cefotaxime and Poultry-Diseases

A large number of antimicrobials are used for the treatment of bacterial infections, and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in livestock and the transfer of resistant isolates to humans poses a serious potential risk to public health. In particular, broiler parent stock produce thousands of eggs for commercial broiler chickens and can transfer antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and drug-resistance genes to chicks. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolated from the broiler parent stock in Korea. Among 51 cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates, 45 (88.2%) isolates were identified as multidrug resistant and 21 isolates showed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of CTX-M-producing E. coli. The CTX-M genes CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-1, and CTX-M-1 were detected in 10, 7, 3, and 1 isolates, respectively. ISEcp1 or IS26 + ISEcp1 were identified upstream of all CTX-M-type genes, and orf477 and IS903 were detected downstream of 9 and 10 CTX-M-type genes, respectively. Thirteen (61.9%) of the 21 CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates harbored class 1 integrons with 4 different gene cassette arrangements. Among the plasmid replicons, CTX-M-1 was located on I1, F, and FIB; CTX-M-14 on F and FII; CTX-M-15 on FII, FIA, and FIB; and CTX-M-65 on FIB. This is the first study to investigate the presence and distribution of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and CTX-M-producing E. coli isolated from the broiler parent stock level in Korea, and the results indicate that comprehensive surveillance and persistent monitoring systems in broiler parent stock farms are necessary to prevent the dissemination of resistant isolates.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Ovum; Poultry Diseases; Republic of Korea

Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farmers; Genotype; Humans; Intestines; Italy; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence

Small-scale farming may have large impacts on the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans. We conducted an observational study to evaluate antibiotic-resistant

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ecuador; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a worldwide concern. Up to a 160% increase in antibiotic usage in food animals is expected in Latin American countries. The poultry industry is an increasingly important segment of food production and contributor to AR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, AR patterns and the characterization of relevant resistance genes in Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC-producing E. coli from large poultry farms in Ecuador. Sampling was performed from June 2013 to July 2014 in 6 slaughterhouses that slaughter broilers from 115 farms totaling 384 flocks. Each sample of collected caeca was streaked onto TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (3 mg/l). In total, 176 isolates were analyzed for AR patterns by the disk diffusion method and for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV, blaKPC, and mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. ESBL and AmpC E. coli were found in 362 flocks (94.3%) from 112 farms (97.4%). We found that 98.3% of the cefotaxime-resistant isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics. Low resistance was observed for ertapenem and nitrofurantoin. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the ones belonging to the blaCTX-M group (90.9%), specifically the blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-3 alleles. Most of the AmpC strains presented the blaCMY-2 gene. Three isolates showed the mcr-1 gene. Poultry production systems represent a hotspot for AR in Ecuador, possibly mediated by the extensive use of antibiotics. Monitoring this sector in national and regional plans of AR surveillance should therefore be considered.

Topics: Animals; beta-Lactam Resistance; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Ecuador; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farms; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Ovum; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence

Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporins, is of major concern for animal and human health. In this study, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) / plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase -producing Escherichia coli isolates from German livestock farms were characterised and associations of these isolate characteristics with farm-related factors were investigated across different types of livestock. A total of 469 isolates originating from 150 farms (34 broiler farms, 38 fattening pig farms, 43 dairy cattle farms, 35 beef cattle farms) was included in the analyses. ESBL-gene family, phylogroup and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility for several antimicrobial agents were determined. This data was used to define different profiles characterising the isolates. Multivariate analyses using a distance-based non-parametric approach were performed to investigate associations between the profiles of the isolates and farm-related factors (e.g. management, husbandry, and environment of the farms). Co-occurrence of ESBL-gene families were not found in any of the isolates analysed. Sixty-eight percent of the isolates carried bla

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farms; Humans; Livestock; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases

In this investigation the farm prevalence of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) in German broiler farms was evaluated. In total, 59 flocks on 34 broiler farms were sampled in four agricultural regions of Germany. Per broiler flock, three faecal samples, a pair of boot swabs and one dust sample were taken and examined for the presence of CREC. After pre-enrichment of sample material in Luria-Bertani-broth, the broth was streaked onto MacConkey agar containing 1mg/l cefotaxime (CTX). CREC isolates were detected in at least one sample from each flock resulting in a farm prevalence of 100%. The proportion of positive samples was high in all three sample types. Of 177 collective faecal samples 81.9% were positive, of 59 boot swabs and 59 dust samples 79.7% and 62.7% were positive. In conclusion, the prevalence of broiler farms with cefotaxime-resistant E. coli in Germany is very high. We suggest that the analysis of collective faecal samples is sufficient to determine the CREC farm status. In addition to other studies our study supports the finding that cefotaxime resistance is a good proxy for the presence of ESBL- or plasmidic AmpC-beta-lactamases.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Cross-Sectional Studies; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Germany; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence

The nucleotide sequence analysis of the gyrB gene indicated that the fish Aeromonas spp. isolates could be identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, whereas chicken Aeromonas spp. isolates identified as Aeromonas caviae. PCR data revealed the presence of Lip, Ser, Aer, ACT and CAI genes in fish Aer. hydrophila isolates, ACT, CAI and Aer genes in fish Aer. veronii bv sobria isolates and Ser and CAI genes in chicken Aer. caviae isolates. All chicken isolates showed variable resistance against all 12 tested antibiotic discs except for cefotaxime, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, only one isolate showed resistance to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Fish Aeromonads were sensitive to all tested antibiotic discs except amoxicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam and streptomycin.. Many integrated fish farms depend on the application of poultry droppings/litter which served as a direct feed for the fish and also acted as pond fertilizers. The application of untreated poultry manure exerts an additional pressure on the microbial world of the fish's environment. Aeromonas species are one of the common bacteria that infect both fish and chicken. The aim of this study was to compare the phenotypic traits and genetic relatedness of aeromonads isolated from two diverse hosts (terrestrial and aquatic), and to investigate if untreated manure possibly enhances Aeromonas dissemination among cohabitant fish with special reference to virulence genes and antibiotic resistant traits.

Topics: Aeromonas caviae; Aeromonas hydrophila; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Cichlids; Ciprofloxacin; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Feces; Fish Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Sulbactam; Virulence Factors

To evaluate the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in broiler chickens, 41 rectal samples taken from 4 commercial farms were examined. Desoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agars, supplemented with either 4 μg/ml cefotaxime or 16 μg/ml ceftazidime, were used to screen ESC-resistant bacteria. ESC-resistant bacteria were isolated from all samples. Of the 164 ESC-resistant bacteria (included 4 isolates per a sample), 163 were Escherichia coli, while 1 isolate was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes in the isolates were determined by PCR and sequencing. One AmpC β-lactamase gene, bla(CMY-2) (66%), and 4 ESBL genes, bla(CTX-M-1) (26%), bla(CTX-M-55) (10%), bla(SHV-5) (4%) and bla(CTX-M-2) (3%), were detected in the E. coli isolates. The epidemiological relationship of the CMY-2 and CTX-M β-lactamase-producing isolates among the farms was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using the XbaI restriction enzyme. Forty-one (Y1-Y41) and 14 (X1-X14) clusters were found in the CMY-2 and CTX-M-carrying E. coli isolates, respectively. Some clusters included isolates derived from more than 1 farm, indicating some cross-contamination of clonal strains and spread of CMY-2 AmpC β-lactamase or CTX-M ESBL among the farms.

Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; beta-Lactamases; Cefotaxime; Ceftazidime; Chickens; DNA Primers; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Japan; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity

A qnrS1-positive strain of Escherichia coli was detected among 73 poultry isolates showing ciprofloxacin MICs of > or =0.125 microg/ml. The qnrS1 gene was associated with a Tn3-like transposon, as previously described to occur in a Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain of animal origin, but the plasmid scaffold carrying this element resembled that of a plasmid previously identified in Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin. These elements suggest genetic exchanges among Salmonella and E. coli and a potential animal reservoir for the qnr genes.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Genes, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Quinolones; Salmonella enterica