carnitine has been researched along with Stroke in 21 studies
Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "L-carnitine has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia, mainly by improving mitochondrial function and reducing inflammation." | 8.12 | Association Between Plasma L-Carnitine and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. ( Bu, X; Che, B; Chen, H; He, J; Ju, Z; Peng, H; Wang, A; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2022) |
| "In this study of rural Chinese adults with hypertension, serum L-carnitine had an inverse but nonlinear association with first stroke." | 8.12 | Serum L-Carnitine Levels Are Associated With First Stroke in Chinese Adults With Hypertension. ( Duan, Y; Guo, H; Huo, Y; Li, J; Liu, L; Liu, X; Qin, X; Song, Y; Wang, B; Wang, X; Xu, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2022) |
| "Higher l-carnitine levels were associated with lower risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke." | 8.12 | Plasma l-carnitine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke: A nested case-control study. ( Bao, A; Che, B; Chen, H; Du, J; He, J; Ju, Z; Lu, Z; Miao, M; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2022) |
| "l-carnitine, a compound responsible for transportation of acyl groups across cell membranes and modulating intracellular acyl-coenzyme A levels, is reported to reduce muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes and those on dialysis." | 7.96 | Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on muscle cramps induced by stroke: A case report. ( Hanai, T; Katsumura, N; Miwa, T; Morino, K; Shimizu, M, 2020) |
| "Carnitine biosynthesis has been related to fatty acid oxidation, a process probably exerting neuroprotective effects." | 5.72 | Associations of plasma carnitine, lysine, trimethyllysine and glycine with incident ischemic stroke: Findings from a nested case-control study. ( Gu, S; Liu, D; Ma, Z; Wang, J; Xiao, L; Zhou, Z; Zuo, H, 2022) |
| "Objective- Stroke is a heterogeneous disease with diverse causes, which affect the risk of recurrence." | 5.48 | Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Stroke Recurrence. ( Jo, G; Oh, K; Seo, WK; Shin, MJ, 2018) |
| "Our data support the conclusion that metabolite profiles characterized by elevated concentrations of acylcarnitines are independently associated with risks of total CVD and stroke alone in participants at high risk of CVD." | 5.22 | Plasma acylcarnitines and risk of cardiovascular disease: effect of Mediterranean diet interventions. ( Arós, F; Clish, CB; Corella, D; Dennis, C; Estruch, R; Fiol, M; Fitó, M; Guasch-Ferré, M; Hruby, A; Hu, FB; Lapetra, J; Martínez-González, MA; Morales-Gil, IM; Ros, E; Ruiz-Canela, M; Salas-Salvadó, J; Serra-Majem, L; Zheng, Y, 2016) |
| "Increased TMAO was associated with higher stroke risk in the community-based population, whereas the TMAO precursors carnitine, choline, betaine, and TML were not associated." | 4.31 | Associations of plasma TMAO and its precursors with stroke risk in the general population: A nested case-control study. ( Gu, S; Liu, D; Ma, Z; Zhou, Z; Zuo, H, 2023) |
| "L-carnitine has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia, mainly by improving mitochondrial function and reducing inflammation." | 4.12 | Association Between Plasma L-Carnitine and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. ( Bu, X; Che, B; Chen, H; He, J; Ju, Z; Peng, H; Wang, A; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2022) |
| "In this study of rural Chinese adults with hypertension, serum L-carnitine had an inverse but nonlinear association with first stroke." | 4.12 | Serum L-Carnitine Levels Are Associated With First Stroke in Chinese Adults With Hypertension. ( Duan, Y; Guo, H; Huo, Y; Li, J; Liu, L; Liu, X; Qin, X; Song, Y; Wang, B; Wang, X; Xu, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2022) |
| "Higher l-carnitine levels were associated with lower risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke." | 4.12 | Plasma l-carnitine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke: A nested case-control study. ( Bao, A; Che, B; Chen, H; Du, J; He, J; Ju, Z; Lu, Z; Miao, M; Xu, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C, 2022) |
| "l-carnitine, a compound responsible for transportation of acyl groups across cell membranes and modulating intracellular acyl-coenzyme A levels, is reported to reduce muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes and those on dialysis." | 3.96 | Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on muscle cramps induced by stroke: A case report. ( Hanai, T; Katsumura, N; Miwa, T; Morino, K; Shimizu, M, 2020) |
| " We investigated the association of 105 serum metabolites, including acylcarnitines, amino acids, phospholipids and hexose, with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam (27,548 adults) and Heidelberg (25,540 adults) cohorts." | 3.88 | Serum metabolites and risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: a targeted metabolomic approach in two German prospective cohorts. ( Adamski, J; Boeing, H; Floegel, A; Illig, T; Johnson, T; Kaaks, R; Kühn, T; Otto, W; Pischon, T; Prehn, C; Rolle-Kampczyk, U; Sookthai, D; von Bergen, M; Weikert, C, 2018) |
| "TMAO was associated with lacunar stroke but not other ischemic stroke subtypes in a model adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking (OR, 1." | 1.91 | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and White Matter Hyperintensity Volume Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. ( Ament, Z; Bevers, MB; Bhave, VM; Couch, CA; Garcia Guarniz, AL; Irvin, MR; Kijpaisalratana, N; Kimberly, WT, 2023) |
| "Carnitine biosynthesis has been related to fatty acid oxidation, a process probably exerting neuroprotective effects." | 1.72 | Associations of plasma carnitine, lysine, trimethyllysine and glycine with incident ischemic stroke: Findings from a nested case-control study. ( Gu, S; Liu, D; Ma, Z; Wang, J; Xiao, L; Zhou, Z; Zuo, H, 2022) |
| "Objective- Stroke is a heterogeneous disease with diverse causes, which affect the risk of recurrence." | 1.48 | Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Stroke Recurrence. ( Jo, G; Oh, K; Seo, WK; Shin, MJ, 2018) |
| "Stroke is a major cause of death and disability." | 1.43 | Metabolic Phenotypes of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Relate to Stroke Risk: An Exploratory Study. ( Davies, AH; Holmes, E; Lewis, MR; Nicholson, JK; Shalhoub, J; Spagou, K; Vorkas, PA; Want, EJ, 2016) |
| "Cerebral infarction (CI) and intracerebral hemorrhage are lethal cerebrovascular diseases, sometimes sharing similar clinical manifestations but with distinct therapeutic strategies." | 1.43 | Rapid and Sensitive Differentiating Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes by Dried Blood Spot Based Direct Injection Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Analysis. ( Cao, Y; Dong, J; Fang, Y; Fang, Z; Gao, P; Hongzhi, S; Hu, Z; Sun, X; Wang, L; Xu, X; Zhu, Z, 2016) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (4.76) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 12 (57.14) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 8 (38.10) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Che, B | 2 |
| Chen, H | 2 |
| Wang, A | 1 |
| Peng, H | 1 |
| Bu, X | 1 |
| Zhang, J | 2 |
| Ju, Z | 2 |
| Xu, T | 2 |
| He, J | 2 |
| Zhong, C | 2 |
| Zhang, Y | 5 |
| Zhou, Z | 4 |
| Zhang, N | 1 |
| Song, Y | 1 |
| Liu, L | 1 |
| Li, J | 1 |
| Huo, Y | 2 |
| Liu, X | 1 |
| Duan, Y | 1 |
| Wang, B | 2 |
| Zhang, H | 2 |
| Guo, H | 2 |
| Qin, X | 2 |
| Wang, X | 2 |
| Xu, X | 3 |
| Liu, D | 2 |
| Wang, J | 1 |
| Xiao, L | 1 |
| Gu, S | 3 |
| Ma, Z | 2 |
| Zuo, H | 2 |
| Du, J | 1 |
| Miao, M | 1 |
| Lu, Z | 1 |
| Bao, A | 1 |
| Bhave, VM | 2 |
| Ament, Z | 2 |
| Patki, A | 1 |
| Gao, Y | 1 |
| Kijpaisalratana, N | 2 |
| Guo, B | 1 |
| Chaudhary, NS | 1 |
| Guarniz, AG | 1 |
| Gerszten, R | 1 |
| Correa, A | 1 |
| Cushman, M | 1 |
| Judd, S | 1 |
| Irvin, MR | 2 |
| Kimberly, WT | 2 |
| Bevers, MB | 1 |
| Garcia Guarniz, AL | 1 |
| Couch, CA | 1 |
| Miwa, T | 1 |
| Hanai, T | 1 |
| Morino, K | 1 |
| Katsumura, N | 1 |
| Shimizu, M | 1 |
| Floegel, A | 1 |
| Kühn, T | 1 |
| Sookthai, D | 1 |
| Johnson, T | 1 |
| Prehn, C | 1 |
| Rolle-Kampczyk, U | 1 |
| Otto, W | 1 |
| Weikert, C | 1 |
| Illig, T | 1 |
| von Bergen, M | 1 |
| Adamski, J | 1 |
| Boeing, H | 1 |
| Kaaks, R | 1 |
| Pischon, T | 1 |
| Wang, Z | 1 |
| Wei, X | 1 |
| Wang, M | 1 |
| Wang, BO | 1 |
| He, X | 1 |
| Sun, Y | 1 |
| Sun, M | 1 |
| Gong, X | 1 |
| Yi, F | 1 |
| Fastner, C | 1 |
| Behnes, M | 1 |
| Sartorius, B | 1 |
| Wenke, A | 1 |
| Lang, S | 1 |
| Yücel, G | 1 |
| Sattler, K | 1 |
| Rusnak, J | 1 |
| Saleh, A | 1 |
| Barth, C | 1 |
| Mashayekhi, K | 1 |
| Hoffmann, U | 1 |
| Borggrefe, M | 1 |
| Akin, I | 1 |
| Seo, WK | 1 |
| Jo, G | 1 |
| Shin, MJ | 1 |
| Oh, K | 1 |
| Endo, S | 1 |
| Takahashi, T | 1 |
| Sato, M | 1 |
| Noya, Y | 1 |
| Obana, M | 1 |
| Nie, J | 1 |
| Xie, L | 1 |
| Zhao, BX | 1 |
| Li, Y | 1 |
| Qiu, B | 1 |
| Zhu, F | 1 |
| Li, GF | 1 |
| He, M | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 1 |
| Liu, S | 1 |
| Cai, Y | 1 |
| Hou, FF | 1 |
| Rizza, S | 1 |
| Copetti, M | 1 |
| Rossi, C | 1 |
| Cianfarani, MA | 1 |
| Zucchelli, M | 1 |
| Luzi, A | 1 |
| Pecchioli, C | 1 |
| Porzio, O | 1 |
| Di Cola, G | 1 |
| Urbani, A | 1 |
| Pellegrini, F | 1 |
| Federici, M | 1 |
| Skagen, K | 1 |
| Trøseid, M | 1 |
| Ueland, T | 1 |
| Holm, S | 1 |
| Abbas, A | 1 |
| Gregersen, I | 1 |
| Kummen, M | 1 |
| Bjerkeli, V | 1 |
| Reier-Nilsen, F | 1 |
| Russell, D | 1 |
| Svardal, A | 1 |
| Karlsen, TH | 1 |
| Aukrust, P | 1 |
| Berge, RK | 1 |
| Hov, JE | 1 |
| Halvorsen, B | 1 |
| Skjelland, M | 1 |
| Guasch-Ferré, M | 1 |
| Zheng, Y | 1 |
| Ruiz-Canela, M | 1 |
| Hruby, A | 1 |
| Martínez-González, MA | 1 |
| Clish, CB | 1 |
| Corella, D | 1 |
| Estruch, R | 1 |
| Ros, E | 1 |
| Fitó, M | 1 |
| Dennis, C | 1 |
| Morales-Gil, IM | 1 |
| Arós, F | 1 |
| Fiol, M | 1 |
| Lapetra, J | 1 |
| Serra-Majem, L | 1 |
| Hu, FB | 1 |
| Salas-Salvadó, J | 1 |
| Vorkas, PA | 1 |
| Shalhoub, J | 1 |
| Lewis, MR | 1 |
| Spagou, K | 1 |
| Want, EJ | 1 |
| Nicholson, JK | 1 |
| Davies, AH | 1 |
| Holmes, E | 1 |
| Hu, Z | 1 |
| Zhu, Z | 1 |
| Cao, Y | 1 |
| Wang, L | 1 |
| Sun, X | 1 |
| Dong, J | 1 |
| Fang, Z | 1 |
| Fang, Y | 1 |
| Gao, P | 1 |
| Hongzhi, S | 1 |
| Listernick, R | 1 |
| Hewawasam, P | 1 |
| Ding, M | 1 |
| Chen, N | 1 |
| King, D | 1 |
| Knipe, J | 1 |
| Pajor, L | 1 |
| Ortiz, A | 1 |
| Gribkoff, VK | 1 |
| Starrett, J | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inner Mongolia Stroke Project A Randomized Controlled Trial of Immediate Blood Pressure Reduction on Death and Major Disability in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke in China[NCT01840072] | 4,071 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Biomarker Evaluation[NCT02985463] | 60 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2014-06-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets for Primary Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Hypertension: a Post-marketing, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.[NCT00794885] | Phase 4 | 20,702 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months after randomization. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 502 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 500 |
Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale at 14 days after randomization. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 681 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 683 |
Cognitive function was measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 3 months after randomization. The MoCA is a 30-item test that evaluates the following seven cognitive domains: visuospatial/executive functions, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, and orientation. One point is added for participants with education <12 years. Scores on the MoCA range from 0 to 30 and cognitive impairment was defined as a score of <26. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months
| Intervention | MoCA score (Median) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 22 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 22 |
Cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination at 3 months after randomization. The MMSE contains 20 items that test cognitive performance in domains including orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, language, and visual construction. MMSE scores were divided into three ordinal categories: 24-30 (no cognitive impairment), 19-23 (mild cognitive impairment), and 0-17 (severe cognitive impairment). (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months
| Intervention | MMSE score (Median) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 26 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 26 |
Those patients who were still alive at hospital discharge were contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Neurological function was assessed by the modified Rankin scale at the 3-month post-treatment follow-up visit. Scores on the modified Rankin Scale range from 0 to 6, with a score of 0 indicating no symptoms; a score of 5 indicating severe disability (ie, bedridden, incontinent, or requiring constant nursing care and attention); and a score of 6 indicating death. Major disability was defined as a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: Three months
| Intervention | Score on modified Rankin scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 1.0 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 1.0 |
Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information on clinical deaths will be obtained. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 68 |
| Usual Care | 54 |
Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information of vascular events, such as myocardial infarction, will be collected. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Usual Care | 59 |
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 48 |
Those patients who are still alive at hospital discharge will be contacted by telephone to set up a follow-up clinical visit. Information of recurrent stroke will be collected. (NCT01840072)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Active Antihypertensive Treatment | 28 |
| Usual Care | 43 |
2 trials available for carnitine and Stroke
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Plasma Metabolites Link Dietary Patterns to Stroke Risk.
Topics: Biomarkers; Carnitine; Diet; Humans; Risk Factors; Stroke | 2023 |
Plasma acylcarnitines and risk of cardiovascular disease: effect of Mediterranean diet interventions.
Topics: Aged; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Cohort Studies; Diet, Mediterranean; Fema | 2016 |
19 other studies available for carnitine and Stroke
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Association Between Plasma L-Carnitine and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Topics: Brain Ischemia; Carnitine; Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Inflammation; Ischemic Stroke; Prospective | 2022 |
Serum L-Carnitine Levels Are Associated With First Stroke in Chinese Adults With Hypertension.
Topics: Adult; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; China; Folic Acid; Genotype; Humans; Hypertension; Methylene | 2022 |
Associations of plasma carnitine, lysine, trimethyllysine and glycine with incident ischemic stroke: Findings from a nested case-control study.
Topics: Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Fabaceae; Glycine; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Lysine; Stroke; Tandem | 2022 |
Plasma l-carnitine and risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke: A nested case-control study.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Chromatography, Liquid; Electrolytes; Female; Hum | 2022 |
Associations of plasma TMAO and its precursors with stroke risk in the general population: A nested case-control study.
Topics: Betaine; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Choline; Humans; Stroke | 2023 |
Trimethylamine N-Oxide and White Matter Hyperintensity Volume Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Carnitine; Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; | 2023 |
Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on muscle cramps induced by stroke: A case report.
Topics: Aged; Carnitine; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Leg; Male; Muscle Cramp; Stroke | 2020 |
Serum metabolites and risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: a targeted metabolomic approach in two German prospective cohorts.
Topics: Aged; Amino Acids; Biomarkers; Brain Ischemia; Carnitine; Female; Germany; Humans; Incidence; Male; | 2018 |
Therapeutic Potential of Novel Twin Compounds Containing Tetramethylpyrazine and Carnitine Substructures in Experimental Ischemic Stroke.
Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Carnitine; Disease Models, Animal; Male; NADPH Oxidase 2; Neuroprotective A | 2017 |
Interventional Left Atrial Appendage Closure Affects the Metabolism of Acylcarnitines.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atrial Appendage; Atrial Fibrillation; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Cohort Studie | 2018 |
Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Stroke Recurrence.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Brain Ischemia; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolom | 2018 |
Effects of l-Carnitine Supplementation, Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection, and Rehabilitation for a Chronic Stroke Patient.
Topics: Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors; Botulinum Toxins; Carnitine; Combined Modality Therapy; Dietary Su | 2018 |
Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration Is Positively Associated With First Stroke in Hypertensive Patients.
Topics: Aged; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; China; Choline; Female; Folic Acid; Gastrointestinal Microbio | 2018 |
Metabolomics signature improves the prediction of cardiovascular events in elderly subjects.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Cellular Senescence; | 2014 |
The Carnitine-butyrobetaine-trimethylamine-N-oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
Topics: Aged; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Carotid Stenosis; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Chroma | 2016 |
Metabolic Phenotypes of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Relate to Stroke Risk: An Exploratory Study.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arachidonic Acid; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Carotid Stenosis; Case-Control Stu | 2016 |
Rapid and Sensitive Differentiating Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes by Dried Blood Spot Based Direct Injection Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Analysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amino Acids; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Cerebral Hemorrhage; C | 2016 |
A 14-year-old boy with vomiting.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Brain Ischemia; Carnitine; Cognition Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; | 2012 |
Synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs of BMS-191011: a maxi-K channel opener targeted for post-stroke neuroprotection.
Topics: Animals; Betaine; Blood; Carnitine; Crystallization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Stabilit | 2003 |