Page last updated: 2024-08-24

cephalosporin c and Middle Ear Effusion

cephalosporin c has been researched along with Middle Ear Effusion in 40 studies

Research

Studies (40)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (2.50)	18.7374
1990's	24 (60.00)	18.2507
2000's	13 (32.50)	29.6817
2010's	2 (5.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Zhang, W	1
Pichichero, ME	1
Shibata, M	1
Jang, CH; Park, SY	1
Kunselman, AR; Lin, HM; Lyles, RH; Williamson, JM	1
Brook, I; Gober, AE	1
Billal, DS; Hotomi, M; Sakai, KF; Shimada, J; Suzumoto, M; Yamanaka, N	1
Arguedas, A; Dagan, R; Hoberman, A; Leibovitz, E; Paris, M; Pichichero, M	1
Acharya, A; Bhattacharya, S; Ghimire, A; Kanungo, R; Khanal, B; Kumari, N	1
Berryhill, WE; Ramakrishnan, K; Sparks, RA	1
Blumer, JL; Deabate, CA; Kafetzis, DA; Mclinn, SE; Perrotta, RJ; Salgado, O	1
Mccarty, JM; Mclinn, SE; Perrotta, R; Pichichero, ME; Reidenberg, BE	1
Barbhaiya, RH; Campbell, DA; Haddad, J; Khan, WN; Reilly, J; Shyu, WC; Tsai, Y	1
Bluestone, CD; Casselbrant, ML; Kurs-Lasky, M; Mandel, EM	1
Barnett, ED; Cabral, HJ; Kharasch, SJ; Klein, JO; Teele, DW	1
Klugman, KP; Meyer, CS; Terespolsky, SA; van Dyk, JC; van Niekerk, CH	1
Aronovitz, G; Blumer, J; Dashefsky, B; Fiddes, R; McLinn, S; Nelson, K; Pichichero, ME	1
Block, SL; Chartrand, SA; Harrison, CJ; Hedrick, JA; Pollack, J; Rodriguez, W; Schwartz, R; Thedinger, B	1
Efthymiopoulos, C; Marr, C; Thorarinsson, H; Thoroddsen, E	1
Barsanti, F; Gudbrandsson, F; Gudnason, T; Kristinsson, KG	1
Aubert, B; Bégué, P; Bertrand, C; Chiche, D; Garabédian, EN	1
Thoroddsen, E	1
Johns, D; Turik, MA	1
Boschi, G; Caramia, G; Chetrì, G; Cupido, G; De Santis, A; Longhi, R; Marchisio, P; Meloni, G; Passali, D; Principi, N; Reali, E; Sacher, B; Salpietro, DC	1
Dagan, R; Fliss, DM; Greenberg, D; Leiberman, A; Leibovitz, E; Yagupsky, P	1
Arcidiacono, MM; Demartini, G; Dugnani, S; Fraschini, F; Pintucci, JP; Scaglione, F	1
Boucherat, M; Cohen, R; Derriennic, M; Geslin, P; Goehrs, JM; Grunberg, J; Navel, M; Pichon, F	1
Adelglass, J; Gooch, WM; Johns, D; Kelsey, DK; Masica, D; Weinberg, BC	1
Aguilar, L; Cenjor, C; García-Calvo, G; Giménez, MJ; Nieto, E; Parra, A; Ponte, C; Soriano, F	2
Dagan, R; Gehanno, P; Leblanc, F; Leibovitz, E; Machac, J; Marr, C; Pessey, JJ; Pimentel, JM; Thoroddsen, E	1
Correa, N; McCracken, GH; Mejia, GI; Olsen, K; Realpe, T; Robledo, J; Trujillo, H; Trujillo, M	1
Chin, NX; Deeter, RG; Della-Latta, P; Haddad, J; Keller, JL; Saiman, L; San Gabriel, P; Takoudes, TG; Whittier, S	1
Block, SL; Hedrick, JA; Kratzer, J; Nemeth, MA; Tack, KJ	1
Jung, SH; Kang, SH	1
Foshee, WS	1
Arguedas, AG; Stutman, HR	1
Doyle, WJ; Pinero, BP; Rosenfeld, RM; Seroky, J; Swarts, JD	1
Arguedas, AG; Blumer, JL; Hains, CS; Stutman, HR; Zaleska, M	1
Aronovitz, GH	1

Reviews

3 review(s) available for cephalosporin c and Middle Ear Effusion

Article	Year
Otitis media. Pediatric clinics of North America, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cefdinir; Cefpodoxime Proxetil; Ceftizoxime; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraxella catarrhalis; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion; Otoscopy; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Time Factors; Tympanic Membrane	2013
Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. American family physician, 2007, Dec-01, Volume: 76, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Disease; Algorithms; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clindamycin; Diagnosis, Differential; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Hearing Loss; Humans; Infant; Moraxella catarrhalis; Moraxellaceae Infections; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion; Otitis Media, Suppurative; Otoscopy; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae	2007
Comparison of cefprozil with other antibiotic regimens in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1992, Volume: 14 Suppl 2 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefaclor; Cefixime; Cefotaxime; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion	1992

Trials

25 trial(s) available for cephalosporin c and Middle Ear Effusion

Article	Year
Compound shuanghua tablets combined with Western medicine on serum and secretion inflammatory factors in patients with acute secretory otitis media caused by swimming. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, Volume: 31, Issue:6(Special) Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Male; Nasal Decongestants; Otitis Media with Effusion; Oxymetazoline; Swimming; Tablets; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult	2018
Penetration of cefprozil to middle ear effusion in children with chronic otitis media with effusion. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2003, Volume: 67, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chronic Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ear, Middle; Female; Humans; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion	2003
A multicenter, open label, double tympanocentesis study of high dose cefdinir in children with acute otitis media at high risk of persistent or recurrent infection. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion; Paracentesis; Penicillin Resistance; Pneumococcal Infections; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Treatment Outcome	2006
Multinational multicenter controlled trial comparing ceftibuten with cefaclor for the treatment of acute otitis media. Members of the Ceftibuten Otitis Media International Study Group. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1995, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Suppl Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Cefaclor; Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Prospective Studies; Single-Blind Method; Treatment Outcome	1995
Multicenter controlled trial comparing ceftibuten with amoxicillin/clavulanate in the empiric treatment of acute otitis media. Members of the Ceftibuten Otitis Media United States Study Group. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1995, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Suppl Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Patient Compliance; Treatment Outcome	1995
Penetration of cefprozil into middle ear fluid of patients with otitis media. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1994, Volume: 38, Issue:9 Topics: Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Ear Ventilation; Otitis Media with Effusion	1994
Efficacy of ceftibuten compared with amoxicillin for otitis media with effusion in infants and children. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1996, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Amoxicillin; Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hearing Tests; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillins; Recurrence	1996
Comparison of ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for acute otitis media. Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group. Pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 99, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media with Effusion; Prospective Studies; Single-Blind Method; Streptococcus; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim	1997
Cefprozil treatment of persistent and recurrent acute otitis media. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Prospective Studies; Recurrence	1997
Concentration of cefuroxime in middle ear effusion of children with acute otitis media. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:10 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion	1997
Measuring antibiotic levels in otitis media. Ear, nose, & throat journal, 1998, Volume: 77, Issue:6 Suppl Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion; Suspensions; Time Factors	1998
Comparison of cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children who failed amoxicillin therapy. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Amoxicillin; Cefaclor; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Single-Blind Method; Treatment Outcome	1998
Epidemiology and treatment of otitis media with effusion in children in the first year of primary school. Acta oto-laryngologica, 1998, Volume: 118, Issue:4 Topics: Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Italy; Logistic Models; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome	1998
Early eradication of pathogens from middle ear fluid during antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media is associated with improved clinical outcome. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1998, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacteria; Cefaclor; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillins; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome	1998
Interpretation of middle ear fluid concentrations of antibiotics: comparison between ceftibuten, cefixime and azithromycin. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Cefixime; Cefotaxime; Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Child; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Time Factors	1999
One dose ceftriaxone vs. ten days of amoxicillin/clavulanate therapy for acute otitis media: clinical efficacy and change in nasopharyngeal flora. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1999, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Moraxella catarrhalis; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media with Effusion; Prospective Studies; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Treatment Outcome	1999
Loracarbef versus clarithromycin in children with acute otitis media with effusion. Clinical therapeutics, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Clarithromycin; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion; Single-Blind Method; Treatment Outcome	1999
Short course therapy with cefuroxime axetil for acute otitis media: results of a randomized multicenter comparison with amoxicillin/clavulanate. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1999, Volume: 18, Issue:10 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Bacterial Infections; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Treatment Outcome	1999
Cefprozil concentrations in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2000, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion	2000
Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with chronic otitis media with effusion and recurrent otitis media undergoing ventilating tube placement. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2000, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Ear Ventilation; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Serologic Tests; Streptococcus pneumoniae	2000
Five-day twice daily cefdinir therapy for acute otitis media: microbiologic and clinical efficacy. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2000, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Suppl Topics: Acoustic Impedance Tests; Acute Disease; Bacterial Infections; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraxella catarrhalis; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillin Resistance; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Treatment Outcome	2000
Loracarbef (LY163892) versus amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial acute otitis media with effusion. The Journal of pediatrics, 1992, Volume: 120, Issue:6 Topics: Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Bacterial Infections; Cephalosporins; Clavulanic Acids; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Moraxella catarrhalis; Otitis Media with Effusion; Streptococcus pneumoniae	1992
Comparison of cefprozil with other antibiotic regimens in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1992, Volume: 14 Suppl 2 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefaclor; Cefixime; Cefotaxime; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion	1992
Comparative trial of cefprozil vs. amoxicillin clavulanate potassium in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with effusion. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1991, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Cefprozil; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clavulanic Acids; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Moraxella catarrhalis; Otitis Media with Effusion; Recurrence; Streptococcus pneumoniae	1991
Treatment of otitis media with cefuroxime axetil. Southern medical journal, 1988, Volume: 81, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Disease; Cefaclor; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Prodrugs; Random Allocation	1988

Other Studies

13 other study(ies) available for cephalosporin c and Middle Ear Effusion

Article	Year
[Infant case of acute otitis media due to PISP not eradicated with double-dose of CDTR]. The Japanese journal of antibiotics, 2001, Volume: 54 Suppl B Topics: Cephalosporins; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillin Resistance; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Treatment Failure; Treatment Outcome	2001
Estimation of the intervention effect in a non-randomized study with pre- and post-mismeasured binary responses. Statistics in medicine, 2005, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Acoustic Impedance Tests; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Infective Agents; Bias; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Computer Simulation; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion; Treatment Outcome	2005
Effects of amoxicillin and cefdinir on nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 2005, Volume: 131, Issue:9 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media with Effusion; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome	2005
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the nasopharynx among Japanese children with acute otitis media. Acta oto-laryngologica, 2006, Volume: 126, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; beta-Lactamases; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Genotype; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Japan; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence	2006
Brain abscess due to Scedosporium apiospermum in a non immunocompromised child. Indian journal of medical microbiology, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Aminoglycosides; Antifungal Agents; Brain Abscess; Cephalosporins; Child; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Mycoses; Nepal; Otitis Media with Effusion; Scedosporium	2006
Penetration of cefpodoxime into middle ear fluid in pediatric patients with acute otitis media. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Cefpodoxime; Ceftizoxime; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear, Middle; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion	1997
Middle ear effusion concentrations of cefixime during acute otitis media with effusion and otitis media with effusion. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Disease; Cefixime; Cefotaxime; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Ear, Middle; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media with Effusion	1997
Penetration of ceftriaxone into the middle ear fluid of children. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 1998, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Area Under Curve; Ceftriaxone; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion	1998
Penetration of ceftazidime into middle ear fluid in children with otitis media with effusion. The Laryngoscope, 1998, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Ceftazidime; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion	1998
Antimicrobial treatment of an experimental otitis media caused by a beta-lactamase positive isolate of Haemophilus influenzae. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 1999, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; beta-Lactamases; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gerbillinae; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media with Effusion; Treatment Outcome	1999
Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in the development of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion in a gerbil model. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2000, Volume: 181, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gerbillinae; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae	2000
Tests for 2 x K contingency tables with clustered ordered categorical data. Statistics in medicine, 2001, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Cefaclor; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Computer Simulation; Humans; Infant; Lung Transplantation; Monte Carlo Method; Otitis Media with Effusion; Penicillins; Rabbits; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Statistics, Nonparametric	2001
Third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of acute pneumococcal otitis media. An animal study. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 1992, Volume: 118, Issue:1 Topics: Acoustic Impedance Tests; Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Animals; Cefixime; Cefotaxime; Ceftibuten; Cephalosporins; Chinchilla; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Otitis Media with Effusion; Pneumococcal Infections	1992