carnitine and Aura studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Epileptic children treated with VPA and free of neurological disabilities are at risk for hyperammonemia that may be associated with hypocarnitinemia."	9.14	The risk of asymptomatic hyperammonemia in children with idiopathic epilepsy treated with valproate: relationship to blood carnitine status. ( Abdella, MM; Hamed, SA, 2009)
"This study was performed to evaluate carnitine deficiency in a large series of epilepsy children and adolescents treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet."	9.12	Plasma free carnitine in epilepsy children, adolescents and young adults treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet. ( Auricchio, G; Coppola, G; Epifanio, G; Federico, RR; Pascotto, A; Resicato, G, 2006)
"Valproic acid (VPA) as a widely used primary medication in the treatment of epilepsy is associated with reversible or irreversible hepatotoxicity."	9.01	Valproic Acid and the Liver Injury in Patients with Epilepsy: An Update. ( Chen, F; Guo, HL; Hu, YH; Jing, X; Lu, XP; Ni, MM; Qiu, JC; Sun, JY; Wang, T; Xu, ZJ, 2019)
"We measured carnitine levels before and after pivalate-conjugated antibiotic (PCA) use in six patients with epilepsy who were prescribed valproate (VPA)."	8.02	Carnitine supplementation prevents carnitine deficiency caused by pivalate-conjugated antibiotics in patients with epilepsy prescribed valproate. ( Azuma, Y; Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A, 2021)
"Overall, serum free carnitine levels showed significant negative correlations with epilepsy duration, VPA treatment duration, daily VPA dose, and blood VPA concentration."	8.02	Factors associated with blood carnitine levels in adult epilepsy patients with chronic valproic acid therapy. ( Miyaoka, H; Saito, M; Takizawa, T, 2021)
"We measured the serum-free carnitine (FC), VPA, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, and ammonia levels, and the platelet count, in 69 patients with childhood-onset epilepsy treated with VPA."	8.02	Effects of l-carnitine supplementation in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy prescribed valproate. ( Azuma, Y; Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A; Takagi, M, 2021)
"These findings suggest that carnitine deficiency is associated with the VPA dose and the serum VPA level in patients with bipolar disorder."	7.96	Association Between the Serum Carnitine Level and Ammonia and Valproic Acid Levels in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. ( Ishioka, M; Kubo, K; Miyazaki, K; Nakagami, T; Shimoda, K; Sugawara, N; Tarakita, N; Yasui-Furukori, N; Yokoyama, S, 2020)
"We measured the serum carnitine levels in 94 consecutive patients with epilepsy, including the free carnitine (FC) and acylcarnitine fractions, using an enzyme cycling method."	7.91	Serum carnitine levels of children with epilepsy: Related factors including valproate. ( Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A, 2019)
"5%), with the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy and receiving valproic acid monotherapy were studied."	7.88	Evaluation ofserum free carnitine/acylcarnitine levels and left ventricular systolic functions in children with idiopathic epilepsy receiving valproic acid. ( Celik, H; Ince, H; Kulhas Celik, I; Sungur, M; Tasdemir, HA, 2018)
"The free carnitine and acylcarnitines levels in 299 children with epilepsy on valproate monotherapy between June 2014 and September 2015 were compared with age- and sex-matched 299 healthy controls."	7.88	Carnitine Deficiency in Chinese Children with Epilepsy on Valproate Monotherapy. ( Hong, J; Qiliang, L; Wenqi, S, 2018)
"Carnitine deficiency was found in approximately 17% of patients with epilepsy and was significantly associated with carnitine-free enteral formula only by tube feeding, number of AEDs taken (independent of VPA use), body weight (BW), body height and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) score."	7.81	Carnitine deficiency: Risk factors and incidence in children with epilepsy. ( Fukuda, M; Ishii, E; Iwano, S; Kawabe, M; Kikuchi, C; Kuwabara, K; Morimoto, T; Suzuki, Y; Takehara, M; Wakamoto, H, 2015)
"Valproic acid, a branched short-chain fatty acid, has numerous action mechanisms which turn it into a broad spectrum anticonvulsant drug and make its use possible in some other pathologies such as bipolar disorder."	7.80	Hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid concentrations. ( Alvariza, S; Fagiolino, P; Guevara, N; Ibarra, M; Magallanes, L; Maldonado, C; Olano, I; Olmos, I; Vázquez, M, 2014)
"We could prove changes in acylcarnitine subspecies, which were associated with VPA treatment in children with epilepsy."	7.74	Effects of valproate on acylcarnitines in children with epilepsy using ESI-MS/MS. ( Gerstner, T; Koenig, SA; Kohlmueller, D; Longin, E; Mehlem, P; Schulze, A; Teich, M; Treiss, I; Werner, T, 2007)
"Prolonged antiepilepsy drug treatment can result in secondary carnitine deficiency."	7.72	Serum carnitine levels during oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine monotherapies in children with epilepsy. ( Dirik, E; Iscan, A; Kurul, S, 2003)
"In November 1996, a panel of pediatric neurologists met to update the consensus statement issued in 1989 by a panel of neurologists and metabolic experts on L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy."	7.70	L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy: current perspectives. ( Bohan, TP; Coulter, DL; De Vivo, DC; Dreifuss, FE; Greenwood, RS; Nordli, DR; Shields, WD; Stafstrom, CE; Tein, I, 1998)
"Carnitine treatment does not always prevent the emergence of serious hepatotoxicity, but it does alleviate valproate-induced hyperammonemia."	6.39	Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: Risk factors and treatment. ( Coulter, DL, 1995)
"Epilepsy is one of the most common serious brain disorders, affecting about 1% of the population all over the world."	5.72	Anti-kindling effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and L-carnitine in the pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy. ( Abd El-Gawad, HS; Abd Elkader, HAE; Alhasani, RH; El-Sayed, SA; Essawy, AE; Tousson, E, 2022)
"Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most prevalent encephalopathy in Japanese children."	5.51	Early administration of vitamins B1 and B6 and l-carnitine prevents a second attack of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion: A case control study. ( Fukui, KO; Ishiguro, A; Kashii, H; Kubota, M; Terashima, H, 2019)
" Three groups of patients were studied: (A) epileptic under phenytoin monotherapy (n = 31); (B) with bipolar disorder under valproic acid treatment (n = 28); (C) elderly (n = 41)."	5.22	Carnitine and/or Acetylcarnitine Deficiency as a Cause of Higher Levels of Ammonia. ( Fagiolino, P; González, R; Guevara, N; Maldonado, C; Queijo, C; Vázquez, M, 2016)
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with epilepsy undergoing valproate therapy and who are otherwise healthy have lower levels of serum and muscle carnitine."	5.14	Serum and muscle carnitine levels in epileptic children receiving sodium valproate. ( Anil, AB; Anil, M; Dilek, M; Helvaci, M; Kalenderer, O; Ozbal, E, 2009)
"Epileptic children treated with VPA and free of neurological disabilities are at risk for hyperammonemia that may be associated with hypocarnitinemia."	5.14	The risk of asymptomatic hyperammonemia in children with idiopathic epilepsy treated with valproate: relationship to blood carnitine status. ( Abdella, MM; Hamed, SA, 2009)
"This study was performed to evaluate carnitine deficiency in a large series of epilepsy children and adolescents treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet."	5.12	Plasma free carnitine in epilepsy children, adolescents and young adults treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet. ( Auricchio, G; Coppola, G; Epifanio, G; Federico, RR; Pascotto, A; Resicato, G, 2006)
" Antiquitin deficiency is the most common form of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy."	5.05	Inherited Disorders of Lysine Metabolism: A Review. ( Bouchereau, J; Schiff, M, 2020)
"Valproic acid (VPA) as a widely used primary medication in the treatment of epilepsy is associated with reversible or irreversible hepatotoxicity."	5.01	Valproic Acid and the Liver Injury in Patients with Epilepsy: An Update. ( Chen, F; Guo, HL; Hu, YH; Jing, X; Lu, XP; Ni, MM; Qiu, JC; Sun, JY; Wang, T; Xu, ZJ, 2019)
"We measured the serum-free carnitine (FC), VPA, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, and ammonia levels, and the platelet count, in 69 patients with childhood-onset epilepsy treated with VPA."	4.02	Effects of l-carnitine supplementation in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy prescribed valproate. ( Azuma, Y; Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A; Takagi, M, 2021)
"We measured carnitine levels before and after pivalate-conjugated antibiotic (PCA) use in six patients with epilepsy who were prescribed valproate (VPA)."	4.02	Carnitine supplementation prevents carnitine deficiency caused by pivalate-conjugated antibiotics in patients with epilepsy prescribed valproate. ( Azuma, Y; Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A, 2021)
" The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of valproic acid and carbamazepine monotherapy used in the treatment of epilepsy patients on serum adiponectin and carnitine levels."	4.02	The correlation between carbamazepine and valproic acid monotherapy with serum adiponectin and carnitine. ( Ceylan, M; İyigün, İ; Kızıltunç, A; Şimşek, F, 2021)
"Overall, serum free carnitine levels showed significant negative correlations with epilepsy duration, VPA treatment duration, daily VPA dose, and blood VPA concentration."	4.02	Factors associated with blood carnitine levels in adult epilepsy patients with chronic valproic acid therapy. ( Miyaoka, H; Saito, M; Takizawa, T, 2021)
"These findings suggest that carnitine deficiency is associated with the VPA dose and the serum VPA level in patients with bipolar disorder."	3.96	Association Between the Serum Carnitine Level and Ammonia and Valproic Acid Levels in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. ( Ishioka, M; Kubo, K; Miyazaki, K; Nakagami, T; Shimoda, K; Sugawara, N; Tarakita, N; Yasui-Furukori, N; Yokoyama, S, 2020)
"To retrospectively assess the incidence of high beta hydroxybutyrate, low bicarbonate (BIC), high acyl carnitine, low selenium, low magnesium, low zinc, low phosphorus, in a cohort of supplemented patients treated with the ketogenic diet (KD) for medically intractable epilepsy."	3.91	Yield of laboratory testing in pediatric ketogenic diet patients: Critical assessment of abnormal results and impact on clinical care. ( Conley, A; Criteser, S; Joshi, C; Oliver, J; Sillau, S; Stillman, C; Zupec-Kania, B, 2019)
"We measured the serum carnitine levels in 94 consecutive patients with epilepsy, including the free carnitine (FC) and acylcarnitine fractions, using an enzyme cycling method."	3.91	Serum carnitine levels of children with epilepsy: Related factors including valproate. ( Iwayama, H; Kurahashi, H; Numoto, S; Okumura, A, 2019)
"5%), with the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy and receiving valproic acid monotherapy were studied."	3.88	Evaluation ofserum free carnitine/acylcarnitine levels and left ventricular systolic functions in children with idiopathic epilepsy receiving valproic acid. ( Celik, H; Ince, H; Kulhas Celik, I; Sungur, M; Tasdemir, HA, 2018)
"The free carnitine and acylcarnitines levels in 299 children with epilepsy on valproate monotherapy between June 2014 and September 2015 were compared with age- and sex-matched 299 healthy controls."	3.88	Carnitine Deficiency in Chinese Children with Epilepsy on Valproate Monotherapy. ( Hong, J; Qiliang, L; Wenqi, S, 2018)
"Carnitine deficiency was found in approximately 17% of patients with epilepsy and was significantly associated with carnitine-free enteral formula only by tube feeding, number of AEDs taken (independent of VPA use), body weight (BW), body height and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) score."	3.81	Carnitine deficiency: Risk factors and incidence in children with epilepsy. ( Fukuda, M; Ishii, E; Iwano, S; Kawabe, M; Kikuchi, C; Kuwabara, K; Morimoto, T; Suzuki, Y; Takehara, M; Wakamoto, H, 2015)
"Valproic acid, a branched short-chain fatty acid, has numerous action mechanisms which turn it into a broad spectrum anticonvulsant drug and make its use possible in some other pathologies such as bipolar disorder."	3.80	Hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid concentrations. ( Alvariza, S; Fagiolino, P; Guevara, N; Ibarra, M; Magallanes, L; Maldonado, C; Olano, I; Olmos, I; Vázquez, M, 2014)
"Children with refractory epilepsy who suffered from severe liver function impairment during valproic acid (VPA) treatment at routine dosage were studied."	3.78	[Valproic acid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury in 4 cases]. ( Bao, XH; Jiang, YW; Liu, CT; Qin, J; Wu, XP; Xiong, H; Zhang, YH; Zhao, H, 2012)
"This prospective study was designed to investigate whether or not monotherapy with sodium valproate (VPA) or oxcarbazepine (OXC) affects plasma levels of fatty acylcarnitine esters in children with epilepsy."	3.77	Analysis of acylcarnitine levels by tandem mass spectrometry in epileptic children receiving valproate and oxcarbazepine. ( Biberoglu, G; Cansu, A; Ezgu, FS; Hasanoglu, A; Hirfanoglu, TL; Serdaroglu, A; Tumer, L, 2011)
"We could prove changes in acylcarnitine subspecies, which were associated with VPA treatment in children with epilepsy."	3.74	Effects of valproate on acylcarnitines in children with epilepsy using ESI-MS/MS. ( Gerstner, T; Koenig, SA; Kohlmueller, D; Longin, E; Mehlem, P; Schulze, A; Teich, M; Treiss, I; Werner, T, 2007)
"Prolonged antiepilepsy drug treatment can result in secondary carnitine deficiency."	3.72	Serum carnitine levels during oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine monotherapies in children with epilepsy. ( Dirik, E; Iscan, A; Kurul, S, 2003)
"To determine whether children with epilepsy undergoing valproate (VPA) antiepileptic therapy and who are otherwise healthy have a lower serum level of carnitine (CAR) and a higher plasma level of plasma ammonia than do normal children."	3.70	Valproate therapy does not deplete carnitine levels in otherwise healthy children. ( Hirose, S; Mitsudome, A; Muta, Y; Ogawa, A; Tomoda, Y; Yasumoto, S, 1998)
"In November 1996, a panel of pediatric neurologists met to update the consensus statement issued in 1989 by a panel of neurologists and metabolic experts on L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy."	3.70	L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy: current perspectives. ( Bohan, TP; Coulter, DL; De Vivo, DC; Dreifuss, FE; Greenwood, RS; Nordli, DR; Shields, WD; Stafstrom, CE; Tein, I, 1998)
"A 24-years-old woman with epilepsy treated with valproic acid developed disorientation, acalculia, perseveration, slow responsiveness and loss of memory."	3.70	[A case report of valproate encephalopathy]. ( Hirata, K; Katayama, S; Miyamoto, M; Miyamoto, T, 1999)
"Carnitine metabolism was monitored in seven children started on a KD for pharmacoresistant epilepsy after a conventional initial fasting period."	2.72	Monitoring of ketogenic diet for carnitine metabolites by subcutaneous microdialysis. ( Baumeister, FA; Bieger, I; Busch, R; Busch, V; Gempel, K; Hack, A; Pascher, B, 2006)
" However, in selected cases, depending on the effectiveness of the interventions, dosage reductions or discontinuation of medications may be possible."	2.44	Natural approaches to epilepsy. ( Gaby, AR, 2007)
"Carnitine treatment does not always prevent the emergence of serious hepatotoxicity, but it does alleviate valproate-induced hyperammonemia."	2.39	Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: Risk factors and treatment. ( Coulter, DL, 1995)
"Carnitine is an important nutrient that is present in the diet (particularly in meat and dairy products) and is synthesized from dietary amino acids."	2.38	Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. ( Coulter, DL, 1991)
"Epilepsy is one of the most common serious brain disorders, affecting about 1% of the population all over the world."	1.72	Anti-kindling effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and L-carnitine in the pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy. ( Abd El-Gawad, HS; Abd Elkader, HAE; Alhasani, RH; El-Sayed, SA; Essawy, AE; Tousson, E, 2022)
"Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most prevalent encephalopathy in Japanese children."	1.51	Early administration of vitamins B1 and B6 and l-carnitine prevents a second attack of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion: A case control study. ( Fukui, KO; Ishiguro, A; Kashii, H; Kubota, M; Terashima, H, 2019)
"Carnitine levels were significantly low in patients under valproic acid therapy, however they were not found to be correlated with MDA, 8-OHdG or LFTs."	1.51	Effects of levetiracetam and valproic acid treatment on liver function tests, plasma free carnitine and lipid peroxidation in childhood epilepsies. ( Albayrak, P; Deda, G; Doğan, Ö; Eminoglu, FT; Haznedar, P; Öz Tunçer, G; Teber, S, 2019)
" There is an ongoing debate whether this can be attributed to chronic use of antiepileptic drugs or to the epilepsy itself."	1.33	Antiepileptic drugs alter reproductive endocrine hormones in men with epilepsy. ( Bjørnenak, T; Gjerstad, L; Mørkrid, L; Mørland, T; Røste, LS; Saetre, ER; Taubøll, E, 2005)
" We performed a cross-sectional surveillance study on pediatric patients taking valproate to evaluate the relationship between carnitine levels and demographic data including age, daily dosage of valproate, number of antiepileptic drugs, body mass index, and feeding problems."	1.32	Carnitine level in Chinese epileptic patients taking sodium valproate. ( Fok, TF; Fung, EL; Ho, CS; Lam, CW; Tang, NL, 2003)
"Carnitine is an nonproteic nitrogenated compound acid present in all mammalian tissue and its principal activity is the long-chain fatty acid transport across the mitochondrial membrane for beta-oxidation."	1.31	[Antiepileptic drugs and carnitine]. ( Artuch, R; Campistol, J; Chávez, B; Vilaseca, MA, 2000)
"Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug widely used in paediatrics."	1.30	[Evaluation of the effect of long term valproic acid treatment on plasma levels of carnitine, ammonia and amino acids related to the urea cycle in pediatric epileptic patients]. ( Jiménez, C; Lluch-Fernández, MD; Marchante-Serrano, C; Navarro-Quesada, FJ; Vaquero-Abellán, M, 1997)
" In both group A and group B patients, plasma ammonia levels were correlated with the valproic acid dosage (r = 0."	1.30	Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia in children receiving valproic acid with and without other anticonvulsant drugs. ( Chiarelli, F; Greco, R; Morgese, G; Verrotti, A, 1999)
"Free carnitine was low in tube-fed patients, as compared with that in oral-fed patients."	1.28	[The problems of valproate therapy in severely handicapped children--valproate induced hyperammonemia and hypocarnitinemia]. ( Iwamoto, H; Kobayashi, T; Matsui, K; Miyake, S; Ohtsuki, N; Yamada, M, 1991)

Research

Studies (89)

Authors

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Anthropometric Measures of Nutritional Status (Body Mass Index [BMI] Z-scores, Weight for Length Ratios, Lean/Fat Mass Via DEXA, Growth Parameters, and Triceps Skinfold Measures)

Max CMAP Amplitude (Mean)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	5 (5.62)	18.7374
1990's	34 (38.20)	18.2507
2000's	19 (21.35)	29.6817
2010's	22 (24.72)	24.3611
2020's	9 (10.11)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Essawy, AE	1
El-Sayed, SA	1
Tousson, E	1
Abd El-Gawad, HS	1
Alhasani, RH	1
Abd Elkader, HAE	1
McCarron, EP	1
Khakwani, A	1
Gannon, D	1
Yokoyama, S	2
Yasui-Furukori, N	1
Nakagami, T	1
Miyazaki, K	1
Ishioka, M	1
Tarakita, N	1
Kubo, K	1
Sugawara, N	1
Shimoda, K	1
Bouchereau, J	1
Schiff, M	1
Şimşek, F	1
Ceylan, M	1
Kızıltunç, A	1
İyigün, İ	1
Sanivarapu, R	1
Sharma, R	1
Akella, J	1
Okumura, A	3
Numoto, S	3
Iwayama, H	3
Azuma, Y	2
Kurahashi, H	3
Saito, M	1
Takizawa, T	1
Miyaoka, H	1
Takagi, M	1
Koga, S	1
Kimata, T	1
Yamanouchi, S	1
Tsuji, S	1
Yoshimura, K	1
Araki, A	1
Kaneko, K	1
Qiliang, L	1
Wenqi, S	1
Hong, J	1
Ono, H	1
Kulhas Celik, I	1
Tasdemir, HA	1
Ince, H	1
Celik, H	1
Sungur, M	1
Law, TH	1
Volk, HA	1
Pan, Y	1
Zanghi, B	1
Want, EJ	1
Camilleri, L	1
Joshi, C	1
Stillman, C	1
Criteser, S	1
Oliver, J	1
Conley, A	1
Sillau, S	1
Zupec-Kania, B	2
Fukui, KO	1
Kubota, M	1
Terashima, H	1
Ishiguro, A	1
Kashii, H	1
Haznedar, P	1
Doğan, Ö	1
Albayrak, P	1
Öz Tunçer, G	1
Teber, S	1
Deda, G	1
Eminoglu, FT	2
Guo, HL	1
Jing, X	1
Sun, JY	1
Hu, YH	1
Xu, ZJ	1
Ni, MM	1
Chen, F	1
Lu, XP	1
Qiu, JC	1
Wang, T	1
Kato, A	1
Vázquez, M	2
Fagiolino, P	2
Maldonado, C	2
Olmos, I	1
Ibarra, M	1
Alvariza, S	1
Guevara, N	2
Magallanes, L	1
Olano, I	1
Fukuda, M	1
Kawabe, M	1
Takehara, M	1
Iwano, S	1
Kuwabara, K	1
Kikuchi, C	1
Wakamoto, H	1
Morimoto, T	1
Suzuki, Y	1
Ishii, E	1
Queijo, C	1
González, R	1
Anil, M	1
Helvaci, M	1
Ozbal, E	1
Kalenderer, O	1
Anil, AB	1
Dilek, M	1
Ozcelik, AA	1
Okur, I	1
Tumer, L	2
Biberoglu, G	2
Demir, E	1
Hasanoglu, A	2
Baumgartner, MR	1
Hamed, SA	1
Abdella, MM	1
Bøhmer, T	1
Bøen, A	1
Høymork, SC	1
Nakajima, Y	1
Ito, T	1
Maeda, Y	1
Ichiki, S	1
Kobayashi, S	1
Ando, N	1
Hussein, MH	1
Kurono, Y	1
Sugiyama, N	2
Togari, H	1
Davison, AS	1
Milan, AM	1
Roberts, NB	1
Cansu, A	1
Serdaroglu, A	1
Hirfanoglu, TL	1
Ezgu, FS	1
Neal, EG	1
Pfeifer, HH	1
Xiong, H	1
Liu, CT	1
Zhang, YH	1
Bao, XH	1
Jiang, YW	1
Zhao, H	1
Wu, XP	1
Qin, J	1
Fung, EL	1
Tang, NL	1
Ho, CS	1
Lam, CW	1
Fok, TF	1
Kurul, S	1
Dirik, E	1
Iscan, A	1
Wu, SP	1
Shyu, MK	1
Liou, HH	1
Gau, CS	1
Lin, CJ	1
Røste, LS	1
Taubøll, E	1
Mørkrid, L	1
Bjørnenak, T	1
Saetre, ER	1
Mørland, T	1
Gjerstad, L	1
Kasturi, L	1
Sawant, SP	1
Coppola, G	1
Epifanio, G	1
Auricchio, G	1
Federico, RR	1
Resicato, G	1
Pascotto, A	1
Hack, A	1
Busch, V	1
Pascher, B	1
Busch, R	1
Bieger, I	1
Gempel, K	1
Baumeister, FA	1
Werner, T	1
Treiss, I	1
Kohlmueller, D	1
Mehlem, P	1
Teich, M	1
Longin, E	1
Gerstner, T	1
Koenig, SA	1
Schulze, A	1
Gaby, AR	1
Vicente-Hernández, M	1
Garcia-Garcia, P	1
Gil-Nagel, A	1
Lopez-Munoz, F	1
Alamo, C	1
Goto, S	1
Seo, T	1
Hagiwara, T	1
Ueda, K	1
Yamauchi, T	1
Nagata, S	1
Ando, Y	1
Ishitsu, T	1
Nakagawa, K	1
Parikh, S	1
Cohen, BH	1
Gupta, A	1
Lachhwani, DK	1
Wyllie, E	1
Kotagal, P	1
Ohtani, Y	2
Matsuda, I	2
Christensen, E	1
Brandt, NJ	1
Schmalbruch, H	1
Kamieniecka, Z	1
Hertz, B	1
Ruitenbeek, W	1
Muro, H	2
Tatsuhara, T	1
Sugimoto, T	3
Woo, M	3
Nishida, N	3
Murakami, K	3
Yamaguchi, Y	1
Zelnik, N	1
Fridkis, I	1
Gruener, N	1
Freeman, JM	1
Vining, EP	1
Cost, S	1
Singhi, P	1
Kossak, BD	1
Schmidt-Sommerfeld, E	1
Schoeller, DA	1
Rinaldo, P	1
Penn, D	1
Tonsgard, JH	1
Melegh, B	3
Pap, M	1
Bock, I	1
Rebouche, CJ	1
Coulter, DL	3
Beversdorf, D	1
Allen, C	1
Nordgren, R	1
Böhles, H	1
Sewell, AC	1
Wenzel, D	1
Hiraoka, A	1
Arato, T	1
Tominaga, I	1
Keskin, S	1
Seven, A	1
Mert, M	1
Akalp, F	1
Yurdakul, F	1
Candan, G	1
Gidal, BE	1
Inglese, CM	1
Meyer, JF	1
Pitterle, ME	1
Antonopolous, J	1
Rust, RS	1
Navarro-Quesada, FJ	1
Lluch-Fernández, MD	1
Vaquero-Abellán, M	1
Marchante-Serrano, C	1
Jiménez, C	1
Altunbaşak, S	1
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Kayrin, L	1
Chung, S	1
Choi, J	1
Hyun, T	1
Rha, Y	1
Bae, C	1
Hirose, S	1
Mitsudome, A	1
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Ogawa, A	1
Muta, Y	1
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Pappo, M	1
Moshé, S	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Efficacy, Tolerability and Adherence of the Modified Atkins Diet on Drug-resistant Epilepsy in Adults Patients[NCT03183076]		14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-01	Completed
Effect of Adding Lamotrigine to Sodium Valproate in Childhood Epilepsy: Clinicolabratory Study[NCT05881928]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-25	Not yet recruiting
Estudio clínico Fase III Para Evaluar la Eficacia terapéutica en Pacientes Mexicanos Con Dislipidemia Mediante el Uso vía Oral de L-Carnitina + Atorvastatina Comparado Con Atorvastatina[NCT03696940]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-28	Active, not recruiting
In Vivo Study of Safety, Tolerability and Dosing Effect on SMN mRNA and Protein Levels of Valproic Acid in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy[NCT00374075]	Phase 1	42 participants	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
Phase I/II Trial of Valproic Acid and Carnitine in Infants With Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I (CARNI-VAL Type I)[NCT00661453]	Phase 1/Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Multi-center Phase II Trial of Valproic Acid and Carnitine in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA CARNI-VAL Trial)[NCT00227266]	Phase 2	94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Intervention	g (Mean)
	Lean Mass Baseline	Lean Mass 3 months	Lean Mass 6 months	Fat Mass Baseline	Fat Mass 3 months	Fat Mass 6 months
SMA Type 1	4317.15	4993.92	5133.83	3011.37	3618.25	4316.08

The maximum Compound Motor Action Potential (CMAP) is a measurement obtained through EMG testing that is associated with disease progression. In this study, we measure the maximum CMAP by stimulating one nerve in the hand and measuring the response of the muscle. This is done multiple times, the outcome used is the highest peak, or response observed. (NCT00227266)
Timeframe: 1 month prior to official enrollment, beginning of study (0 months), 6 months, 12 months (data point not available)

Max CMAP Amplitude Median

Intervention	mV (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months
Cohort 1a Sitters Placebo Then Treatment	2.28	2.32
Cohort 1b Sitters Treatment	2.93	2.37
Cohort 2 Standers and Walkers - Treatment	5.52	6.56

Max CMAP Area (Mean)

Intervention	mV (Median)
	Baseline	6 months
Cohort 1a Sitters Placebo Then Treatment	1.91	1.44
Cohort 1b Sitters Treatment	2.2	1.8
Cohort 2 Standers and Walkers - Treatment	5.3	5.85

The maximum Compound Motor Action Potential (CMAP) area is a measurement obtained through EMG testing that is associated with disease progression. In this study, we measure the maximum CMAP by stimulating one nerve in the hand and measuring the response of the muscle. This procedure is repeated multiple times. The maximum area is the response that results in the largest area under the response curve. (NCT00227266)
Timeframe: 1 month prior to official enrollment, beginning of study (0 months), 6 months, 12 months (data point not available)

Max CMAP Area (Median)

Intervention	mVms (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months
Cohort 1a Sitters Placebo Then Treatment	5.46	5.28
Cohort 1b Sitters Treatment	5.45	5.26
Cohort 2 Standers and Walkers - Treatment	14.85	16.26

Modified Hammersmith Change From Baseline to 6 Months

Intervention	mVms (Median)
	Baseline	6 months
Cohort 1a Sitters Placebo Then Treatment	3.6	3.74
Cohort 1b Sitters Treatment	4.6	3.4
Cohort 2 Standers and Walkers - Treatment	13.65	16.85

Comparison of Modified Hammersmith Change from baseline to 6 months. Scores range from 0 to 40. A higher score indicates a better outcome. This scale is used to assess gross motor abilities of non-ambulant children with SMA in multiple research trials as well as in clinical settings. (NCT00227266)
Timeframe: 0 months, 6 months

Modified Hammersmith Extend Baseline

Intervention	Score (Mean)
	Baseline visit (0 weeks)	6 Month visit (V2)	Change from Baseline
Cohort 1a Sitters Placebo Then Treatment	20.0	20.6	0.6
Cohort 1b Sitters Treatment	16.6	16.8	0.2

"Baseline Modified Hammersmith Extend testing. The baseline test is the score they receive during their screening visits. This scale ranges from 0 to 56. A higher score indicates a better outcome.~This scale is used to assess gross motor abilities of children with SMA in multiple research trials as well as in clinical settings." (NCT00227266)
Timeframe: 1 month prior to enrollment, at enrollment (0 months)

Intervention	Score (Mean)
	Modified Hammersmith Extend at S1 (-4 weeks)	Modified Hammersmith Extend at S2 (0 weeks)
Cohort 2 Experimental	47.0	48.3

Article	Year
L-carnitine supplementation as a potential therapy for suspected hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 2019, Volume: 49, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Blood Chemical Analysis; Carnitine; Cerebral Palsy; Dietary Supplements; Epi	2019
Inherited Disorders of Lysine Metabolism: A Review. The Journal of nutrition, 2020, 10-01, Volume: 150, Issue:Suppl 1 Topics: 2-Aminoadipic Acid; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Arginine; Brain; B	2020
Lesson of the month 1: Sodium valproate-induced encephalopathy. Clinical medicine (London, England), 2018, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases; Carnitine; Consciousness Disorders; Epilepsy; Humans	2018
Valproic Acid and the Liver Injury in Patients with Epilepsy: An Update. Current pharmaceutical design, 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antioxidants; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Epilepsy; Humans;	2019
Carnitine, nutritional supplementation and discontinuation of ketogenic diet therapies. Epilepsy research, 2012, Volume: 100, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Carnitine; Diet, Ketogenic; Dietary Supplements; Epilepsy; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans;	2012
Natural approaches to epilepsy. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic, 2007, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Biotin; Carnitine; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Epilepsy; Fatty Acids, Essential; Folic Acid; Humans;	2007
[Therapeutic approach to epilepsy from the nutritional view: current status of dietary treatment]. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain), 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carnitine; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D	2007
Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: Risk factors and treatment. Journal of child neurology, 1995, Volume: 10 Suppl 2 Topics: Carnitine; Epilepsy; Humans; Liver; Risk Factors; Valproic Acid; Vitamin B Deficiency	1995
Metabolic and endocrine aspects of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy research, 1999, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Epilepsy; Fatty	1999
Valproate toxicity: risk-screening strategies. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Enzymes; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991
Carnitine, valproate, and toxicity. Journal of child neurology, 1991, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Epilepsy; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;	1991

Article	Year
Metabolic perturbations associated with the consumption of a ketogenic medium-chain TAG diet in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. The British journal of nutrition, 2018, Volume: 120, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Chromatography, Liquid; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; Diet, Ketogen	2018
Carnitine and/or Acetylcarnitine Deficiency as a Cause of Higher Levels of Ammonia. BioMed research international, 2016, Volume: 2016 Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ammonia; Bipolar Disorder; Carnitine; E	2016
Serum and muscle carnitine levels in epileptic children receiving sodium valproate. Journal of child neurology, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Muscles; Seru	2009
The risk of asymptomatic hyperammonemia in children with idiopathic epilepsy treated with valproate: relationship to blood carnitine status. Epilepsy research, 2009, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Ma	2009
Plasma free carnitine in epilepsy children, adolescents and young adults treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet. Brain & development, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Fats;	2006
Monitoring of ketogenic diet for carnitine metabolites by subcutaneous microdialysis. Pediatric research, 2006, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetylcarnitine; Biological Transport; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Di	2006
Potential relationships between transaminase abnormality and valproic acid clearance or serum carnitine concentrations in Japanese epileptic patients. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2008, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver	2008
Does carnitine administration improve the symptoms attributed to anticonvulsant medications?: a double-blinded, crossover study. Pediatrics, 1994, Volume: 93, Issue:6 Pt 1 Topics: Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male;	1994
The effect of carnitine supplementation in valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1996, Volume: 85, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chil	1996
Alterations in the carnitine metabolism in epileptic children treated with valproic acid. Journal of Korean medical science, 1997, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female	1997
Serum carnitine levels in epileptic children before and during treatment with valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital. Journal of child neurology, 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; H	1998

Article	Year
Anti-kindling effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and L-carnitine in the pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy. Environmental science and pollution research international, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:32 Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Ginkgo biloba; Glutathione Peroxidase; Male; Oxidative S	2022
Valproate induced carnitine deficiency and hyperammonaemia. Clinical medicine (London, England), 2023, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Humans; Hyperammonemia;	2023
Association Between the Serum Carnitine Level and Ammonia and Valproic Acid Levels in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2020, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Bipolar Disorder; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;	2020
The correlation between carbamazepine and valproic acid monotherapy with serum adiponectin and carnitine. Acta neurologica Belgica, 2021, Volume: 121, Issue:6 Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Dose-Response Relationshi	2021
Thinking out of the box: management of valproic acid toxicity with carbapenems. BMJ case reports, 2021, Mar-10, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbapenems; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Meropenem; Valproic Acid	2021
Carnitine supplementation prevents carnitine deficiency caused by pivalate-conjugated antibiotics in patients with epilepsy prescribed valproate. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2021, Volume: 117 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carnitine; Dietary Supplements; Epilepsy; Humans; Valproic Acid	2021
Factors associated with blood carnitine levels in adult epilepsy patients with chronic valproic acid therapy. Epilepsy research, 2021, Volume: 175 Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Humans; Valproic Acid	2021
Effects of l-carnitine supplementation in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy prescribed valproate. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2021, Volume: 122 Topics: Carnitine; Child; Dietary Supplements; Epilepsy; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Valproic Acid	2021
Risk factors for sodium valproate-induced renal tubular dysfunction. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2018, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Chi-Square Distribu	2018
Carnitine Deficiency in Chinese Children with Epilepsy on Valproate Monotherapy. Indian pediatrics, 2018, 03-15, Volume: 55, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Beijing; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Ep	2018
Sodium valproate-induced Fanconi syndrome in two severely disabled patients receiving carnitine supplementation. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2019, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Disabled Persons; Epilepsy; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Humans; Int	2019
Evaluation ofserum free carnitine/acylcarnitine levels and left ventricular systolic functions in children with idiopathic epilepsy receiving valproic acid. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 2018, Volume: 170 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrocardiography; Ep	2018
Yield of laboratory testing in pediatric ketogenic diet patients: Critical assessment of abnormal results and impact on clinical care. Epilepsy research, 2019, Volume: 149 Topics: Adolescent; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cohort Studies; Crit	2019
Serum carnitine levels of children with epilepsy: Related factors including valproate. Brain & development, 2019, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognitive Dysfunction; Epilepsy; Fe	2019
Early administration of vitamins B1 and B6 and l-carnitine prevents a second attack of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion: A case control study. Brain & development, 2019, Volume: 41, Issue:7 Topics: Brain Diseases; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease	2019
Effects of levetiracetam and valproic acid treatment on liver function tests, plasma free carnitine and lipid peroxidation in childhood epilepsies. Epilepsy research, 2019, Volume: 153 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Deoxyguanosine; Epilepsy; Female; Hu	2019
[Carnitine deficiency with valproate sodium therapy--the difference by normal diet and enteral nutrition]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 2013, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Supplements; Enteral Nutrition; Epile	2013
Hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid concentrations. BioMed research international, 2014, Volume: 2014 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Bipolar Disorder; Carnitine; Child; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response R	2014
Carnitine deficiency: Risk factors and incidence in children with epilepsy. Brain & development, 2015, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Cardiomyopathies; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Presch	2015
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: phenotypic variability in a family. Journal of child neurology, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Brain; Carbon-Carbon Ligases; Carnitine; Cells, Cultured; Child, Preschool; DNA Mutational An	2009
Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy, rapidly improved by i.v. carnitine and glucose/thiamine. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2010, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Carnitine; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	2010
Evaluation of valproate effects on acylcarnitine in epileptic children by LC-MS/MS. Brain & development, 2011, Volume: 33, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Liquid; Epilepsy; F	2011
The consequences of valproate overdose. Clinical chemistry, 2011, Volume: 57, Issue:9 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis, Lactic; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Drug Overdose; Epilepsy;	2011
Analysis of acylcarnitine levels by tandem mass spectrometry in epileptic children receiving valproate and oxcarbazepine. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High	2011
[Valproic acid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury in 4 cases]. Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 2012, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Presch	2012
Carnitine level in Chinese epileptic patients taking sodium valproate. Pediatric neurology, 2003, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Asian People; Carnitine; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Metabol	2003
Serum carnitine levels during oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine monotherapies in children with epilepsy. Journal of child neurology, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male	2003
Interaction between anticonvulsants and human placental carnitine transporter. Epilepsia, 2004, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Amines; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Carrier Proteins; Culture Techn	2004
Antiepileptic drugs alter reproductive endocrine hormones in men with epilepsy. European journal of neurology, 2005, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Androstenedione; Anticonvulsants; C-Peptide; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Dihydrote	2005
Sodium valproate -- induced skeletal myopathy. Indian journal of pediatrics, 2005, Volume: 72, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Muscular Diseas	2005
Effects of valproate on acylcarnitines in children with epilepsy using ESI-MS/MS. Epilepsia, 2007, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child	2007
Metabolic testing in the pediatric epilepsy unit. Pediatric neurology, 2008, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography;	2008
Valproate treatment and carnitine deficiency. Neurology, 1984, Volume: 34, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Liver; Muridae; Valproic Acid	1984
Muscle cytochrome c oxidase deficiency accompanied by a urinary organic acid pattern mimicking multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 1993, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Acids; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases; Carnitine; Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant	1993
Determination of urinary valproylcarnitine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications, 1995, Jan-06, Volume: 663, Issue:1 Topics: Calibration; Carbon Tetrachloride; Carnitine; Dimethylformamide; Drug Stability; Epilepsy; Gas Chrom	1995
Reduced carnitine and antiepileptic drugs: cause relationship or co-existence? Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1995, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Hu	1995
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Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on acute valproate intoxication. Epilepsia, 1996, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Ammonia; Carnitine; Coma; Drug Overdose; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Valpro	1996
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Reduction in blood free carnitine levels in association with changes in sodium valproate (VPA) disposition in epileptic patients treated with VPA and other anti-epileptic drugs. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1997, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Valproic Acid	1997
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[Evaluation of the effect of long term valproic acid treatment on plasma levels of carnitine, ammonia and amino acids related to the urea cycle in pediatric epileptic patients]. Revista de neurologia, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:143 Topics: Adolescent; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Glu	1997
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Complications of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Epilepsy; Follow-Up Studi	1998
L-carnitine supplementation in childhood epilepsy: current perspectives. Epilepsia, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:11 Topics: Age Factors; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Chi	1998
Intractable epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1999, Apr-10, Volume: 353, Issue:9160 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Valproic Acid	1999
Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia in children receiving valproic acid with and without other anticonvulsant drugs. International journal of clinical & laboratory research, 1999, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; H	1999
[A case report of valproate encephalopathy]. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 1999, Volume: 39, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers; Brain; Brain Diseases; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Female; Hum	1999
[Antiepileptic drugs and carnitine]. Revista de neurologia, 2000, Volume: 30 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; M	2000
Carnitine pretreatment can partially change the excitability of the immature nervous tissue. Physiological research, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Brain; Carnitine; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted	2001
Effect of L-carnitine treatment for valproate-induced hepatotoxicity. Neurology, 2002, Feb-12, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Epilepsy; Humans; Liver Diseases	2002
Carnitine levels and the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Epilepsy	2001
The effect of carnitine on the metabolism of valproic acid in epileptic patients. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 1992, Volume: 167, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carnitine; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Valproic Acid	1992
[The problems of valproate therapy in severely handicapped children--valproate induced hyperammonemia and hypocarnitinemia]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 1991, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Persons; Enteral Nutrition;	1991
The effect of valproic acid on plasma carnitine levels. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1991, Volume: 145, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D	1991
Ammonia and carnitine concentrations in children treated with sodium valproate compared with other anticonvulsant drugs. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1991, Volume: 33, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Erythrocytes; Fe	1991
Muscle carnitine deficiency in patients using valproic acid. The Journal of pediatrics, 1991, Volume: 118, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Carnitine; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Muscles; Valproic Acid	1991
Effects of acute valproic acid administration on carnitine plasma concentrations in epileptic patients. Epilepsy research, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Valproic Acid	1991
L-carnitine replacement therapy in chronic valproate treatment. Neuropediatrics, 1990, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Carnitine; Child; Chronic Disease; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Ketone Bodies; Lipid Metabo	1990
Valproate-induced hepatoxicity: protective effect of L-carnitine supplementation. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1990, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Re	1990
Valproate-associated hyperammonemia and DL-carnitine supplement. The Kobe journal of medical sciences, 1987, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Carbamazepine; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Persons; Dru	1987
Renal handling of carnitine in children with carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproate therapy. The Journal of pediatrics, 1986, Volume: 109, Issue:1 Topics: Ammonia; Carnitine; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Kidney; Metabolic Clearance R	1986
Effect of chronic valproic acid treatment on plasma and urine carnitine levels in children: decreased urinary excretion. Acta paediatrica Hungarica, 1987, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Carnitine; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Valproic Acid	1987
[Effects of valproate on mitochondrial function in epileptic patients]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 1985, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Ammonia; Carnitine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Humans; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Mi	1985

carnitine and Aura