148	61	93	116
Pyronaridine Artesunate	217	75	33	11	49	50	69	58	89	13	204	164	53	107	110

Intervention	percentage of cured subjects (Number)
	Cure rate (%) at Day 21	Cure rate (%) at Day 28
Chloroquine	99.5	98.0
Pyronaridine Artesunate	99.5	97.1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Nr subj. with ≥1 AE	Nr subj. with ≥1 treatment-related AE	Nr subj. with ≥1 SAE	Nr subj. with ≥1 treatment-related SAE	Nr subj. with ≥1 severe or life-threatening AE	Nr subj. with ≥1 AE leading to death	Nr subj. ≥1 AE leading to study drug discontinuation	Nr subj. with ≥1 AE leading to study withdrawal
Chloroquine	72	23	0	0	2	0	2	2
Pyronaridine Artesunate	92	27	2	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	Crude cure rate (%)	PCR-corrected cure rate (%)
Chloroquine	92.1	94.1
Pyronaridine Artesunate	95.5	95.0

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	Clearance rate (%) at Day 1 (24h after first dose)	Clearance rate (%) at Day 2 (48h after first dose)	Clearance rate (%) at Day 3 (72h after first dose)
Chloroquine	58.4	88.3	97.4
Pyronaridine Artesunate	78.6	89.9	97.0

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	Cure rate (%) at Day 14	Cure rate (%) at Day 21	Cure rate (%) at Day 28
Chloroquine	99.5	99.5	97.9
Pyronaridine Artesunate	100.0	100.0	98.1

Article	Year
Update on pathogenesis, management, and control of Plasmodium vivax. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2022, 10-01, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Global Health; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax	2022
Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern. Journal of basic microbiology, 2022, Volume: 62, Issue:12 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Humans; Malaria; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Primaquine	2022
Tafenoquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 09-06, Volume: 9 Topics: Adult; Aminoquinolines; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Administration Schedule; Glucosephosphate D	2020
Monitoring Plasmodium vivax resistance to antimalarials: Persisting challenges and future directions. International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance, 2021, Volume: 15 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Primaquine	2021
The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance, 2021, Volume: 16 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax	2021
The Vivax Surveyor: Online mapping database for Plasmodium vivax clinical trials. International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance, 2017, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Africa; Americas; Antimalarials; Asia; Chloroquine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Databases, Factual; Dr	2017
Anti-malarial treatment outcomes in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malaria journal, 2017, 07-03, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Antimalarials; Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; Artemisinins; Chloroquine; Drug Combinatio	2017
Malaria Elimination: Time to Target All Species. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2018, Volume: 99, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Disease Eradication; Host-Parasite Interactions; Hum	2018
The effect of chloroquine dose and primaquine on Plasmodium vivax recurrence: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient pooled meta-analysis. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2018, Volume: 18, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Dru	2018
ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMPLICATED VIVAX MALRIA. Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni, 2016, Volume: 4, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Primaquine	2016
The haematological consequences of Plasmodium vivax malaria after chloroquine treatment with and without primaquine: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC medicine, 2019, 08-01, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficie	2019
Chemotherapy and drug resistance status of malaria parasite in northeast India. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 2013, Volume: 6, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Therap	2013
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Malaria. Lancet (London, England), 2014, Feb-22, Volume: 383, Issue:9918 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Amodiaquine; Animals; Anopheles; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate	2014
Monitoring antimalarial drug efficacy in the Greater Mekong Subregion: an overview of in vivo results from 2008 to 2010. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2013, Volume: 44 Suppl 1 Topics: Antimalarials; Artemether; Artemisinins; Artesunate; Asia, Southeastern; Chloroquine; Directly Obser	2013
Primaquine for preventing relapse in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with chloroquine. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013, Oct-26, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plas	2013
Reversible myelopathy in Plasmodium vivax malaria: report of a case and review of literature. Journal of vector borne diseases, 2013, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; India; Magnetic Resonan	2013
Is Plasmodium vivax malaria a severe malaria?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Infant; Ma	2014
Plasmodium vivax malaria elimination: should innovative ideas from the past be revisited? Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2014, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Antimalarials; Brazil; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Prima	2014
Emerging Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine in South America: an overview. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2014, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Antimalarials; Bolivia; Brazil; Chloroquine; Colombia; Drug Resistance; Guyana; Humans; Malaria, Viv	2014
Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2014, Volume: 14, Issue:10 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Global Health; Humans; Malar	2014
[Research progress on Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance]. Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control, 2014, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Biomarkers; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium	2014
Therapeutic efficacy of alternative primaquine regimens to standard treatment in preventing relapses by Plasmodium vivax: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia), 2015, Dec-30, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Artesunate; Chloroquine; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Malaria,	2015
Evaluation of Efficacy of Chloroquine for Plasmodium Vivax Infection Using Parasite Clearance Times: A 10-Year Study and Systematic Review. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2016, Volume: 45, Issue:7 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Malaria,	2016
Azithromycin-chloroquine and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Malaria journal, 2008, Dec-16, Volume: 7 Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Antimalarials; Azithromycin; Chloroquine; Drug Administration S	2008
New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Global Health; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmod	2009
Resistance to therapies for infection by Plasmodium vivax. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Malaria, Vivax	2009
Artemisinin combination therapy for vivax malaria. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2010, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Malari	2010
Efficacy and safety of chloroquine for treatment in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infections in endemic countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2010, Volume: 104, Issue:11 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Treatment Ou	2010
Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated malaria. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011, Feb-16, Issue:2 Topics: Antimalarials; Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; Artemisinins; Artesunate; Atovaquone; Azit	2011
The antimalarial ferroquine: from bench to clinic. Parasite (Paris, France), 2011, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Aminoquinolines; Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Drug Resis	2011
Primaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issues. Malaria journal, 2011, Dec-12, Volume: 10 Topics: Aminoquinolines; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Chloroquine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance	2011
Genetic and biochemical aspects of drug resistance in malaria parasites. Current drug targets. Infectious disorders, 2004, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Dihydropteroate Synthase; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Mul	2004
Proteomic approaches to studying drug targets and resistance in Plasmodium. Current drug targets. Infectious disorders, 2004, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Chloroquine; Computational Biology; Computers; Drug Resistance	2004
Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Recu	2004
Cerebral malaria owing to Plasmodium vivax: case report. Annals of tropical paediatrics, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Brain; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Humans; Malaria, Cerebral; Malaria, Vi	2006
Primaquine for preventing relapses in people with Plasmodium vivax malaria. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007, Jan-24, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Child; Chloroquine; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Primaquine; Randomized Controlled	2007
Neglect of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Trends in parasitology, 2007, Volume: 23, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antimanic Agents; Chloroquine; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Primaquine	2007
[Epidemiological stratification of malaria in Madagascar]. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, 1993, Volume: 60, Issue:1-2 Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Anopheles; Chloroquine; Emigration and Immigration; Humans; Insect Vectors; Ma	1993
Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1997, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Plasmodi	1997
[The treatment of malaria]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1997, Sep-13, Volume: 141, Issue:37 Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malar	1997
[Epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of plasmodial infection from Plasmodium vivax]. Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial, 2000, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Clinical Protocols; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans;	2000
The malaria threat. Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial, 2001, Volume: 61, Issue:1 Topics: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance; Health Policy; Humans; Malaria; Malaria, F	2001