chloroatranol and Dermatitis--Allergic-Contact

Oak moss absolute, an extract from the lichen Evernia prunastri, is a valued perfume ingredient but contains extreme allergens.. To compare the elicitation properties of two preparations of oak moss absolute: 'classic oak moss', the historically used preparation, and 'new oak moss', with reduced contents of the major allergens atranol and chloroatranol.. The two preparations were compared in randomized double-blinded repeated open application tests and serial dilution patch tests in 30 oak moss-sensitive volunteers and 30 non-allergic control subjects.. In both test models, new oak moss elicited significantly less allergic contact dermatitis in oak moss-sensitive subjects than classic oak moss. The control subjects did not react to either of the preparations.. New oak moss is still a fragrance allergen, but elicits less allergic contact dermatitis in previously oak moss-sensitized individuals, suggesting that new oak moss is less allergenic to non-sensitized individuals.

Topics: Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Perfume; Resins, Plant; Risk Assessment; Terpenes

Oak moss absolute (Evernia prunastri extract) contains a large number of substances, among them the potent allergens atranol and chloroatranol. Since 2008, their content in oak moss absolute has been restricted by the International Fragrance Association to a maximum level of 100 ppm each.. To compare the elicitation capacities of a traditional (sample A) and a treated (sample B) oak moss absolute containing, in total, 27 000 and 66 ppm of atranol and chloroatranol, respectively, and to investigate reactions to components of oak moss absolute separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).. Fifteen oak moss-allergic subjects were patch tested with serial dilutions and TLC strips of samples A and B.. Fifteen subjects reacted to sample A at concentrations ≤ 2.0%, and 2 subjects reacted to sample B at 2.0% but not to lower concentrations. Among 13 subjects reacting to the TLC strip of sample A, 11 reacted to spots with retardation factor values corresponding to those of atranol and/or chloroatranol, and 11 reacted to other areas on the TLC strip. Only one subject reacted to the TLC strip of sample B.. The patch test reactivity of sample B was significantly lower than that of sample A. The TLC patch tests indicate the presence of sensitizers other than atranol and chloroatranol in oak moss absolute.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Resins, Plant; Solutions; Terpenes

Oak moss absolute is a long-known, popular natural extract widely used in perfumes. It is reported as the cause of allergic reactions in a significant number of those with perfume allergy. Oak moss absolute has been the target of recent research to identify its allergenic components. Recently, chloroatranol, a hitherto unknown fragrance allergen, was identified in oak moss absolute. The objective was to assess the clinical importance of chloroatranol as a fragrance allergen by characterizing its elicitation profile. 13 patients previously showing a positive patch test to oak moss absolute and chloroatranol were included, together with a control group of 10 patients without sensitization to either of the 2 materials. A serial dilution patch test was performed on the upper back with concentrations ranging from 200 to 0.0063 p.p.m. of chloroatranol in ethanol. Simultaneously, the participant performed an open test simulating the use of perfumes on the volar aspect of the forearms in a randomized and double-blinded design. A solution with 5 p.p.m. chloroatranol was used for 14 days, and, in case of no reaction, the applications were continued for another 14 days with a solution containing 25 p.p.m. All test subjects (13/13) developed an allergic reaction at the site of application of the solution containing chloroatranol. Among them, 12/13 (92%) gave a positive reaction to the 5 p.p.m. solution and 1 to 25 p.p.m. None of the controls reacted (P < 0.001). The use test was terminated at median day 4. The dose eliciting a reaction in 50% of the test subjects at patch testing was 0.2 p.p.m. In conclusion, the hidden exposure to a potent allergen widely used in perfumes has caused a highly sensitized cohort of individuals. Judged from the elicitation profile, chloroatranol is the most potent allergen present in consumer products today.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Benzaldehydes; Bryophyta; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Perfume; Plant Preparations; Quercus

Atranol and chloroatranol are strong contact allergens in oak moss absolute, a lichen extract used in perfumery. Fifteen subjects with contact allergy to oak moss absolute underwent a repeated open application test (ROAT) using solutions of an untreated oak moss absolute (sample A) and an oak moss absolute with reduced content of atranol and chloroatranol (sample B). All subjects were in addition patch-tested with serial dilutions of samples A and B. Statistically significantly more subjects reacted to sample A than to sample B in the patch tests. No corresponding difference was observed in the ROAT, though there was a significant difference in the time required to elicit a positive reaction. Still, the ROAT indicates that the use of a cosmetic product containing oak moss absolute with reduced levels of atranol and chloroatranol is capable of eliciting an allergic reaction in previously sensitised individuals.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Aged; Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Predictive Value of Tests; Resins, Plant; Skin; Skin Tests; Terpenes; Time Factors

Atranol and chloroatranol are the main allergens of oakmoss absolute. However, the immune responses induced by these substances are poorly characterized.. To characterize immune responses induced by atranol, chloroatranol and oakmoss absolute in mice.. Mice were sensitized and challenged with various concentrations of atranol, chloroatranol, and oakmoss absolute. The immune responses were analysed as B cell infiltration, T cell proliferation in the draining lymph nodes, and expression of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α in skin. The cytotoxicity of atranol and chloroatranol against keratinocytes was determined.. Sensitization experiments showed that atranol, chloroatranol and oakmoss induced sensitization when applied in high concentrations. Challenge experiments showed that even low concentrations of atranol and chloroatranol induced sensitization. In parallel, atranol and chloroatranol elicited challenge reactions following sensitization with oakmoss. The magnitude of the immune response to the three allergens increased in the following order: atranol, chloroatranol, and oakmoss. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines was induced by chloroatranol and oakmoss, but not by atranol. Chloroatranol was found to be more cytotoxic than atranol against keratinocytes.. Atranol and chloroatranol can elicit both sensitization and challenge reactions, but the mixture of allergens in oakmoss absolute is more potent than atranol and chloroatranol alone.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD19; B-Lymphocytes; Benzaldehydes; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-1beta; Keratinocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Patch Tests; Resins, Plant; Terpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Chloroatranol and atranol are degradation products of chloroatranorin and atranorin, respectively, and have been identified as important contact allergens in oak moss absolute (Evernia prunastri).. To investigate whether chemically modified extracts of oak moss produce positive patch test reactions in previously sensitized subjects.. A sample of oak moss was treated by a polymer-based method to reduce the content of the two main allergens, namely atranol and chloroatranol, from 3.4% to less than 75 p.p.m. and from 1.8% to less than 25 p.p.m., respectively. Fourteen subjects with positive reactions to oak moss from Trolab and/or Chemotechnique were patch tested to this sample, diluted 1% in petrolatum.. The chemically modified sample reacted negatively in six but gave still positive reactions in eight subjects, with the same intensity as the commercially available oak moss patch test materials.. Polymer-based treatment of oak moss extract reduces the allergenic elicitation potential in previously sensitized individuals only to a minor extent. The residual concentrations of atranol and chloroatranol being less than 75 p.p.m. and 25 p.p.m., respectively, are unsafe for the consumer.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Plant Extracts

Contact allergy to fragrance ingredients is frequent. Recommendations and regulations of some of the most frequent and potent fragrance allergens have recently been introduced. To investigate current exposures to 4 important fragrance allergens in hydroalcoholic cosmetic products. 25 popular perfume products of Danish as well as international brands were purchased from the Danish retail market. Contents of 4 important fragrance allergens, isoeugenol, hydroxy-iso-hexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC, Lyral), were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and atranol and chloro-atranol were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Isoeugenol was found in 56%, HICC in 72%, atranol in 59%, and chloro-atranol in 36% of the 22 eau de toilette/eau de parfum products. The concentrations of isoeugenol were, in all products, below the recommended maximum concentration of 0.02%. HICC reached a maximum of 0.2%, which is 10-fold higher than maximum tolerable concentration considered safe by the EU Scientific Committee. The median concentrations of atranol and chloro-atranol in the investigated products were similar to those found in similar products in 2003. A significant decrease in the frequency of presence of chloro-atranol in the products was observed. There is still a wide-spread exposure to potent fragrance allergens in perfumes.

Topics: Aldehydes; Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Chromatography, Liquid; Cyclohexenes; Denmark; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Eugenol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Perfume

Chloroatranol and atranol are degradation products of chloroatranorin and atranorin, respectively, and have recently been identified as important contact allergens in the natural fragrance extract, oak moss absolute. Oak moss absolute is widely used in perfumery and is the cause of many cases of fragrance allergic contact dermatitis. Chloroatranol elicits reactions at very low levels of exposure. In oak moss absolute, chloroatranol and atranol are present together and both may contribute to the allergenicity and eliciting capacity of the natural extract. In this study, 10 eczema patients with known sensitization to chloroatranol and oak moss absolute were tested simultaneously to a serial dilution of chloroatranol and atranol in ethanol, in equimolar concentrations (0.0034-1072 microM). Dose-response curves were estimated and analysed by logistic regression. The estimated difference in elicitation potency of chloroatranol relative to atranol based on testing with equimolar concentrations was 217% (95% confidence interval 116-409%). Both substances elicited reactions at very low levels of exposure. It is concluded that the differences in elicitation capacity between the 2 substances are counterbalanced by exposure being greater to atranol than to chloroatranol and that both substances contribute to the clinical problems seen in oak moss absolute-sensitized individuals.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Allergens; Benzaldehydes; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Eczema; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Patch Tests