caryophyllene and Alzheimer-Disease

Amyloid β (Aβ) is the major component of senile plaques (SP) in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and serves as an inflammatory stimulus for microglia. Trans-caryophyllene (TC), a major component in the essential oils derived from various species of medicinal plants, has displayed its neuro-protective effects in previous studies. However, whether TC has a protective role in AD remains unknown. In this study, the effects of TC on Aβ

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cell Line; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cytokines; Dinoprostone; Humans; Microglia; Neurogenic Inflammation; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phosphorylation; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Rats; Sesquiterpenes; Toll-Like Receptor 4

The activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has the beneficial effect of reducing neuroinflammatory response in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is suggested to trigger the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) pathway; agonists of both receptors improve AD. Recently, the plant metabolite β-caryophyllene was shown to selectively bind to CB2 receptor and act as a full agonist.. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of β-caryophyllene in a transgenic APP/PS1 AD model and analyzed whether this effect was mediated by CB2 and PPARγ.. β-Caryophyllene, given orally, prevented cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice, and this positive cognitive effect was associated with reduced β-amyloid burden in both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Moreover, β-caryophyllene reduced astrogliosis and microglial activation as well as the levels of COX-2 protein and the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in the cerebral cortex. The use of the CB2 antagonist AM630 or the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly reversed the protective effects of β-caryophyllene on APP/PS1 mice.. These results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effect of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene involves CB2 receptor activation and the PPARγ pathway and suggest β-caryophyllene as an attractive molecule for the development of new drugs with therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Hippocampus; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; PPAR gamma; Presenilin-1; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; RNA, Messenger; Sesquiterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha