carnitine has been researched along with Depression in 17 studies
Depression: Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Altered metabolism of acylcarnitines - transporting fatty acids to mitochondria - may link cellular energy dysfunction to depression." | 9.22 | Genomics-based identification of a potential causal role for acylcarnitine metabolism in depression. ( Arnold, M; Dehkordi, SM; Dunlop, BW; Kaddurah-Daouk, R; Kastenmüller, G; Krishnan, RR; Milaneschi, Y; Penninx, BWJH; Rush, AJ, 2022) |
| "To To compare testosterone undecanoate versus propionyl-L-carnitine plus acetyl-L-carnitine and placebo in the treatment of male aging symptoms." | 9.11 | Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male aging. ( Biagiotti, G; Caracciolo, S; Cavallini, G; Modenini, F; Vitali, G, 2004) |
| "There are some evidences regarding beneficial effects of carnitine in improvement of depression symptoms." | 7.79 | Frequency of depression and its correlation with serum carnitine level in HIV/AIDS patients. ( Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Hatamkhani, S; Khalili, H; Khazaeipour, Z; Rezaee, H, 2013) |
| "Depression is a frequent comorbidity in HIV infection that has been associated with worse treatment outcomes and increased mortality." | 5.42 | Altered Monoamine and Acylcarnitine Metabolites in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Subjects With Depression. ( Cassol, E; Gabuzda, D; Kirk, GD; Mehta, SH; Misra, V; Morgello, S, 2015) |
| "Altered metabolism of acylcarnitines - transporting fatty acids to mitochondria - may link cellular energy dysfunction to depression." | 5.22 | Genomics-based identification of a potential causal role for acylcarnitine metabolism in depression. ( Arnold, M; Dehkordi, SM; Dunlop, BW; Kaddurah-Daouk, R; Kastenmüller, G; Krishnan, RR; Milaneschi, Y; Penninx, BWJH; Rush, AJ, 2022) |
| "To To compare testosterone undecanoate versus propionyl-L-carnitine plus acetyl-L-carnitine and placebo in the treatment of male aging symptoms." | 5.11 | Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male aging. ( Biagiotti, G; Caracciolo, S; Cavallini, G; Modenini, F; Vitali, G, 2004) |
| "21]) were associated with higher odds of antepartum depression and 4 metabolites (betaine [OR = =0." | 3.96 | Metabolomic markers of antepartum depression and suicidal ideation. ( Clish, C; Gelaye, B; Larrabure-Torrealva, GT; Mitro, SD; Molsberry, SA; Sanchez, SE; Williams, MA, 2020) |
| "There are some evidences regarding beneficial effects of carnitine in improvement of depression symptoms." | 3.79 | Frequency of depression and its correlation with serum carnitine level in HIV/AIDS patients. ( Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Hatamkhani, S; Khalili, H; Khazaeipour, Z; Rezaee, H, 2013) |
| "Two cases of acute valproic acid poisoning with central nervous system depression and raised ammonia level without hepatotoxicity were reported." | 3.74 | Two cases of valproic acid poisoning treated with L-carnitine. ( Chan, YC; Lau, FL; Tse, ML, 2007) |
| "Depression is a frequent comorbidity in HIV infection that has been associated with worse treatment outcomes and increased mortality." | 1.42 | Altered Monoamine and Acylcarnitine Metabolites in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Subjects With Depression. ( Cassol, E; Gabuzda, D; Kirk, GD; Mehta, SH; Misra, V; Morgello, S, 2015) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 1 (5.88) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 4 (23.53) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 8 (47.06) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 4 (23.53) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Milaneschi, Y | 1 |
| Arnold, M | 2 |
| Kastenmüller, G | 1 |
| Dehkordi, SM | 1 |
| Krishnan, RR | 1 |
| Dunlop, BW | 2 |
| Rush, AJ | 2 |
| Penninx, BWJH | 1 |
| Kaddurah-Daouk, R | 2 |
| Qutob, HMH | 1 |
| Saad, RA | 1 |
| Bali, H | 1 |
| Osailan, A | 1 |
| Jaber, J | 1 |
| Alzahrani, E | 1 |
| Alyami, J | 1 |
| Elsayed, H | 1 |
| Alserihi, R | 1 |
| Shaikhomar, OA | 1 |
| Divya, KM | 1 |
| Savitha, DP | 1 |
| Krishna, GA | 1 |
| Dhanya, TM | 1 |
| Mohanan, PV | 1 |
| Shah, SF | 1 |
| Jafry, AT | 1 |
| Hussain, G | 1 |
| Kazim, AH | 1 |
| Ali, M | 1 |
| Rivani, E | 1 |
| Endraswari, PD | 1 |
| Widodo, ADW | 1 |
| Khalil, MR | 1 |
| Guldberg, R | 1 |
| Nørgård, BM | 1 |
| Uldbjerg, N | 1 |
| Wehberg, S | 1 |
| Fowobaje, KR | 1 |
| Mashood, LO | 1 |
| Ekholuenetale, M | 1 |
| Ibidoja, OJ | 1 |
| Romagnoli, A | 1 |
| D'Agostino, M | 1 |
| Pavoni, E | 1 |
| Ardiccioni, C | 1 |
| Motta, S | 1 |
| Crippa, P | 1 |
| Biagetti, G | 1 |
| Notarstefano, V | 1 |
| Rexha, J | 1 |
| Perta, N | 1 |
| Barocci, S | 1 |
| Costabile, BK | 1 |
| Colasurdo, G | 1 |
| Caucci, S | 1 |
| Mencarelli, D | 1 |
| Turchetti, C | 1 |
| Farina, M | 1 |
| Pierantoni, L | 1 |
| La Teana, A | 1 |
| Al Hadi, R | 1 |
| Cicconardi, F | 1 |
| Chinappi, M | 1 |
| Trucchi, E | 1 |
| Mancia, F | 1 |
| Menzo, S | 1 |
| Morozzo Della Rocca, B | 1 |
| D'Annessa, I | 1 |
| Di Marino, D | 1 |
| Choya, A | 1 |
| de Rivas, B | 1 |
| Gutiérrez-Ortiz, JI | 1 |
| López-Fonseca, R | 1 |
| Xu, S | 1 |
| Cheng, B | 1 |
| Huang, Z | 1 |
| Liu, T | 1 |
| Li, Y | 1 |
| Jiang, L | 1 |
| Guo, W | 1 |
| Xiong, J | 1 |
| Amirazodi, M | 1 |
| Daryanoosh, F | 1 |
| Mehrabi, A | 1 |
| Gaeini, A | 1 |
| Koushkie Jahromi, M | 1 |
| Salesi, M | 1 |
| Zarifkar, AH | 1 |
| Studeny, P | 1 |
| Netukova, M | 1 |
| Nemcokova, M | 1 |
| Klimesova, YM | 1 |
| Krizova, D | 1 |
| Kang, H | 1 |
| Tao, Y | 1 |
| Zhang, Q | 1 |
| Sha, D | 1 |
| Chen, Y | 1 |
| Yao, J | 1 |
| Gao, Y | 1 |
| Liu, J | 1 |
| Ji, L | 1 |
| Shi, P | 1 |
| Shi, C | 1 |
| Wu, YL | 1 |
| Wright, AI | 1 |
| M El-Metwaly, N | 1 |
| A Katouah, H | 1 |
| El-Desouky, MG | 1 |
| El-Bindary, AA | 1 |
| El-Bindary, MA | 1 |
| Kostakis, ID | 1 |
| Raptis, DA | 1 |
| Davidson, BR | 1 |
| Iype, S | 1 |
| Nasralla, D | 1 |
| Imber, C | 1 |
| Sharma, D | 1 |
| Pissanou, T | 1 |
| Pollok, JM | 1 |
| Hughes, AM | 1 |
| Sanderson, E | 1 |
| Morris, T | 1 |
| Ayorech, Z | 1 |
| Tesli, M | 1 |
| Ask, H | 1 |
| Reichborn-Kjennerud, T | 1 |
| Andreassen, OA | 1 |
| Magnus, P | 1 |
| Helgeland, Ø | 1 |
| Johansson, S | 1 |
| Njølstad, P | 1 |
| Davey Smith, G | 1 |
| Havdahl, A | 1 |
| Howe, LD | 1 |
| Davies, NM | 1 |
| Amrillah, T | 1 |
| Prasetio, A | 1 |
| Supandi, AR | 1 |
| Sidiq, DH | 1 |
| Putra, FS | 1 |
| Nugroho, MA | 1 |
| Salsabilla, Z | 1 |
| Azmi, R | 1 |
| Grammatikopoulos, P | 1 |
| Bouloumis, T | 1 |
| Steinhauer, S | 1 |
| Mironov, VS | 2 |
| Bazhenova, TA | 2 |
| Manakin, YV | 2 |
| Yagubskii, EB | 2 |
| Yakushev, IA | 1 |
| Gilmutdinov, IF | 1 |
| Simonov, SV | 1 |
| Lan, K | 1 |
| Yang, H | 1 |
| Zheng, J | 1 |
| Hu, H | 1 |
| Zhu, T | 1 |
| Zou, X | 1 |
| Hu, B | 1 |
| Liu, H | 1 |
| Olokede, O | 1 |
| Wu, H | 1 |
| Holtzapple, M | 1 |
| Gungor, O | 1 |
| Kose, M | 1 |
| Ghaemi, R | 1 |
| Acker, M | 1 |
| Stosic, A | 1 |
| Jacobs, R | 1 |
| Selvaganapathy, PR | 1 |
| Ludwig, N | 1 |
| Yerneni, SS | 1 |
| Azambuja, JH | 1 |
| Pietrowska, M | 1 |
| Widłak, P | 1 |
| Hinck, CS | 1 |
| Głuszko, A | 1 |
| Szczepański, MJ | 1 |
| Kärmer, T | 1 |
| Kallinger, I | 1 |
| Schulz, D | 1 |
| Bauer, RJ | 1 |
| Spanier, G | 1 |
| Spoerl, S | 1 |
| Meier, JK | 1 |
| Ettl, T | 1 |
| Razzo, BM | 1 |
| Reichert, TE | 1 |
| Hinck, AP | 1 |
| Whiteside, TL | 1 |
| Wei, ZL | 1 |
| Juan, W | 1 |
| Tong, D | 1 |
| Juan, LX | 1 |
| Sa, LY | 1 |
| Jie, HFM | 1 |
| Xiao, G | 1 |
| Xiang, LG | 1 |
| Jie, HM | 1 |
| Xu, C | 1 |
| Yu, DN | 1 |
| Yao, ZX | 1 |
| Bigdeli, F | 1 |
| Gao, XM | 1 |
| Cheng, X | 1 |
| Li, JZ | 1 |
| Zhang, JW | 1 |
| Wang, W | 2 |
| Guan, ZJ | 1 |
| Bu, Y | 1 |
| Liu, KG | 1 |
| Morsali, A | 1 |
| Das, R | 1 |
| Paul, R | 1 |
| Parui, A | 1 |
| Shrotri, A | 1 |
| Atzori, C | 1 |
| Lomachenko, KA | 1 |
| Singh, AK | 1 |
| Mondal, J | 1 |
| Peter, SC | 1 |
| Florimbio, AR | 1 |
| Coughlin, LN | 1 |
| Bauermeister, JA | 1 |
| Young, SD | 1 |
| Zimmerman, MA | 1 |
| Walton, MA | 1 |
| Bonar, EE | 1 |
| Demir, D | 1 |
| Balci, AB | 1 |
| Kahraman, N | 1 |
| Sunbul, SA | 1 |
| Gucu, A | 1 |
| Seker, IB | 1 |
| Badem, S | 1 |
| Yuksel, A | 1 |
| Ozyazicioglu, AF | 1 |
| Goncu, MT | 1 |
| Zhang, H | 1 |
| Zhou, H | 1 |
| Deng, Z | 1 |
| Luo, L | 1 |
| Ong, SP | 1 |
| Wang, C | 1 |
| Xin, H | 1 |
| Whittingham, MS | 1 |
| Zhou, G | 1 |
| Maemura, R | 1 |
| Wakamatsu, M | 1 |
| Matsumoto, K | 1 |
| Sakaguchi, H | 1 |
| Yoshida, N | 1 |
| Hama, A | 1 |
| Yoshida, T | 1 |
| Miwata, S | 1 |
| Kitazawa, H | 1 |
| Narita, K | 1 |
| Kataoka, S | 1 |
| Ichikawa, D | 1 |
| Hamada, M | 1 |
| Taniguchi, R | 1 |
| Suzuki, K | 1 |
| Kawashima, N | 1 |
| Nishikawa, E | 1 |
| Narita, A | 1 |
| Okuno, Y | 1 |
| Nishio, N | 1 |
| Kato, K | 1 |
| Kojima, S | 1 |
| Morita, K | 1 |
| Muramatsu, H | 1 |
| Takahashi, Y | 1 |
| Yirgu, A | 1 |
| Mekonnen, Y | 1 |
| Eyado, A | 1 |
| Staropoli, A | 1 |
| Vinale, F | 1 |
| Zac, J | 1 |
| Zac, S | 1 |
| Pérez-Padilla, R | 1 |
| Remigio-Luna, A | 1 |
| Guzmán-Boulloud, N | 1 |
| Gochicoa-Rangel, L | 1 |
| Guzmán-Valderrábano, C | 1 |
| Thirión-Romero, I | 1 |
| Statsenko, ME | 1 |
| Turkina, SV | 1 |
| Barantsevich, ER | 1 |
| Karakulova, YV | 1 |
| Baranova, NS | 1 |
| Morzhukhina, MV | 1 |
| Wang, Q | 1 |
| Gu, Y | 1 |
| Chen, C | 1 |
| Qiao, L | 1 |
| Pan, F | 1 |
| Song, C | 1 |
| Canetto, SS | 1 |
| Entilli, L | 1 |
| Cerbo, I | 1 |
| Cipolletta, S | 1 |
| Wu, Y | 3 |
| Zhu, P | 1 |
| Jiang, Y | 1 |
| Zhang, X | 1 |
| Wang, Z | 1 |
| Xie, B | 1 |
| Song, T | 1 |
| Zhang, F | 1 |
| Luo, A | 1 |
| Li, S | 1 |
| Xiong, X | 1 |
| Han, J | 1 |
| Peng, X | 1 |
| Li, M | 1 |
| Huang, L | 1 |
| Chen, Q | 1 |
| Fang, W | 1 |
| Hou, Y | 1 |
| Zhu, Y | 1 |
| Ye, J | 1 |
| Liu, L | 1 |
| Islam, MR | 1 |
| Sanderson, P | 1 |
| Johansen, MP | 1 |
| Payne, TE | 1 |
| Naidu, R | 1 |
| Cao, J | 1 |
| Yang, J | 1 |
| Niu, X | 1 |
| Liu, X | 1 |
| Zhai, Y | 1 |
| Qiang, C | 1 |
| Niu, Y | 1 |
| Li, Z | 1 |
| Dong, N | 1 |
| Wen, B | 1 |
| Ouyang, Z | 1 |
| Zhang, Y | 1 |
| Li, J | 2 |
| Zhao, M | 1 |
| Zhao, J | 1 |
| Morici, P | 1 |
| Rizzato, C | 1 |
| Ghelardi, E | 1 |
| Rossolini, GM | 1 |
| Lupetti, A | 1 |
| Gözüküçük, R | 1 |
| Cakiroglu, B | 1 |
| He, X | 1 |
| Li, R | 1 |
| Zhao, D | 1 |
| Zhang, L | 1 |
| Ji, X | 1 |
| Fan, X | 1 |
| Chen, J | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 1 |
| Luo, Y | 1 |
| Zheng, D | 1 |
| Xie, L | 1 |
| Sun, S | 1 |
| Cai, Z | 1 |
| Liu, Q | 1 |
| Ma, K | 1 |
| Sun, X | 1 |
| Drinkwater, JJ | 1 |
| Davis, TME | 1 |
| Turner, AW | 1 |
| Davis, WA | 1 |
| Suzuki, Y | 1 |
| Mizuta, Y | 1 |
| Mikagi, A | 1 |
| Misawa-Suzuki, T | 1 |
| Tsuchido, Y | 1 |
| Sugaya, T | 1 |
| Hashimoto, T | 1 |
| Ema, K | 1 |
| Hayashita, T | 1 |
| Anikin, GS | 1 |
| Makhova, AA | 1 |
| Shikh, EV | 1 |
| Mitro, SD | 1 |
| Larrabure-Torrealva, GT | 1 |
| Sanchez, SE | 1 |
| Molsberry, SA | 1 |
| Williams, MA | 1 |
| Clish, C | 1 |
| Gelaye, B | 1 |
| MahmoudianDehkordi, S | 1 |
| Ahmed, AT | 1 |
| Bhattacharyya, S | 1 |
| Han, X | 1 |
| Baillie, RA | 1 |
| Skime, MK | 1 |
| John-Williams, LS | 1 |
| Moseley, MA | 1 |
| Thompson, JW | 1 |
| Louie, G | 1 |
| Riva-Posse, P | 1 |
| Craighead, WE | 1 |
| McDonald, W | 1 |
| Krishnan, R | 1 |
| Frye, MA | 1 |
| Weinshilboum, RM | 1 |
| Post, RM | 1 |
| Rezaee, H | 1 |
| Khalili, H | 1 |
| Hatamkhani, S | 1 |
| Dashti-Khavidaki, S | 1 |
| Khazaeipour, Z | 1 |
| Chen, S | 1 |
| Wei, C | 1 |
| Gao, P | 1 |
| Kong, H | 1 |
| Jia, Z | 1 |
| Hu, C | 1 |
| Dai, W | 1 |
| Xu, G | 1 |
| Fukami, K | 1 |
| Yamagishi, S | 1 |
| Sakai, K | 1 |
| Kaida, Y | 1 |
| Minami, A | 1 |
| Nakayama, Y | 1 |
| Ando, R | 1 |
| Obara, N | 1 |
| Ueda, S | 1 |
| Wada, Y | 1 |
| Okuda, S | 1 |
| Cassol, E | 1 |
| Misra, V | 1 |
| Morgello, S | 1 |
| Kirk, GD | 1 |
| Mehta, SH | 1 |
| Gabuzda, D | 1 |
| Akaishi, T | 1 |
| Nakashima, I | 1 |
| Misu, T | 1 |
| Fujihara, K | 1 |
| Aoki, M | 1 |
| Malaguarnera, M | 1 |
| Cavallini, G | 1 |
| Caracciolo, S | 1 |
| Vitali, G | 1 |
| Modenini, F | 1 |
| Biagiotti, G | 1 |
| Cruciani, RA | 1 |
| Dvorkin, E | 1 |
| Homel, P | 1 |
| Culliney, B | 1 |
| Malamud, S | 1 |
| Shaiova, L | 1 |
| Fleishman, S | 1 |
| Lapin, J | 1 |
| Klein, E | 1 |
| Lesage, P | 1 |
| Portenoy, R | 1 |
| Esteban-Cruciani, N | 1 |
| Jones, MG | 1 |
| Goodwin, CS | 1 |
| Amjad, S | 1 |
| Chalmers, RA | 1 |
| Chan, YC | 1 |
| Tse, ML | 1 |
| Lau, FL | 1 |
| Bonavita, E | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Randomised, Double Blinded Cross-over Study Comparing the Efficacy of L-carnitine Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis[NCT01149525] | Phase 3 | 59 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
3 reviews available for carnitine and Depression
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Genomics-based identification of a potential causal role for acylcarnitine metabolism in depression.
Topics: Carnitine; Causality; Depression; Genomics; Humans | 2022 |
Impact of dexamethasone and tocilizumab on hematological parameters in COVID-19 patients with chronic disease.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter | 2022 |
Carnitine derivatives: clinical usefulness.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carnitine; Cognition Disorders; Depres | 2012 |
3 trials available for carnitine and Depression
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Impact of dexamethasone and tocilizumab on hematological parameters in COVID-19 patients with chronic disease.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcarnitine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acids; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter | 2022 |
Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male aging.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Carnitine; Climacteric; Depression; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erectile Dysfunction; Fa | 2004 |
Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anxiety Disorders; Carnitine; Cognition Disorders; Depress | 1986 |
12 other studies available for carnitine and Depression
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Prospects of application of acetyl-L-carnitine in neurology and psychiatry (the treatment of polyneuropathy and depressive states)].
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Carnitine; Depression; Humans; Neurology; Polyneuropathies; Psychiatry | 2019 |
Metabolomic markers of antepartum depression and suicidal ideation.
Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Adult; Betaine; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Citrulline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dep | 2020 |
Alterations in acylcarnitines, amines, and lipids inform about the mechanism of action of citalopram/escitalopram in major depression.
Topics: Amines; Antidepressive Agents; Carnitine; Citalopram; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans | 2021 |
Myriad of implications of acetyl-l-carnitine deficits in depression.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Carnitine; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans | 2018 |
Frequency of depression and its correlation with serum carnitine level in HIV/AIDS patients.
Topics: Adult; Carnitine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Ma | 2013 |
Effect of Allium macrostemon on a rat model of depression studied by using plasma lipid and acylcarnitine profiles from liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Topics: Allium; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Carnitine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depression; | 2014 |
Carnitine deficiency is associated with late-onset hypogonadism and depression in uremic men with hemodialysis.
Topics: Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Depression; Eunuchism; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; U | 2014 |
Altered Monoamine and Acylcarnitine Metabolites in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Subjects With Depression.
Topics: Adult; Biogenic Monoamines; Carnitine; Cohort Studies; Depression; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; M | 2015 |
Depressive state and chronic fatigue in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carnitine; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Depression; Fatigue; Female; Gait Disorders, N | 2015 |
L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis.
Topics: Carnitine; Depression; Dietary Supplements; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; R | 2004 |
Plasma and urinary carnitine and acylcarnitines in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Depression; | 2005 |
Two cases of valproic acid poisoning treated with L-carnitine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Antidotes; Carnitine; Depression; Drug Overdose; Female; Humans; | 2007 |