cefotaxime and Gram-Positive-Bacterial-Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cefotaxime; Cephalosporins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections

Infection is the immediate cause of death in many patients with cancer. Traditionally, combinations of modern beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides are empirically used in the treatment of patients with neutropenia and presumed infection. However, the new quinolones appear to have become potent combination partners for beta-lactams. Eighty-seven patients with presumed serious infection were blindly randomised to receive either 2 g cefotaxime i.v. plus 200 mg ofloxacin twice daily (group 1) or 2 g cefotaxime i.v. twice daily plus tobramycin i.v. three times daily with dosage adjustment according to renal function and body weight (group 2). The response rate was significantly higher in group 1 (71%) compared to group 2 (47%). The cefotaxime/ofloxacin combination proved to be safe and represented a considerable reduction of workload on the nursing staff.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Cefotaxime; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Ofloxacin; Tobramycin

This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight virulence genes (ace, asa1, esp, efaA, gelE, cylA, agg, fsr) in Enterococcus from a variety of animals and to explore the drug resistance and pathogenicity. This could provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of Enterococcus infections. Anal swabs from pigs, chickens, cattle, and dogs in farms and pet hospitals were collected for Enterococcus isolation and identification. Eight virulence genes were detected (PCR method), and drug resistance was assessed (drug-sensitive paper method). The strains containing different virulence genes were then divided into EV1, EV2, and EV3 groups. The LD

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cefotaxime; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; Dogs; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Levofloxacin; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sulfamethoxazole; Swine; Vancomycin; Virulence; Virulence Factors

Antibiotic adjuvant therapy represents an exciting opportunity to enhance the activity of clinical antibiotics by co-dosing with a secondary small molecule. Successful adjuvants decrease the concentration of antibiotics used to defeat bacteria, increase activity (in some cases introducing activity against organisms that are drug resistant), and reduce the frequency at which drug-resistant bacteria emerge. We report that 5-alkyloxytryptamines are a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents with exciting activity as antibiotic adjuvants. We synthesized 5-alkyloxytryptamine analogs and found that an alkyl chain length of 6-12 carbons and a primary ammonium group are necessary for the antibacterial activity of the compounds, and an alkyl chain length of 6-10 carbons increased the membrane permeability of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Although several of the most potent analogs also have activity against the membranes of human embryonic kidney cells, we demonstrate that below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)-where mammalian cell toxicity is low-these compounds may be successfully used as adjuvants for chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin against clinical strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus, reducing MIC values by as much as several logs.

Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Alkylation; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Salmonella typhimurium; Staphylococcus aureus; Tryptamines

To determine the occurrence of bacterial pathogens responsible for diarrhea and to engender information regarding the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotic against diarrhea.. This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and July 2014. Samples were collected from the Divisional Headquarter and Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The differential and selective media were used to isolate bacterial pathogens, which were identified through cultural characteristics, microscopy, and biochemical tests. Disc diffusion assay was carried out using Muller Hinton agar medium, and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using broth dilution method against isolated pathogens.. One hundred and forty-one (100%) samples were positive for some bacteria. Frequency of occurrence was Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) (66%), Escherichia coli (E.coli) (48.5%), Salmonella typhi (S. Typhi) (27.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (8.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (4.3%). Single pathogen was detected in 20 (14.2%) samples whereas combinations were found in 121 (85.8%) samples. Bacillus cereus and E.coli were the most frequently detected pathogens followed by the S. Typhi, P. aeruginosa, and Staph. aureus. The percentage occurrence of isolated pathogens was 31% in B. cereus, 31% in E. coli, 18% in S. Typhi, 5% in P. aeruginosa, and 3% in Staph. aureus.. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance against Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime, whereas S. aureus was found resistant against Cefotaxime. Statistical analysis using one way Analysis of Variance revealed that Ofloxacin and Gentamicin had significant (p less than 0.05) differences against all isolates as compared with other antibiotics used in this study.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus cereus; Cefotaxime; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Pakistan; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella typhi; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Typhoid Fever; Young Adult

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a serious global challenge. Here, we studied prospectively whether bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for real-time MDR surveillance is technical feasible, returns actionable results, and is cost-beneficial. WGS was applied to all MDR isolates of four species (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA], vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, MDR Escherichia coli, and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at the University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany, a tertiary care hospital with 1,450 beds, during two 6-month intervals. Turnaround times (TAT) were measured, and total costs for sequencing per isolate were calculated. After cancelling prior policies of preemptive isolation of patients harboring certain Gram-negative MDR bacteria in risk areas, the second interval was conducted. During interval I, 645 bacterial isolates were sequenced. From culture, TATs ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 days, and costs were €202.49 per isolate. During interval II, 550 bacterial isolates were sequenced. Hospital-wide transmission rates of the two most common species (MRSA and MDR E. coli) were low during interval I (5.8% and 2.3%, respectively) and interval II (4.3% and 5.0%, respectively). Cancellation of isolation of patients infected with non-pan-resistant MDR E. coli in risk wards did not increase transmission. Comparing sequencing costs with avoided costs mostly due to fewer blocked beds during interval II, we saved in excess of €200,000. Real-time microbial WGS in our institution was feasible, produced precise actionable results, helped us to monitor transmission rates that remained low following a modification in isolation procedures, and ultimately saved costs.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Enterococcus faecium; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genome, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Infection Control; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Piperacillin; Prospective Studies; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Aerococcus viridans is a rare human pathogen that occasionally causes endocarditis. Most of the reported cases of endocarditis have been treated with penicillin. Here we describe a patient who was allergic to penicillin and was successfully treated with cefotaxime.

Topics: Aerococcus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Treatment Outcome

Globicatella sanguinis is a rare cause of acute meningitis. We demonstrated human carriage of Globicatella by identifying cefotaxime-resistant strains in groin and rectal specimens 9 months after invasive infection. The pathogenic strain isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and the carriage strains were accurately identified by sodA gene sequence analysis.

Topics: Aerococcaceae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; beta-Lactam Resistance; Carrier State; Cefotaxime; Cerebrospinal Fluid; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Genotype; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Groin; Humans; Meningitis, Bacterial; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Rectum; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Superoxide Dismutase

Lactococcus lactis cremoris infections are very rare in humans. We experienced liver abscess and empyema due to L. lactis cremoris in an immunocompetent adult. A 42-yr-old man was admitted with fever and abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a liver abscess and chest CT showed loculated pleural effusion consistent with empyema. L. lactis cremoris was isolated from culture of the abscess material and blood. The patient was treated with pus drainage from liver abscess, video-assisted thoracoscopic decortications for empyema, and antibiotics including cefotaxime and levofloxacin. The patient was completely recovered with the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a L. lactis cremoris infection in Korea.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Drainage; Empyema; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Lactococcus lactis; Levofloxacin; Liver Abscess; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ofloxacin; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Sinusitis can rarely be latent and present directly with intracranial complications. We present the case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with typical features of meningitis. She underwent neuroimaging because of slow improvement and concern for a brain abscess. Despite no history or examination findings suggestive of sinusitis, she was found to have pansinusitis with intracranial extension causing meningitis and epidural abscess.

Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cefotaxime; Ceftriaxone; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Consciousness Disorders; Diagnostic Imaging; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eikenella; Emergencies; Endoscopy; Epidural Abscess; Female; Fusobacterium Infections; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Meningitis, Bacterial; Metronidazole; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; Peptostreptococcus; Prevotella intermedia; Sinusitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Vancomycin

Carnobacterium divergens clinical isolates BM4489 and BM4490 were resistant to penicillins but remained susceptible to combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and piperacillin-tazobactam. Cloning and sequencing of the responsible determinant from BM4489 revealed a coding sequence of 912 bp encoding a class A beta-lactamase named CAD-1. The bla(CAD-1) gene was assigned to a chromosomal location in the two strains that had distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. CAD-1 shared 53% and 42% identity with beta-lactamases from Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Alignment of CAD-1 with other class A beta-lactamases indicated the presence of 25 out of the 26 isofunctional amino acids in class A beta-lactamases. Escherichia coli harboring bla(CAD-1) exhibited resistance to penams (benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin) and remained susceptible to amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid. Mature CAD-1 consisted of a 34.4-kDa polypeptide. Kinetic analysis indicated that CAD-1 exhibited a narrow substrate profile, hydrolyzing benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin with catalytic efficiencies of 6,600, 3,200, and 2,900 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. The enzyme did not interact with oxyiminocephalosporins, imipenem, or aztreonam. CAD-1 was inhibited by tazobactam (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] = 0.27 microM), clavulanic acid (IC(50) = 4.7 microM), and sulbactam (IC(50) = 43.5 microM). The bla(CAD-1) gene is likely to have been acquired by BM4489 and BM4490 as part of a mobile genetic element, since it was not found in the susceptible type strain CIP 101029 and was adjacent to a gene for a resolvase.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; beta-Lactams; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cloning, Molecular; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Substrate Specificity

Topics: Adult; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bacteremia; Cefotaxime; Device Removal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Focal Infection, Dental; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Hip Prosthesis; Humans; Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease; Male; Penicillin G; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Rifampin; Staphylococcaceae; Teicoplanin

To evaluate the antibiotic susceptibilities of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from central nervous system (CNS) infections to agents used in current treatment regimens.. MICs of 16 reference antibiotics were determined by an agar dilution method for 24 consecutive strains of P. acnes isolated from individual patients with intracranial empyema or brain abscess. Bactericidal activities of antibiotics against P. acnes PAN14 were studied at 0.25-2 x MIC using a time-kill method.. All of the isolates were resistant to fosfomycin, intermediate or resistant to metronidazole and susceptible to all the other antibiotics tested, except for nine strains, which were intermediate to ofloxacin. Among antibiotics tested alone in time-kill experiments, vancomycin was the most effective drug and exhibited bactericidal activity after 24 h at 1x and 2 x MIC, whereas cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin were bactericidal after 48 h at 2 x MIC. No significant bactericidal activity could be demonstrated with the other antibiotics tested alone. The addition of cefotaxime to vancomycin resulted in bactericidal activity at lower concentrations (0.5 x MIC), whereas synergy was observed between quinupristin/dalfopristin and cefotaxime at 2 x MIC. In contrast, antagonism was observed between cefotaxime and linezolid, and ciprofloxacin and clindamycin.. Our data suggest that P. acnes isolates causing CNS infections remain highly susceptible to most antibiotics used for the treatment of such infections. Moreover, we showed that cefotaxime, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin possess good bactericidal activities against P. acnes, and that these activities may be enhanced when vancomycin is combined with cefotaxime or when cefotaxime is combined with quinupristin/dalfopristin.

Topics: Acetamides; Cefotaxime; Central Nervous System Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxazolidinones; Propionibacterium acnes; Vancomycin; Virginiamycin

We report the first case of Enterococcus cecorum empyema thoracis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a 44-year-old man with underlying cirrhosis. The patient responded to cefotaxime (MIC, 0.25 microg/ml) treatment and drainage of the empyema. Susceptibility of E. cecorum to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins could be due to its production of types of penicillin-binding proteins similar to those produced by Streptococcus species rather than to those produced by Enterococcus species (as predicted by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences).

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asian People; Cefotaxime; China; Empyema; Enterococcus; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny

Gold-standard treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis currently involves 3rd generation cephalosporins. To evaluate the efficacy of ofloxacin in this infection, we compared a combined therapy with intravenous and oral ofloxacin to intravenous cefotaxime.. Thirty cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were assigned to receive either intravenous (1 g/12 h) cefotaxime for 7 days (n=17) or intravenous (200 mg/12 h) ofloxacin for 2 days followed by oral (200 mg/12 h) ofloxacin for 5 days (n=13). All cases had community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.. The infection resolution rate on the 7th day of therapy was 82.4% in the cefotaxime group and 92.3% in the ofloxacin group. Hospital survival rates were 82.4% and 100%, respectively.. Oral ofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ofloxacin is effective in the treatment of uncomplicated spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This regimen may allow physicians to treat these patients as outpatients as soon as their intravenous therapy is completed.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Cefotaxime; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Peritonitis; Probability; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treatment Outcome

Infections by Leuconostoc species bacteria are uncommon, and usually affect patients with an underlying disease, or those fitted with a venous catheter or subjects previously treated with vancomycin. The most common clinical presentation is fever secondary to a central venous line infection. We report a case of Leuconostoc sp. bacteremia in an otherwise apparently healthy 2.5 month-old infant. The patient was successfully treated with cefotaxime. Leuconostoc sp. is an emerging pathogen that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteremia.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Cefotaxime; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Leuconostoc

We recently reported the beta-lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from pus specimens of 93 orofacial odontogenic infections. In this report, we determine the bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria other than anaerobic gram-negative rods, mainly gram-positive cocci, isolated from the same specimens. Streptococcus constellatus and Peptostreptococcus micros were frequent isolates from all types of infection examined. Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Corynebacterium species, and Eubacterium species were recovered only from dentoalveolar infections, while Gemella morbillorum was found more frequently in periodontitis than in the other infections. beta-Lactamase-positive strains were detected only in staphylococci. Ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefotaxime, imipenem, erythromycin, clindamycin and levofloxacin showed high susceptibility rates (> or = 77%) against viridans streptococci, Peptostreptococcus and Gemella. Minocycline showed a high MIC90 value against viridans streptococci (32 microg/ml), and metronidazole was effective against Peptostreptococcus and Gemella. These results provide useful information for the treatment of orofacial odontogenic infections.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cefazolin; Cefotaxime; Cephalosporins; Clindamycin; Corynebacterium; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Eubacterium; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Cocci; Humans; Imipenem; Levofloxacin; Ofloxacin; Penicillins; Peptostreptococcus; Periodontitis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Sulbactam; Thienamycins; Tooth Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Child, Preschool; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Bacterial; Micrococcaceae; Neutropenia; Rifampin; Vancomycin

The synergy between amoxicillin and cefotaxime against two strains of Enterococcus faecalis (JH2-2 and 6370) in vitro and in rabbit endocarditis was investigated. In vitro synergy was obtained only when amoxicillin concentrations were below the MBC and when cefotaxime concentrations were above 1 microg/ml. No synergy was observed in vivo, because of the short period of time during which these pharmacologic requirements were achieved.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Cefotaxime; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Rabbits

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Cephalosporins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterococcus; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Vancomycin

The antibacterial efficacy of the combination of amoxicillin and cefotaxime was assessed against 50 clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis. For 48 of 50 strains, the MIC of amoxicillin that inhibited 50% of isolates tested decreased from 0.5 microgram/ml (range, 0.25 to 1 microgram/ml) to 0.06 microgram/ml (range, 0.01 to 0.25 microgram/ml) in the presence of only 4 micrograms of cefotaxime per ml. Alternatively, the MIC of cefotaxime that inhibited 50% of isolates tested decreased from 256 micrograms/ml (range, 8 to 512 micrograms/ml) to 1 micrograms/ml (range, 0.5 to 16 micrograms/ml) in the presence of only 0.06 microgram of amoxicillin per ml. For JH2-2, a reference strain of E. faecalis, the MICs of amoxicillin, cefotaxime, and amoxicillin in the presence of cefotaxime (4 micrograms/ml) were 0.5, 512, and 0.06 microgram/ml, respectively. By using a penicillin-binding protein (PBP) competition assay, it was shown that with cefotaxime, 50% saturation of PBPs 2 and 3 was obtained at very low concentrations (< 1 microgram/ml), while 50% saturation of PBPs 1, 4, and 5 was obtained with > or = 128 micrograms/ml. With amoxicillin, 50% saturation of PBPs 4 and 5 was obtained at 0.12 and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Therefore, the partial saturation of PBPs 4 and 5 by amoxicillin combined with the total saturation of PBPs 2 and 3 by cefotaxime could be responsible for the observed synergy between these two compounds.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Bacterial Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Cefotaxime; Cephalosporins; Drug Synergism; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Hexosyltransferases; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Penicillins; Peptidyl Transferases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Ceftazidime; Cephalosporins; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Topics: Cefotaxime; Cephalothin; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Fifty-nine patients were operated or punctured in 60 incidents of brain abscess from 1963-1989, twice as many in men as in women. The number of cases tripled in 1980 to an incidence of 3.6 per million inhabitants per year, supposedly due to the advent of computerized tomography. Simultaneously, the aetiology changed from staphylococci and Gram negative rods to dominance of streptococci and Haemophilus aphrophilus. Apart from temporal abscesses, there was no correlation between localisation in the brain and the bacterial species isolated. Ninety-five per cent of the specimens from untreated patients gave growth, but so did specimens from six of 18 patients treated with relevant antibiotics up to 11 days before puncture. Therefore, we recommend removal of pus by excision or puncture.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteroides Infections; Brain Abscess; Cefotaxime; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Denmark; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methicillin; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Retrospective Studies; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides