celecoxib has been researched along with Melanoma in 26 studies
Melanoma: A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
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"The combination of TMZ and celecoxib is safe and potentially effective in the treatment of metastatic melanoma." | 9.12 | Temozolomide in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced melanoma. A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. ( Fountzilas, G; Frangia, K; Gogas, H; Mantzourani, M; Markopoulos, C; Middleton, M; Panagiotou, P; Papadopoulos, O; Pectasides, D; Polyzos, A; Stavrinidis, I; Tsoutsos, D; Vaiopoulos, G, 2006) |
" Inspired by the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammation in the tumor site, we proposed that normalization of the tumor microenvironment by celecoxib as a COX-2 inhibitor might improve the efficacy of Dendritic Cell (DC) therapy in a melanoma model." | 8.31 | Liposomal celecoxib combined with dendritic cell therapy enhances antitumor efficacy in melanoma. ( Arabi, L; Badiee, A; Jaafari, MR; Jahani, V; Yazdani, M, 2023) |
" Celecoxib and plumbagin are two drugs that were identified from a screen to synergistically kill melanoma cells compared with normal cells." | 7.85 | Nanoparticle-Based Celecoxib and Plumbagin for the Synergistic Treatment of Melanoma. ( Gowda, R; Kardos, G; Robertson, GP; Sharma, A; Singh, S, 2017) |
" Dacarbazine (DTIC) is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of metastatic melanoma." | 7.83 | In-vitro and in-vivo inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis by the drug combination of celecoxib and dacarbazine. ( Averineni, RK; Guan, X; Sadhu, SS; Seefeldt, T; Wang, S; Yang, Y, 2016) |
" Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits cell growth of various types of human cancer including malignant melanoma." | 7.80 | Antitumor effects of celecoxib in COX-2 expressing and non-expressing canine melanoma cell lines. ( Ahn, JO; Coh, YR; Han, SM; Lee, HW; Rebhun, RB; Seo, KW; Youn, HY, 2014) |
" This study was designed to investigate the effects of the mTOR antagonist rapamycin and the COX 2 inhibitor celecoxib on cell growth and apoptosis in malignant melanoma." | 7.74 | Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of rapamycin and celecoxib in malignant melanoma cell lines. ( Becker, B; Bundscherer, A; Hafner, C; Landthaler, M; Maisch, T; Vogt, T, 2008) |
"Celecoxib has proven to be a very prominent member of this group with cytostatic activities." | 5.51 | Carboranyl Analogues of Celecoxib with Potent Cytostatic Activity against Human Melanoma and Colon Cancer Cell Lines. ( Buzharevski, A; Hey-Hawkins, E; Laube, M; Lönnecke, P; Maksimovic-Ivanic, D; Mijatovic, S; Neumann, W; Paskas, S; Pietzsch, J; Sárosi, MB, 2019) |
"Melanoma is a highly drug resistant cancer." | 5.46 | Synergistic inhibitory effects of Celecoxib and Plumbagin on melanoma tumor growth. ( Gowda, R; Robertson, GP; Sharma, A, 2017) |
"Melanoma is the most serious type of skin disease and a leading cause of death from skin disease due to its highly metastatic ability." | 5.37 | Green tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. ( Katiyar, SK; Singh, T, 2011) |
"Celecoxib, which was approved by Health Canada for familial adenomatous polyposis coli, was offered to 27 patients with surgically incurable recurrent melanoma, 87 percent of whom had stage M1c disease." | 5.33 | Clinical activity of celecoxib in metastatic malignant melanoma. ( Wilson, KS, 2006) |
"The combination of TMZ and celecoxib is safe and potentially effective in the treatment of metastatic melanoma." | 5.12 | Temozolomide in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced melanoma. A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. ( Fountzilas, G; Frangia, K; Gogas, H; Mantzourani, M; Markopoulos, C; Middleton, M; Panagiotou, P; Papadopoulos, O; Pectasides, D; Polyzos, A; Stavrinidis, I; Tsoutsos, D; Vaiopoulos, G, 2006) |
" Inspired by the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammation in the tumor site, we proposed that normalization of the tumor microenvironment by celecoxib as a COX-2 inhibitor might improve the efficacy of Dendritic Cell (DC) therapy in a melanoma model." | 4.31 | Liposomal celecoxib combined with dendritic cell therapy enhances antitumor efficacy in melanoma. ( Arabi, L; Badiee, A; Jaafari, MR; Jahani, V; Yazdani, M, 2023) |
" Celecoxib and plumbagin are two drugs that were identified from a screen to synergistically kill melanoma cells compared with normal cells." | 3.85 | Nanoparticle-Based Celecoxib and Plumbagin for the Synergistic Treatment of Melanoma. ( Gowda, R; Kardos, G; Robertson, GP; Sharma, A; Singh, S, 2017) |
" Dacarbazine (DTIC) is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of metastatic melanoma." | 3.83 | In-vitro and in-vivo inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis by the drug combination of celecoxib and dacarbazine. ( Averineni, RK; Guan, X; Sadhu, SS; Seefeldt, T; Wang, S; Yang, Y, 2016) |
" Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits cell growth of various types of human cancer including malignant melanoma." | 3.80 | Antitumor effects of celecoxib in COX-2 expressing and non-expressing canine melanoma cell lines. ( Ahn, JO; Coh, YR; Han, SM; Lee, HW; Rebhun, RB; Seo, KW; Youn, HY, 2014) |
"Herein we analyzed the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib in a model of generalized BM dissemination of left cardiac ventricle-injected B16 melanoma (B16M) cells into healthy and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated mice to induce inflammation." | 3.77 | Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates melanoma cell adhesion and growth in the bone marrow microenvironment via tumor cyclooxygenase-2. ( Carrascal, T; Crende, O; Hernández, JJ; Mendoza, L; Salado, C; Valcárcel, M; Vidal-Vanaclocha, F, 2011) |
" This study was designed to investigate the effects of the mTOR antagonist rapamycin and the COX 2 inhibitor celecoxib on cell growth and apoptosis in malignant melanoma." | 3.74 | Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of rapamycin and celecoxib in malignant melanoma cell lines. ( Becker, B; Bundscherer, A; Hafner, C; Landthaler, M; Maisch, T; Vogt, T, 2008) |
"Paclitaxel has antiangiogenic properties, but the mechanisms for the enhanced sensitivity of endothelial cells (ECs) to this drug are not established." | 2.71 | Increased endothelial uptake of paclitaxel as a potential mechanism for its antiangiogenic effects: potentiation by Cox-2 inhibition. ( Bubley, GJ; He, X; Jayaram, DR; Merchan, JR; Sukhatme, VP; Supko, JG, 2005) |
"Celecoxib was administered at 400 mg/day during the entire course of radiotherapy." | 2.71 | Phase I/II study of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib as a radiation sensitizer in patients with unresectable brain metastases. ( Bonomi, MR; Cabalar, ME; Castro, MA; Cerchietti, LC; Navigante, AH; Roth, BM, 2005) |
"Melanoma is a model tumor in immuno-oncology." | 2.66 | COX-2 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in melanoma. ( Bâldea, I; Gabriela Filip, A; Hopârtean, A; Kacso, T; Kutasi, E; Lupu, M; Stretea, R; Tudor, DV, 2020) |
"Celecoxib has proven to be a very prominent member of this group with cytostatic activities." | 1.51 | Carboranyl Analogues of Celecoxib with Potent Cytostatic Activity against Human Melanoma and Colon Cancer Cell Lines. ( Buzharevski, A; Hey-Hawkins, E; Laube, M; Lönnecke, P; Maksimovic-Ivanic, D; Mijatovic, S; Neumann, W; Paskas, S; Pietzsch, J; Sárosi, MB, 2019) |
"Melanoma is a highly drug resistant cancer." | 1.46 | Synergistic inhibitory effects of Celecoxib and Plumbagin on melanoma tumor growth. ( Gowda, R; Robertson, GP; Sharma, A, 2017) |
"Human cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive and chemotherapy-resistant type of cancer." | 1.42 | AM251 induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in A375 human melanoma cells. ( Adinolfi, B; Breschi, MC; Carpi, S; Costa, B; Da Pozzo, E; Fogli, S; Martini, C; Nieri, P; Pellegrino, M; Podestà, A; Romanini, A, 2015) |
"Keratoacanthomas (KAs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cuSCCs) develop in 15-30% of patients with BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi)." | 1.40 | COX-2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors. ( Atefi, M; Avramis, E; Cass, A; Cochran, AJ; Comin-Anduix, B; Escuin-Ordinas, H; Fu, Y; Graeber, TG; Herschman, HR; Huang, RR; Lo, RS; Marais, R; Ng, C; Ribas, A; Yashar, S, 2014) |
"Combined treatment of human HCT116 colon cancer cells with free celecoxib plus tributyrin emulsion inhibited the cellular proliferation more effectively than that of each drug alone, suggesting the possibility of tributyrin emulsion as a potential celecoxib carrier." | 1.38 | Dual function of tributyrin emulsion: solubilization and enhancement of anticancer effect of celecoxib. ( Hong, SS; Kang, SN; Lee, MK; Lim, SJ, 2012) |
"Melanoma is the most serious type of skin disease and a leading cause of death from skin disease due to its highly metastatic ability." | 1.37 | Green tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. ( Katiyar, SK; Singh, T, 2011) |
"Celecoxib, which was approved by Health Canada for familial adenomatous polyposis coli, was offered to 27 patients with surgically incurable recurrent melanoma, 87 percent of whom had stage M1c disease." | 1.33 | Clinical activity of celecoxib in metastatic malignant melanoma. ( Wilson, KS, 2006) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 9 (34.62) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 15 (57.69) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (7.69) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Jahani, V | 1 |
Yazdani, M | 1 |
Badiee, A | 1 |
Jaafari, MR | 1 |
Arabi, L | 1 |
Tudor, DV | 1 |
Bâldea, I | 1 |
Lupu, M | 1 |
Kacso, T | 1 |
Kutasi, E | 1 |
Hopârtean, A | 1 |
Stretea, R | 1 |
Gabriela Filip, A | 1 |
Buzharevski, A | 1 |
Paskas, S | 1 |
Sárosi, MB | 1 |
Laube, M | 1 |
Lönnecke, P | 1 |
Neumann, W | 1 |
Mijatovic, S | 1 |
Maksimovic-Ivanic, D | 1 |
Pietzsch, J | 1 |
Hey-Hawkins, E | 1 |
Zhu, L | 1 |
Ploessl, K | 1 |
Kung, HF | 1 |
Escuin-Ordinas, H | 1 |
Atefi, M | 1 |
Fu, Y | 1 |
Cass, A | 1 |
Ng, C | 1 |
Huang, RR | 1 |
Yashar, S | 1 |
Comin-Anduix, B | 1 |
Avramis, E | 1 |
Cochran, AJ | 1 |
Marais, R | 1 |
Lo, RS | 1 |
Graeber, TG | 1 |
Herschman, HR | 1 |
Ribas, A | 1 |
Seo, KW | 1 |
Coh, YR | 1 |
Rebhun, RB | 1 |
Ahn, JO | 1 |
Han, SM | 1 |
Lee, HW | 1 |
Youn, HY | 1 |
Carpi, S | 1 |
Fogli, S | 1 |
Romanini, A | 1 |
Pellegrino, M | 1 |
Adinolfi, B | 1 |
Podestà, A | 1 |
Costa, B | 1 |
Da Pozzo, E | 1 |
Martini, C | 1 |
Breschi, MC | 1 |
Nieri, P | 1 |
Sadhu, SS | 1 |
Wang, S | 1 |
Averineni, RK | 1 |
Seefeldt, T | 1 |
Yang, Y | 1 |
Guan, X | 1 |
Gowda, R | 2 |
Sharma, A | 2 |
Robertson, GP | 2 |
Kardos, G | 1 |
Singh, S | 1 |
Botti, G | 1 |
Fratangelo, F | 1 |
Cerrone, M | 1 |
Liguori, G | 1 |
Cantile, M | 1 |
Anniciello, AM | 1 |
Scala, S | 1 |
D'Alterio, C | 1 |
Trimarco, C | 1 |
Ianaro, A | 1 |
Cirino, G | 1 |
Caracò, C | 1 |
Colombino, M | 1 |
Palmieri, G | 1 |
Pepe, S | 1 |
Ascierto, PA | 1 |
Sabbatino, F | 1 |
Scognamiglio, G | 1 |
Ueno, M | 1 |
Namiki, T | 1 |
Inui, K | 1 |
Hanafusa, T | 1 |
Miura, K | 1 |
Yokozeki, H | 1 |
Becker, MR | 1 |
Gaiser, T | 1 |
Bhatt, RS | 1 |
Merchan, J | 1 |
Parker, R | 1 |
Wu, HK | 1 |
Zhang, L | 1 |
Seery, V | 1 |
Heymach, JV | 1 |
Atkins, MB | 1 |
McDermott, D | 1 |
Sukhatme, VP | 2 |
Valcárcel, M | 1 |
Mendoza, L | 1 |
Hernández, JJ | 1 |
Carrascal, T | 1 |
Salado, C | 1 |
Crende, O | 1 |
Vidal-Vanaclocha, F | 1 |
Singh, T | 1 |
Katiyar, SK | 1 |
Kang, SN | 1 |
Hong, SS | 1 |
Lee, MK | 1 |
Lim, SJ | 1 |
Ellebaek, E | 1 |
Engell-Noerregaard, L | 1 |
Iversen, TZ | 1 |
Froesig, TM | 1 |
Munir, S | 1 |
Hadrup, SR | 1 |
Andersen, MH | 1 |
Svane, IM | 1 |
Merchan, JR | 1 |
Jayaram, DR | 1 |
Supko, JG | 1 |
He, X | 1 |
Bubley, GJ | 1 |
Zanon, M | 1 |
Piris, A | 1 |
Bersani, I | 1 |
Vegetti, C | 1 |
Molla, A | 1 |
Scarito, A | 1 |
Anichini, A | 1 |
Cerchietti, LC | 1 |
Bonomi, MR | 1 |
Navigante, AH | 1 |
Castro, MA | 1 |
Cabalar, ME | 1 |
Roth, BM | 1 |
Roh, JL | 1 |
Sung, MW | 1 |
Kim, KH | 1 |
Gogas, H | 1 |
Polyzos, A | 1 |
Stavrinidis, I | 1 |
Frangia, K | 1 |
Tsoutsos, D | 1 |
Panagiotou, P | 1 |
Markopoulos, C | 1 |
Papadopoulos, O | 1 |
Pectasides, D | 1 |
Mantzourani, M | 1 |
Middleton, M | 1 |
Vaiopoulos, G | 1 |
Fountzilas, G | 1 |
Wilson, KS | 1 |
Bundscherer, A | 1 |
Hafner, C | 1 |
Maisch, T | 1 |
Becker, B | 1 |
Landthaler, M | 1 |
Vogt, T | 1 |
Pentland, AP | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination With Autologous Dendritic Cells Pulsed With Tumor Antigens for Treatment of Patients With Malignant Melanoma. Phase I/II Study[NCT00197912] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
Oral L-arginine Supplementation in Patients With Non-resectable Brain Metastases Treated With Radiation Therapy With Palliative Intent[NCT02844387] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-05-31 | Completed | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
1 review available for celecoxib and Melanoma
Article | Year |
---|---|
COX-2 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in melanoma.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Celecoxib; Clinical Tria | 2020 |
5 trials available for celecoxib and Melanoma
Article | Year |
---|---|
A phase 2 pilot trial of low-dose, continuous infusion, or "metronomic" paclitaxel and oral celecoxib in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Celecoxib; Cytokines; Drug Administrati | 2010 |
Metastatic melanoma patients treated with dendritic cell vaccination, Interleukin-2 and metronomic cyclophosphamide: results from a phase II trial.
Topics: Administration, Metronomic; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; C | 2012 |
Increased endothelial uptake of paclitaxel as a potential mechanism for its antiangiogenic effects: potentiation by Cox-2 inhibition.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Pro | 2005 |
Phase I/II study of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib as a radiation sensitizer in patients with unresectable brain metastases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Celecoxib; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyclooxygenase | 2005 |
Temozolomide in combination with celecoxib in patients with advanced melanoma. A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Brain Neoplasms; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase Inhi | 2006 |
20 other studies available for celecoxib and Melanoma
Article | Year |
---|---|
Liposomal celecoxib combined with dendritic cell therapy enhances antitumor efficacy in melanoma.
Topics: Cancer Vaccines; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Celecoxib; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Lipos | 2023 |
Carboranyl Analogues of Celecoxib with Potent Cytostatic Activity against Human Melanoma and Colon Cancer Cell Lines.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Celecoxib; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Su | 2019 |
Chemistry. Expanding the scope of fluorine tags for PET imaging.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Aniline Compounds; Celecoxib; Ethylene Glycols; Fluorescent Dyes; Fluorine Radioi | 2013 |
COX-2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Female; | 2014 |
Antitumor effects of celecoxib in COX-2 expressing and non-expressing canine melanoma cell lines.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Celecoxib; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; | 2014 |
AM251 induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in A375 human melanoma cells.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Calcium Channels; Celecoxib; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cycl | 2015 |
In-vitro and in-vivo inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis by the drug combination of celecoxib and dacarbazine.
Topics: Animals; Celecoxib; Cell Proliferation; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Dacarbazine; Disease Models, An | 2016 |
Synergistic inhibitory effects of Celecoxib and Plumbagin on melanoma tumor growth.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosi | 2017 |
Nanoparticle-Based Celecoxib and Plumbagin for the Synergistic Treatment of Melanoma.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Celecoxib; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cyclooxygena | 2017 |
COX-2 expression positively correlates with PD-L1 expression in human melanoma cells.
Topics: B7-H1 Antigen; Celecoxib; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cyclooxygenase 2; Down-Regulation; G | 2017 |
Neutrophilic panniculitis with vasculitis in a melanoma patient treated with vemurafenib: a case report and its management.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplast | 2017 |
Impressive regression of visceral and cerebral melanoma metastases under combination treatment including dacarbacine, radiotherapy and celecoxib.
Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Brain Neoplasms; Celecoxib; Combined Modality Therapy | 2009 |
Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates melanoma cell adhesion and growth in the bone marrow microenvironment via tumor cyclooxygenase-2.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Neoplasms; Celecoxib; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, | 2011 |
Green tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Topics: Catechin; Celecoxib; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase | 2011 |
Dual function of tributyrin emulsion: solubilization and enhancement of anticancer effect of celecoxib.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Celecoxib; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Colonic Neoplasms; | 2012 |
Apoptosis protease activator protein-1 expression is dispensable for response of human melanoma cells to distinct proapoptotic agents.
Topics: Amidines; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; Benzylamines; Ca | 2004 |
Suppression of accelerated tumor growth in surgical wounds by celecoxib and indomethacin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Celecoxib; Ce | 2005 |
Clinical activity of celecoxib in metastatic malignant melanoma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Melano | 2006 |
Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of rapamycin and celecoxib in malignant melanoma cell lines.
Topics: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Celecoxib; C | 2008 |
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors for skin cancer prevention: are they beneficial enough?
Topics: Animals; Celecoxib; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Humans; Melanoma; Prognosis | 2002 |