carmustine and Medulloblastoma studies

Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.

Medulloblastoma: A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Transcriptional profiling revealed the upregulation of several metallothionein (MT) genes in a BCNU-resistant medulloblastoma cell line [D341 MED (OBR)] relative to its parental line."	7.75	BCNU-sequestration by metallothioneins may contribute to resistance in a medulloblastoma cell line. ( Bacolod, MD; Bigner, DD; Bullock, NS; Colvin, M; Fehdrau, R; Friedman, HS; Johnson, SP, 2009)
"O6-Benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (dBG), a water-soluble inhibitor of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), potentiates the efficacy of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) against MGMT-positive, BCNU-resistant Daoy human medulloblastoma tumor xenografts in athymic mice (S."	7.70	Eradication of human medulloblastoma tumor xenografts with a combination of O6-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea. ( Kokkinakis, DM; Moschel, RC; Pegg, AE; Schold, SC, 1999)
"Fotemustine is a chloroethylnitrosourea with antitumor activity in disseminated melanoma and adult primary brain tumors."	5.30	Activity of fotemustine in medulloblastoma and malignant glioma xenografts in relation to O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and alkylpurine-DNA N-glycosylase activity. ( Boland, I; Gouyette, A; Lacroix, C; Lellouch-Tubiana, A; Margison, GP; Morizet, J; Parker, F; Pierre-Kahn, A; Poullain, MG; Terrier-Lacombe, MJ; Vassal, G; Vénuat, AM; Watson, AJ, 1998)
" Transcriptional profiling revealed the upregulation of several metallothionein (MT) genes in a BCNU-resistant medulloblastoma cell line [D341 MED (OBR)] relative to its parental line."	3.75	BCNU-sequestration by metallothioneins may contribute to resistance in a medulloblastoma cell line. ( Bacolod, MD; Bigner, DD; Bullock, NS; Colvin, M; Fehdrau, R; Friedman, HS; Johnson, SP, 2009)
"O6-Benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (dBG), a water-soluble inhibitor of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), potentiates the efficacy of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) against MGMT-positive, BCNU-resistant Daoy human medulloblastoma tumor xenografts in athymic mice (S."	3.70	Eradication of human medulloblastoma tumor xenografts with a combination of O6-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea. ( Kokkinakis, DM; Moschel, RC; Pegg, AE; Schold, SC, 1999)
"This study was designed to determine whether resistance to the activity of nitrosourea (the drug BCNU) in BCNU-resistant human medulloblastoma (D341 Med) and human glioblastoma multiforme (D-456 MG) can be reversed by the methylating agent streptozocin and the O6-substituted guanines O6-methylguanine and O6-benzylguanine."	3.68	Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. ( Bigner, DD; Dolan, ME; Felker, GM; Friedman, HS; Moschel, RC; Pegg, AE; Rich, J; Schold, SC, 1992)
"We describe eight patients who developed interstitial pulmonary fibrosis following BCNU (carmustine) therapy for cerebral tumours."	3.68	Late BCNU lung: a light and ultrastructural study on the delayed effect of BCNU on the lung parenchyma. ( Gattamaneini, HR; Hasleton, PS; Kalra, SJ; Lynch, P; O'Driscoll, BR; Poulter, LW; Webster, A; Woodcock, AA, 1991)
"A human medulloblastoma (BN-2) and a glioblastoma (BN-3) which were previously established in nude mice were used to determine the effect of combined modality therapy with gamma-radiation, and three chemotherapeutic agents, procarbazine, 1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarbamic acid, 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-dioxo diethylester (AZQ), and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)."	3.66	Combined modality treatment using radiation and/or chemotherapy in an athymic nude mouse-human medulloblastoma and glioblastoma xenograft model. ( Feola, J; Houchens, DP; Ovejera, AA; Slagel, DE, 1982)
"Five children with recurrent medulloblastomas were treated with Vincristine, BCNU, Methotrexate and Dexamethasone."	3.66	Combination chemotherapy in recurrent medulloblastoma. ( Cohen, ME; Duffner, PK; Freeman, AI; Sinks, LF; Thomas, PR, 1979)
"The therapy is more effective for anaplastic astrocytoma than glioblastoma."	2.40	[Chemoradiation for malignant brain tumors]. ( Matsutani, M, 1997)
"Fotemustine is a chloroethylnitrosourea with antitumor activity in disseminated melanoma and adult primary brain tumors."	1.30	Activity of fotemustine in medulloblastoma and malignant glioma xenografts in relation to O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and alkylpurine-DNA N-glycosylase activity. ( Boland, I; Gouyette, A; Lacroix, C; Lellouch-Tubiana, A; Margison, GP; Morizet, J; Parker, F; Pierre-Kahn, A; Poullain, MG; Terrier-Lacombe, MJ; Vassal, G; Vénuat, AM; Watson, AJ, 1998)
"Two human brain tumors which were previously established in nude mice were used to determine antitumor efficacy of various therapeutic agents."	1.27	Human brain tumor xenografts in nude mice as a chemotherapy model. ( Houchens, DP; Ovejera, AA; Riblet, SM; Slagel, DE, 1983)
" The patient received a cumulative dosage of 1."	1.26	Pulmonary fibrosis: a complication of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. ( Ryan, BR; Walters, TR, 1981)
"A case is reported of a child with fatal pulmonary fibrosis following BCNU therapy."	1.26	Fatal pulmonary fibrosis following 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. ( Bailey, CC; Jones, PH; Marsden, HB, 1978)

Research

Studies (38)

Authors

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Circulating Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR+) Cells in Peripheral Blood at 1 Month Post Treatment

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	21 (55.26)	18.7374
1990's	10 (26.32)	18.2507
2000's	7 (18.42)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Bacolod, MD	2
Fehdrau, R	1
Johnson, SP	3
Bullock, NS	2
Bigner, DD	4
Colvin, M	1
Friedman, HS	5
Ali-Osman, F	1
Modrich, P	2
Colvin, OM	2
Horvath, Z	1
Höchtl, T	1
Bauer, W	1
Fritzer-Szekeres, M	1
Elford, HL	1
Szekeres, T	1
Tihan, T	1
Bobola, MS	3
Finn, LS	1
Ellenbogen, RG	1
Geyer, JR	1
Berger, MS	3
Braga, JM	1
Meade, EH	1
Gross, ME	1
Silber, JR	3
Gill, P	1
Litzow, M	1
Buckner, J	1
Arndt, C	1
Moynihan, T	1
Christianson, T	1
Ansell, S	1
Galanis, E	1
Houchens, DP	2
Ovejera, AA	2
Riblet, SM	1
Slagel, DE	2
Feola, J	1
Casotto, A	1
Buoncristiani, P	1
Ryan, BR	1
Walters, TR	1
Felker, GM	2
Dolan, ME	3
Moschel, RC	3
Schold, C	1
Matsutani, M	1
Vassal, G	1
Boland, I	1
Terrier-Lacombe, MJ	1
Watson, AJ	1
Margison, GP	1
Vénuat, AM	1
Morizet, J	1
Parker, F	1
Lacroix, C	1
Lellouch-Tubiana, A	1
Pierre-Kahn, A	1
Poullain, MG	1
Gouyette, A	1
Dong, Q	1
Bullock, N	1
Kilborn, C	1
Runyon, G	1
Sullivan, DM	1
Easton, J	1
Nahta, R	1
Marks, J	1
Kokkinakis, DM	1
Pegg, AE	2
Schold, SC	2
Rhines, LD	1
Sampath, P	1
Tyler, BM	1
Brem, H	1
Weingart, J	1
Fiorillo, A	1
Maggi, G	1
Martone, A	1
Migliorati, R	1
D'Amore, R	1
Alfieri, E	1
Greco, N	1
Cirillo, S	1
Marano, I	1
Bloom, HJ	1
Wilson, CB	3
Gutin, P	1
Boldrey, EB	2
Drafts, D	1
Levin, VA	2
Enot, KJ	2
Paoletti, P	1
Fumagalli, R	1
Weiss, JF	1
Pezzotta, S	1
Bailey, CC	1
Marsden, HB	1
Jones, PH	1
Wara, WM	1
Sheline, GE	1
Fry, FJ	1
Johnson, LK	1
Duffner, PK	1
Cohen, ME	1
Thomas, PR	1
Sinks, LF	1
Freeman, AI	1
Shapiro, WR	2
Rich, J	1
Ewers, TG	1
Muramoto, M	1
Hasleton, PS	1
O'Driscoll, BR	1
Lynch, P	1
Webster, A	1
Kalra, SJ	1
Gattamaneini, HR	1
Woodcock, AA	1
Poulter, LW	1
Watne, K	1
Hager, B	1
Hirschberg, H	1
Salcman, M	1
Hughes, EN	1
Shillito, J	1
Sallan, SE	1
Loeffler, JS	1
Cassady, JR	1
Tarbell, NJ	1
Constine, LS	1
Rubin, P	1
Woolf, PD	1
Doane, K	1
Lush, CM	1
Vetter, N	1
Berger, E	1
Otupal, I	1
Jürgenssen, OA	1
Fewer, D	1
Powell, MR	1
Jacobi, H	1
Lewis, MB	1
Nunes, LB	1
Powell, DE	1
Shnider, BI	1
Chernik, NL	1
Posner, JB	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Phase I Trial of AZD8055, An Oral MTOR Kinase Inhibitor, for Adults With Recurrent Gliomas[NCT01316809]	Phase 1	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-04	Completed
(11C)N-Desmethyl-Loperamide as a Marker of P-Glycoprotein Function in Patients With Gliomas[NCT01281982]		2 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-01-13	Terminated
Phase I Trial of AZD7451, A Topomysin-Receptor Kinase (TRK) Inhibitor, For Adults With Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)[NCT01468324]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-05	Completed
A Phase I/II Study of the Safety and Feasibility of Administering T Cells Expressing Anti-EGFRvIII Chimeric Antigen Receptor to Patients With Malignant Gliomas Expressing EGFRvIII[NCT01454596]	Phase 1/Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-16	Completed
Does Varenicline Influence Alcohol Consumption in Alcohol Dependent Individuals?[NCT00846859]	Phase 2	162 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

CAR and vector presence were quantitated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples using established polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques (NCT01454596)
Timeframe: 1 month post transplant

Number of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events Assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria in Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0)

Intervention	K/µL (Median)
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	23
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	70
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	36
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	67
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	7
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	43
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 4: 3x10(8)	28
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 5: 1x10(9)	25
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 6: 3x10(9)	12
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 7: 1x10(10)	67.5
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 8: 3-6x10(10)	NA
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 9: 3x10(10)	8

Here is the count of participants with serious and non-serious adverse events assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria in Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). A non-serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence. A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned. (NCT01454596)
Timeframe: 51 dys Grp A, Cohort 1; Cohort 2:68 dys; Cohort 3:40 dys; Grp B, Cohort 1:67 dys; Cohort 2:48 dys; Cohort 3:55 dys; Cohort 4: 46 dys; Cohort 5:147 dys; C. Ster/No Ster Grp, Cohort 6:12 mos, 26 dys; Cohort 7:11 mos, 18 dys; Cohort 8:7 dys; Cohort 9:70 dys.

Number of Patients With an Objective Response

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	1
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	1
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	1
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	1
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	1
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	1
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 4: 3x10(8)	1
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 5: 1x10(9)	3
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 6: 3x10(9)	3
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 7: 1x10(10)	3
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 8: 3-6x10(10)	1
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 9: 3x10(10)	1

Objective response was assessed by comparison with baseline dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with perfusion using Neuro-oncology Working Group proposed guidelines. Complete Response is disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease for at least 4 weeks. Partial Response is >/= 50% decrease in lesions for at least 4 weeks. Stable Disease does not meet the criteria for complete response, partial response or progression and requires stable lesions compared with baseline. Progression is >/= 25% increase in lesions. (NCT01454596)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after cell infusion and monthly as feasible up to 12 months

Number of Treatment Related Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	0
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	0
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 4: 3x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 5: 1x10(9)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 6: 3x10(9)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 7: 1x10(10)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 8: 3-6x10(10)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 9: 3x10(10)	0

Aggregate of all adverse events ≥Grade 3 that are possibly, probably, and definitely related to treatment. Adverse events were assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria in Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). Per CTCAE, Grade 3 adverse events are severe, Grade 4 is life threatening, and Grade 5 is death. (NCT01454596)
Timeframe: From 4 weeks after cell infusion up to 77 days

Progression Free Survival

Intervention	adverse events (Number)
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	0
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	0
Group A (Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 1: 1x10(7)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 2: 3x10(7)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 3: 1x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 4: 3x10(8)	0
Group B (No Steroids) - Cohort 5: 1x10(9)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 6: 3x10(9)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 7: 1x10(10)	0
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 8: 3-6x10(10)	1
Combined Steroids/no Steroids) - Cohort 9: 3x10(10)	1

Progression was assessed by the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria and is defined as the circumstance when the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is ranked -2 (definitely worse) or -3 (development of a new lesion). (NCT01454596)
Timeframe: Time from the date of registration to the date of first observation of progressive disease up to 6 months after end of treatment

Article	Year
[Chemoradiation for malignant brain tumors]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy, 1997, Volume: 24, Issue:14 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Bleomycin; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant;	1997
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Combined modality therapy for intracranial tumors. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cranioph	1975
Chemotherapy: the agents in current use. Seminars in oncology, 1975, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Dacarbazine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glioma;	1975
The morbidity and mortality of brain tumors. A perspective on recent advances in therapy. Neurologic clinics, 1985, Volume: 3, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms	1985
[Chemotherapy of brain neoplasms in children]. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin, 1974, Sep-10, Volume: 50, Issue:25 Topics: Age Factors; Astrocytoma; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Cyclophosphamide;	1974

Article	Year
BCNU-sequestration by metallothioneins may contribute to resistance in a medulloblastoma cell line. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2009, Volume: 63, Issue:4 Topics: Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Medulloblastoma; Metallothionei	2009
Mechanisms of resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in human medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2002, Volume: 1, Issue:9 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Apoptosis; Carmustine; Cloning, Molecular; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Do	2002
Synergistic cytotoxicity of the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor didox (3,4-dihydroxy-benzohydroxamic acid) and the alkylating agent carmustine (BCNU) in 9L rat gliosarcoma cells and DAOY human medulloblastoma cells. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cere	2004
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity is associated with response to radiation and chemotherapy in medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2005, Oct-15, Volume: 11, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Blotting, Western; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Car	2005
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in adults with recurrent embryonal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer, 2008, Apr-15, Volume: 112, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic;	2008
Human brain tumor xenografts in nude mice as a chemotherapy model. European journal of cancer & clinical oncology, 1983, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Disease Models, Animal; Glioma; Humans;	1983
Combined modality treatment using radiation and/or chemotherapy in an athymic nude mouse-human medulloblastoma and glioblastoma xenograft model. Cancer research, 1982, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Aziridines; Benzoquinones; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cell Line; Glioma; Humans; Medullob	1982
Medulloblastoma in childhood. Multidisciplinary treatment. Child's brain, 1982, Volume: 9, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adolescent; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Cerebellum; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; I	1982
Pulmonary fibrosis: a complication of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. Cancer, 1981, Aug-15, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child, Preschool; Humans; Medulloblastoma; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Risk	1981
Contribution of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase to resistance to 1,3-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in human brain tumor-derived cell lines. Molecular carcinogenesis, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cell Adhesion; Colonic Neoplasms; Culture Media; Drug Resistance; Drug	1995
Treatment of subcutaneous and intracranial brain tumor xenografts with O6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Drug Synergism	1993
Activity of fotemustine in medulloblastoma and malignant glioma xenografts in relation to O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and alkylpurine-DNA N-glycosylase activity. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1998, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cere	1998
Multiple DNA repair mechanisms and alkylator resistance in the human medulloblastoma cell line D-283 Med (4-HCR). Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Southern; Blotting, Western; Carmus	1999
Eradication of human medulloblastoma tumor xenografts with a combination of O6-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1999, Volume: 5, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms	1999
O6-benzylguanine potentiates the antitumor effect of locally delivered carmustine against an intracranial rat glioma. Cancer research, 2000, Nov-15, Volume: 60, Issue:22 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Brain Ne	2000
Shunt-related abdominal metastases in an infant with medulloblastoma: long-term remission by systemic chemotherapy and surgery. Journal of neuro-oncology, 2001, Volume: 52, Issue:3 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Combi	2001
Single-agent chemotherapy of brain tumors. A five-year review. Archives of neurology, 1976, Volume: 33, Issue:11 Topics: Astrocytoma; Bone Marrow Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Glioma; Humans; Imidazoles; Lomustin	1976
Desmosterol: a biochemical marker of glioma growth. Surgical neurology, 1977, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Gas; Desmosterol; Diagnosis,	1977
Fatal pulmonary fibrosis following 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. Cancer, 1978, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Infant; Medulloblastoma; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal;	1978
Radiation therapy of malignant brain tumors. Clinical neurosurgery, 1978, Volume: 25 Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Brain Stem; Carmustine; Ependymoma; Glioma; Humans; Medulloblastoma; Neopl	1978
Tumor irradiation with intense ultrasound. Ultrasound in medicine & biology, 1978, Volume: 4, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Carmustine; Cricetinae; Medulloblastoma; Neoplasms, Experimental; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Ti	1978
Combination chemotherapy in recurrent medulloblastoma. Cancer, 1979, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexamethaso	1979
Chemotherapy of primary malignant brain tumors in children. Cancer, 1975, Volume: 35, Issue:3 suppl Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Brain Stem; Carmustine; Child; Ependymoma; Glioma; Humans; M	1975
Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1992, Dec-16, Volume: 84, Issue:24 Topics: Animals; Carmustine; Drug Resistance; Female; Glioblastoma; Guanine; Humans; Male; Medulloblastoma;	1992
O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase is not a major determinant of sensitivity to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in four medulloblastoma cell lines. Oncology research, 1992, Volume: 4, Issue:6 Topics: Carmustine; Cell Survival; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Drug Resistance; Guanine; Humans; Medulloblastoma;	1992
Late BCNU lung: a light and ultrastructural study on the delayed effect of BCNU on the lung parenchyma. The Journal of pathology, 1991, Volume: 164, Issue:1 Topics: Astrocytoma; Biopsy; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Ependymoma; Humans; Lung; Medulloblastoma; Microsc	1991
Intra-arterial BCNU in the treatment of recurrent medulloblastoma. Journal of neuro-oncology, 1990, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Female; Humans; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Male; Medulloblastom	1990
Medulloblastoma at the joint center for radiation therapy between 1968 and 1984. The influence of radiation dose on the patterns of failure and survival. Cancer, 1988, May-15, Volume: 61, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms;	1988
Hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism following cytotoxic therapy for central nervous system malignancies. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1987, Volume: 5, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool;	1987
[Recurrent bilateral pneumothorax in progressive lung fibrosis following combination therapy with BCNU]. Praxis und Klinik der Pneumologie, 1985, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Humans; Mal	1985
Extra-axial spread of medulloblastoma. Cancer, 1973, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Autopsy; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cranial Fossa, Posterior; Femoral Neoplasms; Humans; Liver Neo	1973
Necrotizing encephalopathy following intraventricular instillation of methotrexate. Archives of neurology, 1973, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Carmustine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Cerebral Ventr	1973

carmustine and Medulloblastoma