chlorophyll-a and Plant-Poisoning

Various hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases of ruminants in South Africa, caused by plants, fungi and an alga, are described. Information is given on botanical, mycological, toxicological, clinical and pathological aspects of the diseases. The intoxications were grouped according to the primary site of involvement and type of lesions in the liver. The aetiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of these conditions received special attention and the most important features are illustrated in colour.

Topics: Animals; Bile Ducts; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chlorophyll; Liver; Liver Diseases; Mushroom Poisoning; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Toxic; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; South Africa; Sporidesmins

Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Chlorophyll; Color; Environment; Food Preservation; Humidity; Light; Oils; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Edible; Solanine; Species Specificity; Surface-Active Agents; Temperature; Vegetables; Waxes

Alveld is a disease in lambs of domestic sheep (Ovis aries L.), characterized by a combination of photosensitivity and liver damage. Generation of singlet oxygen play a major role in phototoxicity reactions. The compound phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) is so far assumed to be the main photodynamic agent in hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases in sheep. Phylloerythrin is a potent photosensitizer and an efficient source of singlet oxygen. The compound accumulates in the peripheral circualtion upon liver damage. Liver dysfunction is also likely to cause an increase in the blood level of bilirubin. Formation of singlet oxygen by bilirubin is reported. In the present work the photosensitizing potential of serum has been measured and related to the bilirubin- and phylloerythrin levels in lambs suffering from alveld and in clinically healthy controls. The singlet oxygen level of the serum was taken as a measure of the photosensitizing potential. The observed singlet oxygen values in serum from alveld lambs were significantly higher than the corresponding values observed in clinically healthy control lambs. This indicates that the serum of the alveld lambs contains an elevated concentration of photosensitizer. The singlet oxygen level was not correlated to the concentration of bilirubin or phylloerythrin. The results indicate that the photosensitizing mechanism is quite complex and may involve other sensitizer(s) than phylloerythrin.

Topics: Animals; Bilirubin; Chlorophyll; Jugular Veins; Liliaceae; Liver Diseases; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plant Poisoning; Reference Values; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Singlet Oxygen; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Topics: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Acetates; Alabama; Animals; Arthropods; Carbon Isotopes; Chlorophyll; Ecology; Eukaryota; Fishes; Georgia; Helminths; Herbicides; Kentucky; Mollusca; North Carolina; Phenols; Plankton; Plant Poisoning; Tennessee; Time Factors; Water; Water Pollution; Water Pollution, Chemical; Water Supply

Topics: Animals; Arginase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Bilirubin; Chlorophyll; Esterases; Jaundice; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Oxidoreductases; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plant Poisoning; Sheep; Sulfobromophthalein