cardiovascular-agents and Out-of-Hospital-Cardiac-Arrest

Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) is the abrupt cessation of cardiac function outside of a hospital setting. With limited research into the presence of racial disparities among outcomes of OHCA patients, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023. This analysis includes a total of 53,507 black patients, and 185,173 white patients, resulting in the pooling of 238,680 patients in this meta-analysis. It was observed that the black population was associated with significantly worsened survival to hospital discharge (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.96, P = 0.01), return of spontaneous circulation (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.89, P = 0.0002), and neurological outcomes (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.93; P = 0.003) when compared to their white counterparts. However, there were no differences found with respect to mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive meta-analysis assessing racial disparities in OHCA outcomes that have never been explored before. Increased awareness programs, and greater racial inclusivity in the field of cardiovascular medicine is encouraged. Further studies are needed in order to arrive at a robust conclusion.

Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiovascular Agents; Hospitals; Humans; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Emergency physicians (EP) frequently resuscitate and manage critically ill patients. Resuscitation of the crashing obese patient presents a unique challenge for even the most skilled physician. Changes in anatomy, metabolic demand, cardiopulmonary reserve, ventilation, circulation, and pharmacokinetics require special consideration. This article focuses on critical components in the resuscitation of the crashing obese patient in the emergency department, namely intubation, mechanical ventilation, circulatory resuscitation, and pharmacotherapy. To minimize morbidity and mortality, it is imperative that the EP be familiar with the pearls and pitfalls discussed within this article.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anticoagulants; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiovascular Agents; Cardiovascular System; Critical Illness; Disease Management; Drug Dosage Calculations; Emergency Service, Hospital; Emergency Treatment; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Obesity; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Patient Positioning; Respiration, Artificial; Resuscitation

Managing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest involves unique challenges, including delays in the initiation of advanced interventions and a limited number of trained personnel on scene. Recent out-of-hospital randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and metaanalyses provide key insights into what interventions are best proven to positively impact patient outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We review the literature on medications used in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and summarize evidence-based guidelines from the American Heart Association that form the basis for most emergency medical services cardiac arrest protocols across the United States.

Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiovascular Agents; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Drugs causing QT-prolongation as off-target effect [non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs (QT-drugs)] increase the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Such drugs are categorized in multiple clinically widely used CredibleMeds.org lists. Category 1 ('known risk of Torsade de Pointes') and category 2 ('possible risk of Torsade de Pointes') are of particular clinical relevance. However, a category-stratified analysis of OHCA-risk is presently unavailable.. We conducted a case-control study with OHCA-cases from presumed cardiac causes included from the ARREST registry in the Netherlands (2009-2018) that was specifically designed to study OHCA, and age/sex/OHCA-date matched non-OHCA-controls. Adjusted odds ratios for OHCA (ORadj) of QT-drugs from categories 1 or 2 were calculated, using conditional logistic regression. Stratified analysis was performed according to sex, age, and presence of cardiovascular drugs (proxy for cardiovascular disease). We included 5473 OHCA-cases (68.8 years, 69.9% men) and matched them to 20 866 non-OHCA-controls. Compared with no use of non-cardiac QT-drugs, drugs of both categories were associated with increased OHCA-risk, but seemingly weaker for category 2 {category 1: case 3.2%, control 1.4%, ORadj 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-2.1]}; [category 2: case 7.3%, control 4.0%, ORadj 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2-1.6)]. The increased risk occurred in men and women, at all ages (highest in patients aged ≤50 years), and both in the presence or absence of cardiovascular drug use.. Both category 1 and category 2 QT-drugs are associated with increased OHCA-risk in both sexes, at all ages, and in patients taking or not taking cardiovascular drugs.

Topics: Cardiovascular Agents; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Long QT Syndrome; Male; Middle Aged; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Risk Factors; Torsades de Pointes

Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Agents; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Ventricular Fibrillation

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is associated with a shockable rhythm in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the impact of IHD severity on first recorded rhythm is unknown. We hypothesized that the strength of the association between IHD and shockable rhythm increases with increasing IHD severity.. OHCA patients were identified in the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry (2001-2014). Population-based registries were used to identify chronic diseases, drug prescriptions and cardiac procedures such as coronary angiography (CAG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Severity of IHD was categorized as 1) No diagnosis of IHD, 2) IHD without previous CAG, PCI or CABG, 3) IHD with CAG, 4) IHD with PCI, and 5) IHD with CABG. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for a shockable rhythm was computed using multivariable logistic regression.. Of 34,749 patients with OHCA, 6325 (18.2%) patients had a diagnosis of IHD. The prevalence of a shockable rhythm was higher for patients with a previous diagnosis of IHD (25.6%) and for those with previous CAG (33.3%), PCI (36.4%) or CABG (34.0%) when compared to patients without IHD (21.2%). IHD was associated with shockable rhythm (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.55-1.85) when compared to patients without IHD. The association with shockable rhythm was higher for patients with a history of CAG (OR = 1.92, 95%CI 1.67-2.20) and PCI (OR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.67-2.23), but similar in patients with CABG (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.37-2.10).. IHD was associated with a shockable rhythm, with a moderate increase in the association in patients with a CAG or PCI procedure.

Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Agents; Coronary Angiography; Denmark; Electric Countershock; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Ischemia; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Registries; Severity of Illness Index

Although epinephrine has been a cornerstone in resuscitation medicine for over 60 years, its use had never been thoroughly studied until recently, probably because the benefits of epinephrine seemed so obvious. The vasoconstriction of arterioles mediated by α-adrenergic receptors, leading to a higher coronary blood flow during chest compression, which in turn leads to a recovery of the spontaneous circulation, was reason enough for epinephrine to have been given its prominent role. A number of studies in the past 10 years, both randomized trials and large observational studies, have failed to show improved outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who had received epinephrine. The PARAMEDIC2 trial was published recently, with 4,015 patients receiving parenteral epinephrine and 3,999 receiving placebo. This study showed a survival benefit for epinephrine; however, there was no significant survival with good neurological outcome. The reasons for this may be related to a disturbed cerebral microcirculation and decreased blood flow in the carotid artery, and to epinephrine-mediated platelet activation, with an increased risk of thrombosis.

Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiovascular Agents; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Male; Observational Studies as Topic; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

We sought to assess the angiographic and long-term clinical outcomes in a predominantly medically treated population with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).. There are little data on the angiographic and long-term outcome in patients with SCAD.. We studied 64 patients with SCAD (mean age 53 years, 94% females, three peripartum) with acute coronary syndrome who were treated using coronary bypass grafting (n = 1), percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 7), or medical therapy (n = 56). A repeat angiogram was performed in 40/64 (63%) patients. The median clinical follow-up was 4.5 years.. Five (8%) patients had a major cardiac event. One patient with peripartum left main SCAD and cardiogenic shock died during PCI. One patient with conservatively treated SCAD of the posterior descending artery suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest 16 days after the initial angiogram but survived. Three patients experienced a second SCAD in another vessel 3.7, 4.7, and 7.9 years after the index event while the initial dissection had healed. Thirty medically treated patients underwent a scheduled repeat angiogram showing healing of the dissection in all but one patient. After a median follow-up of 4.5 (1.8-8.4) years, all 63 patients surviving the index event were alive and free of symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia.. In general, the long-term outcome of patients with SCAD is excellent, and medical therapy can be safely applied in the majority of patients. However, SCAD can be a life-threatening and sometimes catastrophic event, and some patients experience early or late complications including SCAD of another vessel. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Adult; Cardiovascular Agents; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Vessel Anomalies; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Recurrence; Registries; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Shock, Cardiogenic; Switzerland; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Diseases

To determine if termination of resuscitation should be considered for older individuals, we sought to identify factors associated with clinical outcome following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in people ≥80 years old and over.. A prospective, population-based, observational study was conducted for ≥80-year-old individuals who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and to whom resuscitation was provided by emergency responders between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2012 (n=377,577). The primary endpoint was 1-month survival. Signal detection analysis was applied to estimate predictive factors among 17 variables.. Among all out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases, 59.4% were of cardiac origin, and 1-month survival rate was 3.3%. Following signal detection analysis, cases of both cardiac and non-cardiac origin were categorized into three subgroups defined by return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and epinephrine use. One-month survival ranged between 1.2 and 41.0% for the three subgroups of cardiac origin and between 2.0 and 41.1% for the three subgroups of non-cardiac origin.. ROSC was the most significant predictor of 1-month survival among patients with cardiac and non-cardiac OHCA who were ≥80 years old. Absence of ROSC might be an important factor to the termination of resuscitation rule for OHCA in individuals who are ≥80years old.

Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Blood Circulation; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cardiovascular Agents; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Resuscitation Orders; Survival Analysis; Time Factors; Withholding Treatment

Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged; Cardiovascular Agents; Catheter Ablation; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Electric Countershock; Humans; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; Male; Middle Aged; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Purkinje Fibers; Recurrence; Shock, Cardiogenic; Stents; Tachycardia, Ventricular; Ventricular Fibrillation