chlorambucil has been researched along with Local Neoplasm Recurrence in 46 studies
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)
chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
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"Between 1976 and 1984, 574 patients with operable breast cancer and histologically negative axillary lymph nodes were randomly assigned after mastectomy to receive either no further treatment or chemotherapy with oral LMF (fluorouracil, 500 mg, methotrexate, 25 mg, and chlorambucil, 10 mg, on day 1; fluorouracil, 500 mg, and chlorambucil, 10 mg, on day 2)." | 5.07 | West Midlands Oncology Association trial of adjuvant chemotherapy in node-negative breast cancer. ( Grieve, RJ; Howell, A; Kelly, KA; Monypenny, IJ; Morrison, JM; Walker, RA; Waterhouse, JA, 1992) |
" In vitro studies of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells incubated with theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, resulted in downregulation of bcl-2 concomitant with induction of apoptosis." | 3.70 | Theophylline, pentostatin (Nipent), and chlorambucil: a dose-escalation study targeting intrinsic biologic resistance mechanisms in patients with relapsed lymphoproliferative disorders. ( Byrd, JC; Flinn, IW; Goodrich, A; Grever, MR; Lucas, MA; Park, K; Shinn, C; Waselenko, JK; Willis, CR, 2000) |
"We administered Bestrabucil, a benzoate ester of a complex of beta-estradiol and chlorambucil, continuously to six patients with breast cancer recurrent to local and regional lymph nodes, at a dose level of 200 mg/day." | 3.67 | [Therapeutic results in recurrent breast cancer with the use of Bestrabucil (KM2210)]. ( Morimoto, K; Nakatani, S; Sakai, K; Ueda, T, 1987) |
"The aetiological association between MALT lymphomas and Helicobacter pylori is well established." | 2.74 | Chlorambucil versus observation after anti-Helicobacter therapy in gastric MALT lymphomas: results of the international randomised LY03 trial. ( Ambrosetti, A; Burton, C; Capella, C; Cavalli, F; Copie-Bergman, C; Cortelazzo, S; Delchier, JC; Ferreri, AJ; Gisselbrecht, C; Hancock, BW; Jakupovic, I; Levy, M; Linch, D; Martinelli, G; Pinotti, G; Qian, W; Smith, P; Souhami, R; Traulle, C; Vitolo, U; Wotherspoon, A; Zucca, E, 2009) |
"The management of androgen independent prostate cancer is increasingly disputed." | 2.71 | Chlorambucil and lomustine (CL56) in absolute hormone refractory prostate cancer: re-induction of endocrine sensitivity an unexpected finding. ( Ansell, W; Barlow, C; Dancey, G; Oliver, RT; Shamash, J; Wilson, P, 2005) |
"Women with node-negative breast cancer have a 30% chance of relapse 5 years after mastectomy." | 2.67 | Swiss adjuvant trials in women with node-negative breast cancer. OSAKO. ( Jungi, WF; Senn, HJ, 1992) |
"Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a clinical syndrome with diverse prognoses, and not all patients require therapy at diagnosis." | 2.41 | Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. ( Barlogie, B; Desikan, KR; Dhodapkar, MV, 2000) |
"Disseminated germ cell testicular cancer proved to be highly sensitive to platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens." | 1.27 | Vinblastine, actinomycin D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum for advanced germ cell testis tumors: Brazilian experience. ( de Góes, GM; Simon, SD; Srougi, M, 1985) |
"Two cases of recurrent breast carcinoma were treated with KM2210 in an early phase II study conducted at our institute and complete response (CR) was obtained." | 1.27 | [Two cases of recurrent breast carcinoma achieving CR (complete response) with KM2210]. ( Kawamura, E; Kubota, T; Kurokawa, T; Miyagawa, T; Toyoda, H; Yamada, Y, 1987) |
"Bilateral primary germ cell tumors are uncommon but not rare in men with primary testicular tumors." | 1.26 | Problems in management of primary bilateral germ cell testicular tumors: report of 3 cases and review of literature. ( Constable, WC; Morris, SA; Vaughan, ED, 1976) |
" Radical excision of the tumor, if possible, and the remaining thymus, high dosage alternate day prednisone, and radiation therapy, if indicated, seem the treatments of choice." | 1.25 | Myasthenia gravis and invasive thymoma: a 20-year experience. ( Brown, WJ; Goldman, AJ; Herrmann, C; Keesey, JC; Mulder, DG, 1975) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 28 (60.87) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 5 (10.87) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 11 (23.91) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (4.35) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Solman, IG | 1 |
Blum, LK | 1 |
Hoh, HY | 1 |
Kipps, TJ | 1 |
Burger, JA | 1 |
Barrientos, JC | 1 |
O'Brien, S | 1 |
Mulligan, SP | 1 |
Kay, NE | 1 |
Hillmen, P | 1 |
Byrd, JC | 2 |
Lal, ID | 1 |
Dean, JP | 1 |
Mongan, A | 1 |
Maddox, JM | 1 |
Horan, M | 1 |
Tafesh, L | 1 |
Shrubsole, C | 1 |
Osborne, W | 1 |
Hancock, BW | 1 |
Qian, W | 1 |
Linch, D | 1 |
Delchier, JC | 1 |
Smith, P | 1 |
Jakupovic, I | 1 |
Burton, C | 1 |
Souhami, R | 1 |
Wotherspoon, A | 1 |
Copie-Bergman, C | 1 |
Capella, C | 1 |
Traulle, C | 1 |
Levy, M | 1 |
Cortelazzo, S | 1 |
Ferreri, AJ | 1 |
Ambrosetti, A | 1 |
Pinotti, G | 1 |
Martinelli, G | 1 |
Vitolo, U | 1 |
Cavalli, F | 2 |
Gisselbrecht, C | 1 |
Zucca, E | 1 |
Ibom, VK | 1 |
Prosnitz, RG | 1 |
Gong, JZ | 1 |
Moore, JO | 1 |
DeCastro, CM | 1 |
Prosnitz, LR | 1 |
Rizzieri, DA | 1 |
Gockerman, JP | 1 |
Stanway, A | 1 |
Rademaker, M | 1 |
Kennedy, I | 1 |
Newman, P | 1 |
Shamash, J | 1 |
Dancey, G | 1 |
Barlow, C | 1 |
Wilson, P | 1 |
Ansell, W | 1 |
Oliver, RT | 1 |
Michael, CW | 1 |
Richardson, PH | 1 |
Boudreaux, CW | 1 |
Berry, WR | 1 |
Capra, M | 1 |
Hewitt, M | 1 |
Radford, M | 1 |
Hayward, J | 1 |
Weston, CL | 1 |
Machin, D | 1 |
Stehlin, JS | 1 |
Hills, WJ | 1 |
Rufino, C | 1 |
Jungi, WF | 4 |
Alberto, P | 1 |
Brunner, KW | 1 |
Mermillod, B | 1 |
Barrelet, L | 1 |
Kaufmann, M | 1 |
Fournier, DV | 1 |
Sievers, H | 1 |
Staib, I | 1 |
Wöllgens, P | 1 |
Nedden, R | 1 |
Lochbühler, H | 1 |
Queisser, W | 1 |
Christmann, D | 1 |
Bühner, R | 1 |
Pfuhl, PJ | 1 |
Henningsen, B | 1 |
Kuttig, H | 1 |
Wysocki, S | 1 |
Thüre, D | 1 |
Köhler, C | 1 |
Drings, P | 1 |
Senn, HJ | 3 |
Amgwerd, R | 2 |
Hochuli, E | 1 |
Taylor, AE | 1 |
Gore, ME | 1 |
Broun, ER | 1 |
Nichols, CR | 1 |
Gize, G | 1 |
Cornetta, K | 1 |
Hromas, RA | 1 |
Schacht, B | 1 |
Einhorn, LH | 2 |
Lefrère, F | 1 |
Hermine, O | 1 |
Belanger, C | 1 |
François, S | 1 |
Tilly, H | 1 |
Lebas de La Cour, JC | 1 |
Valensi, F | 1 |
Varet, B | 1 |
Troussard, X | 1 |
Grever, MR | 1 |
Waselenko, JK | 1 |
Willis, CR | 1 |
Park, K | 1 |
Goodrich, A | 1 |
Lucas, MA | 1 |
Shinn, C | 1 |
Flinn, IW | 1 |
Robak, T | 1 |
Kasznicki, M | 1 |
Desikan, KR | 1 |
Dhodapkar, MV | 1 |
Barlogie, B | 1 |
Murphy, GP | 1 |
Morris, SA | 1 |
Vaughan, ED | 1 |
Constable, WC | 1 |
Sprenger, F | 1 |
Hochueli, R | 1 |
Engelhart, G | 1 |
Heinz, C | 1 |
Wick, A | 1 |
Enderlin, F | 1 |
Creux, G | 1 |
Simeon, B | 1 |
Lanz, R | 1 |
Bigler, R | 1 |
Schnitzler, M | 1 |
Neher, G | 1 |
Marquart, KH | 1 |
Piver, MS | 1 |
Barlow, JJ | 1 |
Lee, FJ | 1 |
Vongtama, V | 1 |
Goldman, AJ | 1 |
Herrmann, C | 1 |
Keesey, JC | 1 |
Mulder, DG | 1 |
Brown, WJ | 1 |
Gilbert, HA | 1 |
Yettra, M | 1 |
Gordon, J | 1 |
Kagan, AR | 1 |
Morrison, JM | 1 |
Kelly, KA | 1 |
Howell, A | 1 |
Grieve, RJ | 1 |
Monypenny, IJ | 1 |
Walker, RA | 1 |
Waterhouse, JA | 1 |
Gerding, MN | 1 |
Blom van Assendelft, PM | 1 |
Srougi, M | 1 |
Simon, SD | 1 |
de Góes, GM | 1 |
Fraley, EE | 1 |
Narayan, P | 1 |
Vogelzang, NJ | 1 |
Kennedy, BJ | 1 |
Lange, PH | 1 |
Israel, A | 1 |
Bosl, GJ | 2 |
Golbey, RB | 2 |
Whitmore, W | 1 |
Martini, N | 2 |
Gluckman, R | 1 |
Geller, NL | 1 |
Whitmore, WF | 1 |
Herr, H | 1 |
Sogani, P | 1 |
Morse, M | 1 |
Bains, M | 1 |
Tsukamoto, N | 1 |
Imachi, M | 1 |
Uchino, H | 1 |
Ono, M | 1 |
Kamura, T | 1 |
Saito, T | 1 |
Matsukuma, K | 1 |
Peters, WA | 1 |
Andersen, WA | 1 |
Hopkins, MP | 1 |
Takamizawa, H | 1 |
Sekiya, S | 1 |
Kobayashi, O | 1 |
Matsui, H | 1 |
Kubota, T | 1 |
Yamada, Y | 1 |
Kawamura, E | 1 |
Toyoda, H | 1 |
Miyagawa, T | 1 |
Kurokawa, T | 1 |
Ueda, T | 1 |
Sakai, K | 1 |
Morimoto, K | 1 |
Nakatani, S | 1 |
Grant, RM | 1 |
Mackie, R | 1 |
Cochran, AJ | 1 |
Murray, EL | 1 |
Hoyle, D | 1 |
Ross, C | 1 |
Furnari, S | 1 |
Pavone-Macaluso, M | 1 |
Veroux, G | 1 |
Mattea, E | 1 |
Brocheriou, C | 1 |
Guilbert, F | 1 |
Rouchon, C | 1 |
Benoist, M | 1 |
Chikhani, P | 1 |
Reilly, CJ | 1 |
Han, T | 1 |
Stutzman, L | 1 |
Slack, NH | 1 |
Webster, J | 1 |
Thornes, RD | 1 |
Renner, K | 1 |
Ansfield, FJ | 1 |
Korbitz, BC | 1 |
Davis, HL | 1 |
Ramirez, G | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protocol for a Randomised Trial of Observation Versus Chlorambucil After Anti-Helicobacter Therapy in Low Grade Gastric Lymphoma[NCT00003617] | Phase 3 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 1995-03-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
2 reviews available for chlorambucil and Local Neoplasm Recurrence
Article | Year |
---|---|
Alkylating agents and nucleoside analogues in the treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Chlorambucil; Cladribine; Drug Therapy, Co | 2002 |
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Antineoplastic Agents; beta 2-Microg | 2000 |
14 trials available for chlorambucil and Local Neoplasm Recurrence
Article | Year |
---|---|
Ibrutinib restores immune cell numbers and function in first-line and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antineoplastic Combined | 2020 |
Chlorambucil versus observation after anti-Helicobacter therapy in gastric MALT lymphomas: results of the international randomised LY03 trial.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Chlorambucil; Disease-Free Survival; | 2009 |
Chlorambucil and lomustine (CL56) in absolute hormone refractory prostate cancer: re-induction of endocrine sensitivity an unexpected finding.
Topics: Aged; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Chlorambucil; | 2005 |
Short- or long-term chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer: LMF 6 versus 18 cycles. SAKK study 27/76.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as T | 1984 |
Adjuvant chemotherapy with chlorambucil and 5-fluorouracil in primary breast cancer (Cooperative Study Heidelberg).
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fluorou | 1980 |
Divergent effect of adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy on recurrence rates in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fe | 1980 |
[Chemotherapy of advanced prostate cancer].
Topics: Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclophosphamide; Dacarbazine; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug Eval | 1977 |
Adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with LMF + BCG in node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients. Intermediate report of a randomized trial in 242 patients.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; BCG Vaccine; Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as Topic; F | 1978 |
Swiss adjuvant trials in women with node-negative breast cancer. OSAKO.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; BCG Vaccine; Breast Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvan | 1992 |
West Midlands Oncology Association trial of adjuvant chemotherapy in node-negative breast cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Breast Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Chlorambuc | 1992 |
Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Chlorambucil; Cisplatin; Clinical Trials | 1985 |
VAB-6: an effective chemotherapy regimen for patients with germ-cell tumors.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleo | 1986 |
Results of administering B.C.G. to patients with melanoma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Neoplasm; BCG Vaccine; Blood Cell Count; Cell Migration Inhibition; Chloram | 1974 |
Oral anticoagulant therapy of human cancer.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticoagulants; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Busulfan; Chlorambuci | 1974 |
30 other studies available for chlorambucil and Local Neoplasm Recurrence
Article | Year |
---|---|
DECC (dexamethasone, etoposide, chlorambucil, lomustine) as an oral chemotherapy regimen in relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols | 2021 |
Rituximab in lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease: a case series.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Antigens, CD20; A | 2003 |
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma of nails, pinna and nose treated with chlorambucil.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Chlorambucil; Ear Neoplasms; Ear, Extern | 2004 |
Pulmonary lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type: Report of a case with cytological, histological, immunophenotypical correlation, and review of the literature.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Chlorambucil; Cyclo | 2005 |
Re-induction of hormonal sensitivity in hormone-refractory prostate cancer--fact or fiction?
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Chlorambucil; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resista | 2005 |
Long-term outcome in children with Hodgkin's lymphoma: the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group HD82 trial.
Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorambucil; D | 2007 |
Disseminated melanoma. Biologic behavior and treatment.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Dactinomycin; Fluorouracil; Humans; Hydrazine | 1967 |
Chlorambucil for platinum-refractory ovarian cancer.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Chlorambucil; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance; Female; Follow-Up | 1994 |
Tandem high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation for initial relapse of testicular germ cell cancer.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Bone Marrow Transplant | 1997 |
Fludarabine: an effective treatment in patients with splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Comb | 2000 |
Theophylline, pentostatin (Nipent), and chlorambucil: a dose-escalation study targeting intrinsic biologic resistance mechanisms in patients with relapsed lymphoproliferative disorders.
Topics: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy | 2000 |
Problems in management of primary bilateral germ cell testicular tumors: report of 3 cases and review of literature.
Topics: Adult; Chlorambucil; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; P | 1976 |
[Contribution on the severity of giant cell tumors].
Topics: Chlorambucil; Doxorubicin; Female; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Neoplasm | 1978 |
Sequential therapy for advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma: operation, chemotherapy, second-look laparotomy, and radiation therapy.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Dactinomycin; Female; Fluorouracil; Laparotomy; Melp | 1975 |
Myasthenia gravis and invasive thymoma: a 20-year experience.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myasthenia Gravis; N | 1975 |
On long-term survivals in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with 'gentle' treatment.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Chlorambucil; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Male; Mi | 1976 |
Hypokalaemia and lactic acidosis in a patient with myelomonocytic leukemia.
Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Adenocarcinoma; Chlorambucil; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Leukemia, Myelomonocyti | 1990 |
Vinblastine, actinomycin D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum for advanced germ cell testis tumors: Brazilian experience.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Brazil; Chlorambucil; Ci | 1985 |
Surgical treatment of patients with stages I and II nonseminomatous testicular cancer.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Castration; Chlorambuc | 1985 |
The results of chemotherapy for extragonadal germ-cell tumors in the cisplatin era: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience (1975 to 1982).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Chlorambucil; Cisplati | 1985 |
Modified VAB-3 combination chemotherapy of advanced and recurrent endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha-Fetoproteins; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Ca | 1985 |
Results of chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the fallopian tube.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocol | 1989 |
Chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Chlorambucil; Choriocarcinoma; Chorionic Gonadotropi | 1987 |
[Two cases of recurrent breast carcinoma achieving CR (complete response) with KM2210].
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Papillary; Chlorambucil; Drug Combinations; Drug Evalua | 1987 |
[Therapeutic results in recurrent breast cancer with the use of Bestrabucil (KM2210)].
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Chlorambucil; Drug Evaluation; Estradiol; Female; Hu | 1987 |
Cancer chemotherapy in urology.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkylating Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Chlorambucil; Cobal | 1971 |
[Ewing's sarcoma localized to the mandible. 2 cases].
Topics: Adolescent; Asparaginase; Child; Chlorambucil; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Human | 1974 |
Reticulum cell sarcoma. A review of radiotherapeutic experience.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chlorambucil; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Mal | 1972 |
[New formation of malignant tumors during cytostatic therapy. Case report].
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chlo | 1971 |
Triple drug therapy in testicular tumors.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlorambucil; Choriocarcinoma; Dactinomycin; Humans; Male; Methotrexate; Middle A | 1969 |