carbon monoxide and Tobacco Use Disorder studies

Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.

Tobacco Use Disorder: Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"A smoking cessation program using varenicline or NRT for 3 months resulted in a decrease of CO, oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and restored endothelial glycocalyx."	9.24	Effects of varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy on arterial elasticity, endothelial glycocalyx and oxidative stress during a 3-month smoking cessation program. ( Andreadou, I; Ikonomidis, I; Kourea, K; Lekakis, J; Liarakos, N; Marinou, M; Parissis, J; Pavlidis, G; Triantafyllidi, H; Tsougos, E; Vlastos, D, 2017)
"Results from this study will inform FDA on the potential effects of regulating the nicotine content of cigarettes and help determine whether smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders can safely transition to significantly reduced nicotine content cigarettes."	9.24	A two-site, two-arm, 34-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes in smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders: trial design and protocol. ( Allen, SI; Azzouz, N; Cather, C; Evins, AE; Foulds, J; Hameed, A; Hammett, E; Hrabovsky, S; Krebs, NM; Liao, J; Modesto, J; Muscat, JE; Pachas, GN; Richie, J; Veldheer, S; Yingst, J; Zhu, J, 2017)
"Cross-sectional analyses using baseline data from the Smoking, Nicotine, and Pregnancy Trial."	9.19	Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy. ( Coleman, T; Cooper, S; Kwok, TC; Lewis, S; Taggar, J, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining varenicline and a nicotine patch vs varenicline alone in smoking cessation."	9.19	Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. ( Abdool-Gaffar, MS; Bateman, ED; Bruning, A; Emanuel, S; Esterhuizen, TM; Irusen, EM; Koegelenberg, CF; Noor, F; O'Brien, JA; Smith, C; van Zyl-Smit, RN, 2014)
"We test, using a three-group randomized design, the efficacy of varenicline versus placebo, in comparison with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that combines nicotine patch prescription plus ad libitum nicotine rescue, for smoking cessation."	9.17	Varenicline for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers: a randomized clinical trial. ( Anderson, BJ; Audet, D; Caviness, CM; Kurth, ME; Olson, J; Stein, MD, 2013)
"The primary aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor selegiline hydrochloride (SEL, l-Deprenyl; Eldepryl) as an aid for smoking cessation in cigarette smokers."	9.14	A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. ( George, TP; Jatlow, PI; O'Malley, SS; Potenza, MN; Reutenauer, EL; Weinberger, AH, 2010)
"The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nicotine-patch therapy for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia."	9.11	The effectiveness of nicotine-patch therapy for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia. ( Chen, R; Chou, KR; Ku, CH; Lee, JF; Lu, RB, 2004)
"All patients were part of a smoking cessation program of the Nicotine Institute in collaboration with the general sick fund of Lower Austria."	7.75	Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program. ( Groman, E; Kunze, U; Riemerth, A, 2009)
" Expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum nicotine and cotinine were measured in 89 smokers with schizophrenia and 53 control smokers immediately after smoking an afternoon cigarette."	7.74	Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia. ( Benowitz, NL; Foulds, J; Gandhi, KK; Steinberg, ML; Williams, JM; Ziedonis, DM, 2007)
"To identify the predictors of success in a randomised controlled trial comparing varenicline alone or in combination with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)."	6.84	Predictors of treatment success in smoking cessation with varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy v. varenicline alone. ( Esterhuizen, TM; Irusen, EM; Koegelenberg, CFN; Noor, F, 2017)
"A smoking cessation program using varenicline or NRT for 3 months resulted in a decrease of CO, oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and restored endothelial glycocalyx."	5.24	Effects of varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy on arterial elasticity, endothelial glycocalyx and oxidative stress during a 3-month smoking cessation program. ( Andreadou, I; Ikonomidis, I; Kourea, K; Lekakis, J; Liarakos, N; Marinou, M; Parissis, J; Pavlidis, G; Triantafyllidi, H; Tsougos, E; Vlastos, D, 2017)
"Results from this study will inform FDA on the potential effects of regulating the nicotine content of cigarettes and help determine whether smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders can safely transition to significantly reduced nicotine content cigarettes."	5.24	A two-site, two-arm, 34-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes in smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders: trial design and protocol. ( Allen, SI; Azzouz, N; Cather, C; Evins, AE; Foulds, J; Hameed, A; Hammett, E; Hrabovsky, S; Krebs, NM; Liao, J; Modesto, J; Muscat, JE; Pachas, GN; Richie, J; Veldheer, S; Yingst, J; Zhu, J, 2017)
"the effectiveness will be evaluated every 3, 6, 9 and 12 months as: pattern of tobacco use (self-reported tobacco use), smoking cessation rates, carbon monoxide (CO) levels in exhaled air measured by CO-oximetry, urinary cotinine tests, nicotine dependence (Fagerström test), motivational stages of change (Prochaska and DiClemente's stages) and motivation to stop smoking (the Richmond test)."	5.22	A randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of CO-oximetry and anti-smoking brief advice in a cohort of kidney transplant patients who smoke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ( Alonso-Hernández, Á; Cao-López, M; Fernández-Rivera, C; González-Martín, C; López-Calviño, B; Pértega-Díaz, S; Pita-Fernández, S; Seijo-Bestilleiro, R; Seoane-Pillado, T; Valdés-Cañedo, F, 2016)
"Cross-sectional analyses using baseline data from the Smoking, Nicotine, and Pregnancy Trial."	5.19	Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy. ( Coleman, T; Cooper, S; Kwok, TC; Lewis, S; Taggar, J, 2014)
" To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol."	5.19	Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. ( Cosimano, MP; Garcia-Romeu, A; Griffiths, RR; Johnson, MW, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining varenicline and a nicotine patch vs varenicline alone in smoking cessation."	5.19	Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. ( Abdool-Gaffar, MS; Bateman, ED; Bruning, A; Emanuel, S; Esterhuizen, TM; Irusen, EM; Koegelenberg, CF; Noor, F; O'Brien, JA; Smith, C; van Zyl-Smit, RN, 2014)
"We test, using a three-group randomized design, the efficacy of varenicline versus placebo, in comparison with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that combines nicotine patch prescription plus ad libitum nicotine rescue, for smoking cessation."	5.17	Varenicline for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers: a randomized clinical trial. ( Anderson, BJ; Audet, D; Caviness, CM; Kurth, ME; Olson, J; Stein, MD, 2013)
"Smoking cessation is typically verified biochemically by expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) levels below 9 ppm (i."	5.17	Optimal carbon monoxide criteria to confirm 24-hr smoking abstinence. ( Jao, NC; Karelitz, JL; Perkins, KA, 2013)
"The primary aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor selegiline hydrochloride (SEL, l-Deprenyl; Eldepryl) as an aid for smoking cessation in cigarette smokers."	5.14	A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. ( George, TP; Jatlow, PI; O'Malley, SS; Potenza, MN; Reutenauer, EL; Weinberger, AH, 2010)
"Transdermal selegiline does not appear generally effective in aiding smoking cessation though there may be a selective effect in those smokers with low 'behavioral activation'."	5.14	Failure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapy. ( Bryson, SW; Fong, D; Fortmann, SP; Hayward, C; Killen, DT; Killen, JD; Lowenthal, K; Murphy, GM; Schatzberg, AF, 2010)
"Nicotine replacement products are commonly used to promote smoking cessation, but alternative and complementary methods may increase cessation rates."	5.12	Effects of internet-based voucher reinforcement and a transdermal nicotine patch on cigarette smoking. ( Dallery, J; Glenn, IM, 2007)
"The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nicotine-patch therapy for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia."	5.11	The effectiveness of nicotine-patch therapy for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia. ( Chen, R; Chou, KR; Ku, CH; Lee, JF; Lu, RB, 2004)
"Although nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is mainly licensed as an aid for smoking cessation, many smokers alternate NRT with cigarettes."	5.09	Tolerability of concurrent use of nicotine gum and smoking in healthy volunteers. ( Pahlm, O; Stahl, MM; Wohlfart, B, 2001)
" As part of an adolescent smoking cessation trial, we examined whether MJ smoking, and specifically "blunt" (gutted cigars filled with MJ) smoking, elevated participants' likelihood of a false indication of cigarette smoking on the basis of breath carbon monoxide (CO) testing."	4.82	Recent marijuana blunt smoking impacts carbon monoxide as a measure of adolescent tobacco abstinence. ( Epstein, DH; Huestis, MA; Moolchan, ET; Sehnert, SS; Zimmerman, D, 2005)
" Nicotine dependence, depression scores and exhaled carbon monoxide levels were formally evaluated."	3.91	Challenges for dedicated smoking cessation services in developing countries. ( Cooper, C; Day, C; Dheda, K; Esmail, A; Kamkuemah, M; Tadzimirwa, GY; Van Zyl-Smit, RN, 2019)
"Using random-effect logistic regression models, we analysed the effects of baseline measures of cigarette dependence, including numbers of cigarettes smoked daily, Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) score, the two FTCD subscales of Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and non-Heaviness of Smoking Index (non-HSI), expired carbon monoxide (CO) level and urges to smoke (strength and frequency) on smoking cessation."	3.83	Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. ( Aveyard, P; Coleman, T; Lewis, S; Naughton, F; Riaz, M; Ussher, M; West, R, 2016)
"Genome-wide significant associations with cigarettes per day (CPD) and risk for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were previously reported in a region of 19q13, including CYP2A6 (nicotine metabolism enzyme) and EGLN2 (hypoxia response)."	3.80	Variants in two adjacent genes, EGLN2 and CYP2A6, influence smoking behavior related to disease risk via different mechanisms. ( Baker, TB; Bierut, LJ; Bloom, AJ; Breslau, N; Chen, LS; Goate, A; Hatsukami, D, 2014)
"Fixed-dose nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is efficacious for smoking cessation in the general population of smokers."	3.79	Escalating doses of transdermal nicotine in heavy smokers: effects on smoking behavior and craving. ( Andriash, K; Busto, UE; Persad, D; Selby, P; Zack, M; Zawertailo, L, 2013)
" Logistic regression analysis revealed that the independent predictors of success in smoking cessation were being male; low nicotine dependence; smoking few cigarettes per day at baseline; having no history of depression; having low values for craving for cigarettes, irritability, frustration, anger, or nocturnal awakening at baseline; decreased craving for cigarettes and restlessness with time; and use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)."	3.77	Predictors of short-term success in smoking cessation in relation to attendance at a smoking cessation program. ( Dorner, TE; Groman, E; Tröstl, A; Womastek, I, 2011)
"All patients were part of a smoking cessation program of the Nicotine Institute in collaboration with the general sick fund of Lower Austria."	3.75	Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program. ( Groman, E; Kunze, U; Riemerth, A, 2009)
" Expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum nicotine and cotinine were measured in 89 smokers with schizophrenia and 53 control smokers immediately after smoking an afternoon cigarette."	3.74	Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia. ( Benowitz, NL; Foulds, J; Gandhi, KK; Steinberg, ML; Williams, JM; Ziedonis, DM, 2007)
"To identify the predictors of success in a randomised controlled trial comparing varenicline alone or in combination with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)."	2.84	Predictors of treatment success in smoking cessation with varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy v. varenicline alone. ( Esterhuizen, TM; Irusen, EM; Koegelenberg, CFN; Noor, F, 2017)
"menthol cigarettes was 2."	2.82	Effect of menthol on nicotine reduction: Pooled results from two double-blind randomized controlled trials. ( Foulds, J; Hayes, JE; Hobkirk, AL; Horn, K; Krebs, NM; Liao, J; Lin, W; Muscat, JE; Richie, JP; Zhu, J, 2022)
" Outcomes included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), clinical laboratory parameters, smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms."	2.82	A randomised, crossover study on an electronic vapour product, a nicotine inhalator and a conventional cigarette. Part B: Safety and subjective effects. ( Martin, C; Savioz, R; Sharma, G; Walele, T; Williams, J, 2016)
"Although higher dosing or other proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonists may show efficacy, this study indicates that fenofibrate does not aid ability to stop smoking during a brief practice quit period in dependent smokers high in current quit interest."	2.82	Initial Evaluation of Fenofibrate for Efficacy in Aiding Smoking Abstinence. ( Chengappa, KN; Conklin, CA; Fromuth, M; Hope, C; Karelitz, JL; Lerman, C; Michael, VC; Perkins, KA, 2016)
"However, caution is warranted, because nicotine dependence appears to be the primary predictor of smoking intensity among young adult smokers in this study."	2.75	Exposure to movie smoking, antismoking ads and smoking intensity: an experimental study with a factorial design. ( Engels, RC; Harakeh, Z; Sargent, J; van Baaren, RB; Vohs, K, 2010)
"SJW did not attenuate withdrawal symptoms among abstinent subjects."	2.75	A randomized clinical trial of St. John's wort for smoking cessation. ( Bauer, B; Croghan, IT; Ebbert, JO; Prasad, K; Schroeder, DR; Sood, A, 2010)
"Participants provided weekly ratings of withdrawal symptoms, craving, and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements and logged daily cigarette and alcohol use."	2.74	The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. ( Hedden, S; Kalivas, PW; Knackstedt, LA; LaRowe, S; Malcolm, R; Mardikian, P; Markou, A; Upadhyaya, H, 2009)
"8%, p = ."	2.72	Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction: A double-blind, randomized trial. ( Danielsson, T; Daughton, DM; Franzon, M; Glover, ED; Glover, PN; Landfeldt, B; Leischow, S; Muramoto, M; Rennard, SI; Westin, A, 2006)
"Major depressive disorder (MDD) and nicotine dependence are highly comorbid."	2.70	Brain reward system activity in major depression and comorbid nicotine dependence. ( Busto, UE; Cardenas, L; Herrmann, N; Naranjo, CA; Tremblay, LK; Zack, M, 2002)
"Nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as craving, irritability, tension, frustration, anxiety and restlessness were significantly increased in both patch conditions after 48 h of smoking abstinence."	2.70	Nicotine patches and the subjective effects of cigarette smoking: a pilot study. ( Busto, UE; Cárdenas, L; Corrigall, WA; MacDonald, A, 2002)
"Issues about the measurement of nicotine dependence and withdrawal are highlighted."	2.70	Assessing the impact of a nurse-led health education intervention for people with peripheral vascular disease who smoke: the use of physiological markers, nicotine dependence and withdrawal. ( Galvin, K; Hillier, V; Webb, C, 2001)
"Craving and withdrawal symptoms decreased more with nicotine substitution for cigarettes."	2.66	Controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patch in tobacco withdrawal. ( Abelin, T; Buehler, A; Imhof, PR; Müller, P; Vesanen, K, 1989)
"Carbon monoxide levels were significantly lower for the maintenance condition at post-treatment, three month and six month follow-up."	2.66	Nicotine fading, behavioral contracting, and extended treatment: effects on smoking cessation. ( Bowers, TG; Frederiksen, LW; Winett, RA, 1987)
"Although smoking cessation is currently the only guaranteed way to reduce the harm caused by tobacco smoking, a reasonable secondary tobacco control approach may be to try and reduce the harm from continued tobacco use amongst smokers unable or unwilling to quit."	2.53	Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. ( Begh, R; Fanshawe, TR; Farley, A; Hartmann-Boyce, J; Lancaster, T; Lindson-Hawley, N, 2016)
"Smoking cessation is an important factor in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiac events."	2.43	Smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. ( Eisenberg, MJ; Ludvig, J; Miner, B, 2005)
"Out of the 155 COPD patients with nicotine dependence (female/male = 39/116; mean age, 67."	1.56	Outcomes and predictive factors for successful smoking cessation therapy in COPD patients with nicotine dependence. ( Hashimoto, R; Tomioka, H; Wada, T; Yoshizumi, Y, 2020)
"Carbon monoxide and dust were detected in the exhalation of heat-not-burn tobacco."	1.48	[Health Effects Accompanying the Transition from Cigarettes to Heat-not-burn Tobacco: Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms, and Changes in Smoking Behaviors]. ( Kawamura, K; Morioka, I; Yamada, K, 2018)
"The relationship between CO levels and nicotine dependence is controversial."	1.43	Exhaled carbon monoxide is a marker of heavy nicotine dependence. ( Babaoğlu, E; Er, M; Hasanoğlu, HC; Karalezli, A; Öztuna, D, 2016)
"Tobacco dependence has been defined as a chronic relapsing disease."	1.43	Reasons for failure to quit: a cross-sectional survey of tobacco use in major cities in Pakistan. ( Awan, S; Haque, AS; Irfan, M; Khan, JA; Samani, ZA; Shahzad, H, 2016)
"Individuals with a lower level of nicotine dependence had increased cortisol responses to the stressor, whereas those with a higher level of nicotine dependence did not show any cortisol changes in response to the stressor."	1.43	Salivary stress biomarkers of recent nicotine use and dependence. ( Mielock, AS; Morris, MC; Rao, U, 2016)
"To assess if there are any new COPD diagnoses and to compare the smoking cessation outcomes to those of a specific smoking cessation practice (SSCP) from another healthcare centre."	1.43	[Use of COPD-6 Vitalograph in Primary Care as tool for smoking cessation]. ( Antón-García, F; Correcher-Salvador, E; Pruteanu, DF, 2016)
"Nicotine dependence was associated with a hypersensitivity to cigarette rewards, but we found little evidence indicating a hyposensitivity to non-drug rewards."	1.42	The effects of nicotine dependence and acute abstinence on the processing of drug and non-drug rewards. ( Curran, HV; Das, RK; Freeman, TP; Hindocha, C; Lawn, W; Mokrysz, C; Morgan, CJ, 2015)
"Nicotine boost was similar after both cigarettes and cigarillos."	1.42	Nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure from inhalation of cigarillo smoke. ( Kanu, A; Koszowski, B; Pickworth, WB; Potts, JL; Rosenberry, ZR; Viray, LC, 2015)
"The high nicotine dependence is one of the contributing factors to failure of attempts to quit."	1.42	[Nicotine dependance and carbon monoxide intoxication among adult smokers]. ( Ben Salah, A; Ben Salem, K; Bouanene, I; Elmhamdi, S; Harizi, C; Soltani, ME; Sriha Belguith, A, 2015)
"Leptin has been linked to tobacco craving and withdrawal-related symptoms."	1.42	Changes in circulating leptin levels during the initial stage of cessation are associated with smoking relapse. ( al'Absi, M; Allen, S; Hatsukami, DK; Lemieux, A; Nakajima, M, 2015)
"Smoking cessation is possible for individuals with schizophrenia but the relapse rate is high."	1.39	Counseling and exercise intervention for smoking reduction in patients with schizophrenia: a feasibility study. ( Bernard, PP; Carayol, MS; Dandonneau, L; Esseul, EC; Ninot, GJ; Raymond, L; Xambo, JJ, 2013)
"Smoking outcomes among lung and head and neck cancer patients appear to have remained the same over the last two decades despite the availability of an increased number of pharmacotherapy options to treat tobacco dependence."	1.38	Factors associated with smoking abstinence among smokers and recent-quitters with lung and head and neck cancer. ( Bueno, R; Catalano, P; Cooley, ME; Emmons, KM; Haddad, RI; Johnson, BE; Wang, Q, 2012)
"In this regard, nicotine dependence was assessed among a representative sample of 1,870 Austrian male military conscripts in a cross-sectional setting."	1.36	Does breath carbon monoxide measure nicotine dependence? ( Blüml, V; Kapusta, ND; Lesch, OM; Pietschnig, J; Plener, PL; Walter, H, 2010)
"DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria were measured at baseline with a computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV)."	1.35	Evaluating the validities of different DSM-IV-based conceptual constructs of tobacco dependence. ( Hall, SM; Hendricks, PS; Humfleet, GL; Prochaska, JJ, 2008)
"We used biological markers of substance use as well as questionnaires to assess the levels of psychoactive substance use among 18-year-old males in a naturalistic cross-sectional setting."	1.34	Multiple substance use among young males. ( Kapusta, ND; Lesch, OM; Plener, PL; Schmid, R; Thau, K; Walter, H, 2007)
"Withdrawal symptoms were measured daily, and smoking behavior was assessed on the first and last day of each condition."	1.33	Clinical laboratory evaluation of potential reduced exposure products for smokers. ( Breland, AB; Eissenberg, T; Kleykamp, BA, 2006)
"Although the severity of nicotine dependence is often measured by the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), this measure, in its current form, may not be as appropriate in this population--or in others who's smoking is regulated by others--as in the general population due to differences in smoking patterns, living arrangements, and daily routines."	1.33	Applicability of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in smokers with schizophrenia. ( Krejci, JA; Steinberg, HR; Steinberg, ML; Williams, JM; Ziedonis, DM, 2005)
"Between 15% and 20% of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	1.32	Can cumulative tobacco consumption, FTND score, and carbon monoxide concentration in expired air be predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? ( Fernández-Fau, L; Gabriel, R; Jiménez-Ruiz, C; Masa, JF; Miravitlles, M; Sobradillo, V; Viejo, JL; Villasante, C, 2004)
"The nicotine content was not related to urinary cotinine (rs =-0,10NS)."	1.32	[Usefulness of biological markers in the evaluation of smoking at the first visit of a smoking cessation program]. ( Favreau, M; Ingrand, P; Meurice, JC; Mura, P; Underner, M, 2004)
"To study nicotine dependence (ND) basing on special questionnaires and measurement of CO concentrations in the exhaled air."	1.32	[Complex assessment of nicotine dependence using questionnaires and measurement of carbon oxide concentration in exhaled air]. ( Brimkulov, NN; Cholurova, RA; Vinnikov, DV, 2004)
"The nicotine patch dose was positively correlated (p < 0."	1.30	Usefulness of markers in managing tobacco withdrawal. ( Brahimi, N; Callais, F; Labrousse, F; Lequang, NT; Momas, I; Roche, D; Roussel, G, 1997)
"Nicotine intake was comparable to that of the low tar and nicotine cigarette."	1.27	Refined cigarette smoke as a method for reducing nicotine intake. ( Behm, F; Rose, JE, 1987)

Research

Studies (195)

Authors

Clinical Trials (38)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Carbon Monoxide (CO)-Confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	22 (11.28)	18.7374
1990's	6 (3.08)	18.2507
2000's	63 (32.31)	29.6817
2010's	92 (47.18)	24.3611
2020's	12 (6.15)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Naik, N	1
Gaunkar, R	1
Kamat, AK	1
Kamath, V	1
Gadiyar, A	1
Mungi, P	1
Pratt, SI	1
Ferron, JC	1
Brunette, MF	1
Santos, M	1
Sargent, J	2
Xie, H	1
Webb, J	1
Peerbux, S	1
Ang, A	1
Siddiqui, S	1
Sherwani, Y	1
Ahmed, M	1
MacRae, H	1
Puri, H	1
Majeed, A	1
Glasner, S	1
Lin, W	1
Hobkirk, AL	1
Zhu, J	2
Krebs, NM	2
Hayes, JE	1
Richie, JP	1
Liao, J	2
Horn, K	1
Foulds, J	3
Muscat, JE	2
Wan Puteh, SE	1
Mohd Ismail, N	1
Md Isa, Z	1
Ban, AY	1
Chang, YC	1
Huang, WH	1
Tsai, CY	1
Hwang, LC	1
Cioe, PA	1
Mercurio, AN	1
Lechner, W	1
Costantino, CC	1
Tidey, JW	3
Eissenberg, T	14
Kahler, CW	2
Hashimoto, R	1
Tomioka, H	1
Wada, T	1
Yoshizumi, Y	1
Alomari, MA	1
Khabour, OF	2
Alzoubi, KH	2
González-Roz, A	2
MacKillop, J	1
Keller-Hamilton, B	1
Mehta, T	1
Hale, JJ	1
Leavens, ELS	1
Shihadeh, A	4
Brinkman, MC	1
Wagener, TL	2
Ho, JTK	1
Tyndale, RF	1
Baker, TB	4
Amos, CI	1
Chiu, A	1
Smock, N	1
Chen, J	1
Bierut, LJ	3
Chen, LS	3
Ikonomidis, I	1
Marinou, M	1
Vlastos, D	1
Kourea, K	1
Andreadou, I	1
Liarakos, N	1
Triantafyllidi, H	1
Pavlidis, G	1
Tsougos, E	1
Parissis, J	1
Lekakis, J	1
Kong, G	1
Goldberg, AL	1
Dallery, J	4
Krishnan-Sarin, S	2
Pintarelli, G	1
Galvan, A	1
Pozzi, P	1
Noci, S	1
Pasetti, G	1
Sala, F	1
Pastorino, U	1
Boffi, R	1
Colombo, F	1
Noor, F	2
Koegelenberg, CFN	1
Esterhuizen, TM	2
Irusen, EM	2
Rohsenow, DJ	2
Martin, RA	1
Colby, SM	2
Ahijevych, K	2
Szalacha, LA	1
Tan, A	1
Krishnan, N	1
Elf, JL	1
Chon, S	1
Golub, JE	1
Hatsukami, DK	3
Luo, X	1
Jensen, JA	1
al'Absi, M	2
Allen, SS	1
Carmella, SG	2
Chen, M	2
Cinciripini, PM	1
Denlinger-Apte, R	1
Drobes, DJ	1
Koopmeiners, JS	1
Lane, T	1
Le, CT	1
Leischow, S	2
Luo, K	1
McClernon, FJ	2
Murphy, SE	2
Paiano, V	1
Robinson, JD	1
Severson, H	1
Sipe, C	1
Strasser, AA	1
Strayer, LG	1
Tang, MK	2
Vandrey, R	1
Hecht, SS	2
Benowitz, NL	4
Donny, EC	1
Kawamura, K	1
Yamada, K	1
Morioka, I	1
Fallin-Bennett, A	1
Barnett, J	1
Ducas, L	1
Wiggins, AT	1
McCubbin, A	1
Ashford, K	1
Hernández Zenteno, RJ	1
Lara, DF	1
Venegas, AR	1
Sansores, RH	1
Pineda, JR	1
Trujillo, FF	1
Pérez Padilla, JR	1
Matera, MG	1
Cazzola, M	1
Tadzimirwa, GY	1
Day, C	1
Esmail, A	1
Cooper, C	1
Kamkuemah, M	1
Dheda, K	1
Van Zyl-Smit, RN	2
Meier, E	2
Lindgren, BR	1
Anderson, A	1
Reisinger, SA	1
Norton, KJ	1
Jensen, J	1
Strayer, L	1
Dick, L	1
Yang, J	1
Stepanov, I	1
O'Connor, RJ	1
Shields, PG	1
Azab, M	1
Shqair, DM	1
Primack, B	1
Thomas, D	1
Abramson, MJ	1
Bonevski, B	1
Taylor, S	1
Poole, S	1
Weeks, GR	1
Dooley, MJ	1
George, J	1
Kwok, TC	1
Taggar, J	1
Cooper, S	1
Lewis, S	2
Coleman, T	3
Stein, MD	1
Caviness, CM	1
Kurth, ME	1
Audet, D	1
Olson, J	1
Anderson, BJ	1
Selby, P	1
Andriash, K	1
Zawertailo, L	1
Persad, D	1
Zack, M	2
Busto, UE	3
Bullen, C	2
Howe, C	1
Laugesen, M	1
McRobbie, H	3
Parag, V	1
Williman, J	1
Walker, N	1
Bloom, AJ	2
Breslau, N	1
Hatsukami, D	3
Goate, A	2
Kong, JH	1
Ha, Y	1
Ledgerwood, DM	1
Arfken, CL	1
Petry, NM	1
Alessi, SM	1
Paek, YJ	1
Lee, S	1
Kim, YH	2
Lee, KS	1
Yim, HW	1
Kim, MS	1
Kim, CH	1
Jeung, O	1
Koegelenberg, CF	1
Bateman, ED	1
Bruning, A	1
O'Brien, JA	1
Smith, C	1
Abdool-Gaffar, MS	1
Emanuel, S	1
Hartz, SM	1
Piper, ME	1
Fox, L	1
Martinez, M	1
Johnson, EO	1
Laurie, CC	1
Saccone, NL	1
Perkins, KA	5
Karelitz, JL	3
Johnson, MW	1
Garcia-Romeu, A	1
Cosimano, MP	1
Griffiths, RR	1
Hendricks, PS	2
Cobb, CO	3
Blank, MD	1
Morlett, A	1
Jaroudi, E	1
Karaoghlanian, N	1
Kilgalen, B	1
Austin, J	1
Weaver, MF	4
Grant, A	1
Ashton, K	1
Phillips, R	1
Kish, DH	1
Reitzel, LR	1
Kendzor, DE	1
Okamoto, H	1
Businelle, MS	1
Tackett, AP	1
Lechner, WV	1
Grant, DM	1
Driskill, LM	1
Tahirkheli, NN	1
Klemperer, EM	1
Hughes, JR	1
Lawn, W	1
Freeman, TP	2
Hindocha, C	1
Mokrysz, C	1
Das, RK	1
Morgan, CJ	2
Curran, HV	2
Schoberberger, R	1
Böhm, G	2
Schroeder, Y	1
Nordskog, BK	1
Brown, BG	1
Marano, KM	1
Campell, LR	1
Jones, BA	1
Borgerding, MF	1
Antón-García, F	1
Pruteanu, DF	1
Correcher-Salvador, E	1
Davis, JM	2
Manley, AR	1
Goldberg, SB	1
Stankevitz, KA	1
Smith, SS	1
Wee, LH	2
West, R	3
Mariapun, J	1
Chan, CM	1
Bulgiba, A	2
Peramalah, D	1
Jit, S	1
Michael, VC	1
Fromuth, M	1
Conklin, CA	1
Chengappa, KN	1
Hope, C	1
Lerman, C	2
Reymarova, E	1
Schlagintweit, HE	1
Barrett, SP	2
Lemieux, A	1
Nakajima, M	1
Allen, S	1
Pacifici, R	1
Pichini, S	1
Graziano, S	1
Pellegrini, M	1
Massaro, G	1
Beatrice, F	1
Nardone, N	1
Dains, KM	1
Hall, SM	3
Stewart, S	1
Dempsey, D	1
Jacob, P	2
Secades-Villa, R	1
Vallejo-Seco, G	1
García-Rodríguez, O	1
López-Núñez, C	1
Weidberg, S	1
Reynolds, B	1
Harris, M	1
Slone, SA	1
Shelton, BJ	1
Stoops, W	1
Lewis, R	1
Chandrashekar, M	1
Sattar, FA	1
Bondade, S	1
Kumar, KK	1
Sriha Belguith, A	1
Bouanene, I	1
Elmhamdi, S	1
Ben Salah, A	1
Harizi, C	1
Ben Salem, K	1
Soltani, ME	1
Koszowski, B	2
Rosenberry, ZR	2
Kanu, A	1
Viray, LC	1
Potts, JL	1
Pickworth, WB	4
Zhang, XY	1
Tan, YL	1
Chen, DC	1
Tan, SP	1
Yang, FD	1
Zunta-Soares, GB	1
Soares, JC	1
Walele, T	1
Sharma, G	1
Savioz, R	1
Martin, C	1
Williams, J	1
McPherson, S	1
Howell, D	1
Lewis, J	1
Barbosa-Leiker, C	1
Bertotti Metoyer, P	1
Roll, J	1
Brath, H	1
Grabovac, I	1
Schalk, H	1
Degen, O	1
Dorner, TE	2
Riaz, M	1
Aveyard, P	4
Naughton, F	1
Ussher, M	1
Strulovici-Barel, Y	1
Shaykhiev, R	1
Salit, J	1
Deeb, RS	1
Krause, A	1
Kaner, RJ	1
Vincent, TL	1
Agosto-Perez, F	1
Wang, G	1
Hollmann, C	1
Shanmugam, V	1
Almulla, AM	1
Sattar, H	1
Mahmoud, M	1
Mezey, JG	1
Gross, SS	1
Staudt, MR	1
Walters, MS	1
Crystal, RG	1
Pita-Fernández, S	1
Seijo-Bestilleiro, R	1
Pértega-Díaz, S	1
Alonso-Hernández, Á	1
Fernández-Rivera, C	1
Cao-López, M	1
Seoane-Pillado, T	1
López-Calviño, B	1
González-Martín, C	1
Valdés-Cañedo, F	1
Irfan, M	1
Haque, AS	1
Shahzad, H	1
Samani, ZA	1
Awan, S	1
Khan, JA	1
Rizzi, M	1
Tarsia, P	1
La Spina, T	1
Cristiano, A	1
Frassanito, F	1
Macaluso, C	1
Airoldi, A	1
Vanni, S	1
Legnani, D	1
Morris, MC	1
Mielock, AS	1
Rao, U	1
Lindson-Hawley, N	1
Hartmann-Boyce, J	1
Fanshawe, TR	1
Begh, R	1
Farley, A	1
Lancaster, T	1
Lopez, AA	1
Hiler, M	1
Maloney, S	1
Breland, AB	3
Bauld, L	1
Hiscock, R	1
Dobbie, F	1
Leonardi-Bee, J	1
McEwen, A	1
Babaoğlu, E	1
Karalezli, A	1
Er, M	1
Hasanoğlu, HC	1
Öztuna, D	1
Allen, SI	1
Pachas, GN	1
Veldheer, S	1
Cather, C	1
Azzouz, N	1
Hrabovsky, S	1
Hameed, A	1
Yingst, J	1
Hammett, E	1
Modesto, J	1
Richie, J	1
Evins, AE	1
Prochaska, JJ	1
Humfleet, GL	1
Kaplan, GB	1
Swift, RM	1
Adolfo, AB	1
Míguez, MC	2
Becoña, E	2
Maziak, W	1
Schepis, TS	1
Duhig, AM	1
Liss, T	1
McFetridge, A	1
Wu, R	1
Cavallo, DA	1
Dahl, T	1
Jatlow, P	1
Knackstedt, LA	1
LaRowe, S	1
Mardikian, P	1
Malcolm, R	1
Upadhyaya, H	1
Hedden, S	1
Markou, A	1
Kalivas, PW	1
Hering, T	1
Kunze, M	1
Groman, E	6
Riemerth, A	2
Steiner-Ringl, A	1
Veitsmeier, I	1
Kroat, A	1
Kroat, U	1
Bernhard, G	1
Kunze, U	2
Ferstl, F	1
Briski, J	1
Fonte, C	1
Scott, J	1
Braillon, A	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Appeal and Impact of E-cigarettes in Smokers With Serious Mental Illness[NCT03050853]		240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-01	Completed
Effect of Smoking Reduction on Endothelial Glucocalyx and Arterial Wall Properites During Medically-aided Smoking Cessation Program.[NCT02307045]	Phase 4	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-03	Active, not recruiting
Project 2: Strategies for Reducing Nicotine Content in Cigarettes[NCT02139930]		1,250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Varenicline Versus Nicotine Replacement for Methadone-Maintained Smokers[NCT00790569]		315 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Smoking While on Transdermal Nicotine Replacement Therapy: Effects on Craving and Cessation[NCT00289653]		23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (The ESTxENDS Trial)[NCT03589989]		1,246 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-16	Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (The ESTxENDS Trial)- Extension of Follow-up[NCT04236791]		1,246 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-16	Completed
The Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on the Microcirculation of the Hand[NCT02206737]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Recruiting
Wayne Warrior CAnnabis Research and Education: Naturalistic Observation and Harm Reduction[NCT05386862]		215 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-25	Recruiting
Varenicline Augmentation of Patch Outcomes in Heavy Drinkers' Smoking Cessation[NCT02859142]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-29	Completed
A 26-Week Phase II, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline in Combination With Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation[NCT01444131]	Phase 2	446 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Use Disorder[NCT05452772]	Phase 2	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Exclusive Smokers and Exclusive Moist Snuff Consumers[NCT01692353]		168 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-09-30	Completed
Mindfulness Training for Smokers Online Feasibility Study[NCT02164656]	Phase 2	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Project 2: The Impact of Cigarette Nicotine Content, E-cigarette Nicotine Content, and E-cigarette Flavoring on Smoking Behavior[NCT03185546]		156 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-06	Completed
Smoking Cessation Treatment for Substance Use Dependents[NCT03551704]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-15	Recruiting
Behavioral Activation and Voucher-based Contingency Management for Smokers With Depression[NCT03163056]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-26	Completed
Smoking Reduction In Gravid Women With Substance Use Disorders (SIGS): A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04132232]		74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-15	Recruiting
The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers[NCT04688177]		52 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-12-03	Completed
Comparative Tobacco Interventions for Individuals With Severe and Persisting Behavioral Health Disorders[NCT04523948]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-01-30	Recruiting
Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes in Smokers With Mood and Anxiety Disorders[NCT01928758]		245 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
[NCT01157832]		45 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-11-30	Completed
Imaging Framework for Testing GABAergic/Glutamatergic Drugs in Bipolar Alcoholics[NCT03220776]	Phase 2	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-07	Completed
Effectiveness of N-Acetylcysteine in Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Nicotine Addiction: Study on the Dopaminergic Pathways, Changes in Functional Connectivity of fMRI Bold, and Changes in Smoking Abstinence[NCT05903014]	Phase 4	88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Recruiting
Evaluating the Acute Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices Marketed to Smokers.[NCT00932295]	Phase 1/Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
The Effect of Cycloserine on Smoking Behavior in Nicotine Dependent Smokers.[NCT00633256]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
Usefulness of Selegiline for Smoking Cessation[NCT00129311]	Phase 2	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-07-31	Completed
St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation[NCT00405912]	Phase 2	118 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Selegiline Patch for Treatment of Nicotine Dependence[NCT01330030]	Phase 2	243 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Smokers' Response to Nicotine Dependence Genotyping[NCT01780038]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-14	Completed
Regulation of Craving: Brief Neurocognitive Training and Neural Mechanisms[NCT02153749]		92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Assessing Mindfulness Training as a Mechanistic Probe for Stress-Induced Brain Activation and Relapse Prevention for Tobacco Addiction[NCT01144689]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Feasibility and Efficacy of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Smoking Intervention Via the Internet[NCT04572126]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-25	Completed
A Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial of Unfiltered Cigarettes[NCT03749876]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-17	Completed
Smoking Topography Study 2018[NCT03498053]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-12	Completed
Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of the Nicotine Patch and Gum for the Treatment of Adolescent Tobacco Dependence[NCT01208935]	Phase 2/Phase 3	157 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-08-31	Completed
Nicotine and Cotinine Levels in Smokers With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder[NCT00135772]		100 participants	Observational	2003-10-31	Completed
An Innovative Digital Smoking Cessation Intervention for Low-Income Adults With Substance Use Disorder[NCT04419922]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-04-02	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Number of participants reporting 7-day abstinence at 6-months, confirmed with CO measurement. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6-Months

Change in Cigarettes Per Day

Change in Smoking Urges

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	5
Arm II	1
Arm III	11

Intervention	cigarettes/day (Mean)
Arm I	-8.7
Arm II	-8.5
Arm III	-7.8

Smoking urges was measured on a 0 (not at all) - 100 (strongest feeling possible) scale. Higher values represent greater urge to smoke. Change in smoking urges was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

CO-confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-29.971
Arm II	-25.015
Arm III	-24.177

Number of participants reporting 7-day abstinence at 12-months, confirmed with CO measurement. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Rates of Smoking Cessation Continuous From First Quit Day to 6 Months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	4
Arm II	1
Arm III	8

Number of participants who self-reported continuous abstinence from their initial quit day (study day 14) to 6 Months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6-Months

Reinforcing Effects of Smoking

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	2
Arm II	0
Arm III	2

Reinforcing effects of smoking was measured using the modified version of the Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire. Participants were asked to indicate on a 12-item scale how smoking made them feel in the prior 30 days on a scale from 1 (Not at all) to 7 (Extremely). Higher values indicated that smoking was a more positive experience for 10 of 12 items. Two items were reverse coded. Change in reinforcing effects of smoking was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

Self- Reported 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-1.005
Arm II	-.683
Arm III	-.761

Number of participants with self-reported, 7-day abstinence at 6-months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 Months

Self-reported 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	11
Arm II	3
Arm III	16

Number of participants with self-reported 7-day abstinence at 12-months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Withdrawal Symptoms

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	4
Arm II	3
Arm III	11

Withdrawal Symptoms were measured using a modified version of the Minnesota Behavior Rating Scale. The scale asked subjects to rate their smoking withdrawal symptoms over the previous 24 hours on a scale from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Higher values indicate more severe withdrawal symptoms. Change in withdrawal symptoms was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

Carbon Monoxide Levels

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-.222
Arm II	-.163
Arm III	-.113

Expired Co levels were measured to confirm smoking status (NCT00289653)
Timeframe: measured at week 10

Smoking Cessation

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking Days at 12 Weeks

Intervention	parts per million (Mean)
Enrolled Participants	9.2

Intervention	cigarettes per day (Mean)
Enrolled Participants	3.7

Self-reported alcohol drinking days obtained via a past month Timeline Followback Calendar at 12 weeks (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking Days at 26 Weeks

Intervention	days (Mean)
Augmented Treatment	12.25
Standard Treatment	11.96

Self reported monthly alcohol drinking days obtained via a past month Timeline Followback Calendar at 26 weeks (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Heavy Drinking Days at 12 Weeks

Intervention	days (Mean)
Augmented Treatment	12.73
Standard Treatment	11.44

Self reported heavy drinking (5+ drinks/day for men, 4+ drinks/day for women) days obtained via a past month Timeline Followback Calendar at 12 weeks (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Heavy Drinking Days at 26 Weeks

Intervention	days (Mean)
Augmented Treatment	5.02
Standard Treatment	5.58

Self reported heavy drinking (5+ drinks/day for men, 4+ drinks/day for women) days obtained via a past month Timeline Followback Calendar at 26 weeks (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Change From Baseline Smoking Abstinence Rates at 12 Weeks

Intervention	days (Mean)
Augmented Treatment	4.79
Standard Treatment	5.56

Number of participants reporting smoking abstinence at 12 weeks from baseline (smoking quit date) via subjective and biologically verified reports. (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Change From Baseline Smoking Abstinence Rates at 26 Weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Augmented Treatment	27
Standard Treatment	17

Number of participants reporting smoking abstinence at 26 weeks from quit date via subjective and biologically verified reports. (NCT02859142)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Measure of Cigarette Exposure Using Expired Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Augmented Treatment	15
Standard Treatment	16

Measure of cigarette smoke exposure using data on expired breath CO. CO was captured using Covita Smokelyzer devices and standard exhalation procedures. The unit of measurement is parts per million (ppm). (NCT03185546)
Timeframe: Baseline - Week 12

Total Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Intervention	parts per million (ppm) (Mean)
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	31
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	7.2
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid +Tobacco Flavors	18
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavor	12
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	18.2
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	21
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	18.3
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	32.5

The average number of cigarettes (study and non-study, summed) smoked per day between the Week 10 and Week 12 visits (the end of the study). (NCT03185546)
Timeframe: Week 10 through Week 12

Number of Subjects With Smoke Free Days

Intervention	number of cigarettes (Mean)
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	21.6
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	7.7
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid +Tobacco Flavors	18.4
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavor	12.5
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	34
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	18.7
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	17.7
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	15.8

"Study team generates the smoke free days outcome by counting days where no cigarettes and no other forms of combusted tobacco products are used. Days where participants use no nicotine products and days where participants only vape are smoke free. Percentage of smoke free days = the number days that participants reported smoking 0 cigarettes (0 study cigarettes and 0 non-study cigarettes) divided by the total number of days between their randomization and Week 12 visits. Due to the distribution of the data, statisticians grouped participants according to whether they had 0 smoke-free days or more than 0 smoke free days during the study." (NCT03185546)
Timeframe: Baseline-Week 12

Abstinence From Smoking

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Subjects with 0% smoke free days	Subjects with more than 0% smoke free days
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	6	1
NNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	4	0
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavors	1	1
NNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	3	1
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	0	2
VLNC Cigarette + Low Nicotine E-liquid +Tobacco Flavors	3	1
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Tobacco Flavor	3	2
VLNC Cigarette + Moderate Nicotine E-liquid + Variety Flavors	1	3

Smokers assigned to reduced nicotine content cigarettes will be more likely to successfully abstain from smoking at the end of the trial, based on all randomized participants, defined as no cigarette use in past 7 days, verified by exhaled carbon monoxide <10ppm. (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: Follow-up appointment 30 weeks after randomization (12 weeks after last visit of randomized trial phase).

Intention to Quit Smoking

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	17
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	4

Smokers assigned to the reduced nicotine content cigarette group may have lower perceived dependence and be more likely to report intention to quit smoking (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: At end of 18-week randomized trial phase

Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	33
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	25

This 8-item scale measures nicotine withdrawal symptoms and the scale range is from 0-32. Higher scores indicate higher severity. (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: Measured at the end of the last 3 weeks of randomization trial phase

Perceived Stress Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	8.1
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	9.0

10-item questionnaire measuring the degree to which life situations are appraised stressful. Scale range is 0-40. Higher scores indicate more stress. (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: Measured at the end of the last 3 weeks of randomization trial phase

Plasma Cotinine Concentration

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	15.0
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	15.1

Plasma cotinine is a measure of daily nicotine exposure. Samples were measured in ng/mL. (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: Measured at the end of the last 3 weeks of randomization trial phase

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	82.8
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	259.0

A 16-item scale on depression symptoms. The scale range is 0-27 where 0 = Least Severe and 27 = Most Severe. (NCT01928758)
Timeframe: Measured at the end of the last 3 weeks of randomization trial phase

Prefrontal GABA+ Concentrations

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes	5.5
Usual Nicotine Content Cigarettes	5.3

Concentrations of GABA+, referenced to unsuppressed water and corrected for within-voxel CSF proportion, in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex measured via Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (i.e., MEGA-PRESS). (NCT03220776)
Timeframe: Day 5 of each experimental condition

Prefrontal Glx Concentrations

Intervention	mmol/kg (Mean)
N-Acetylcysteine	3.90
Gabapentin	3.93
Placebo Oral Tablet	3.73

Concentrations of Glx (i.e., glutamate + glutamine), referenced to unsuppressed water and corrected for within-voxel CSF proportion, in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex measured via Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (NCT03220776)
Timeframe: Day 5 of each experimental condition

Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Intervention	mmol/kg (Mean)
N-Acetylcysteine	21.59
Gabapentin	21.69
Placebo Oral Tablet	22.25

The number of cigarettes smoked per day at the 1 week follow up time point. (NCT00633256)
Timeframe: 1 week follow-up

Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Intervention	Cigarettes per day (Mean)
Cycloserine	10.3
Placebo	13.9

The number of cigarettes smoked per day at the 4-week follow up timepoint. (NCT00633256)
Timeframe: 4 Week Followup

Urinary Cotinine Level

Intervention	Cigarettes per day (Mean)
Cycloserine	9.9
Placebo	11.0

Urinary Cotinine level at the 4-week follow up timepoint (NCT00633256)
Timeframe: 4 Week Follow-up Timepoint

7 Day Point Prevalence of Cigarette Abstinence

Biochemically Confirmed 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Tobacco

Intervention	Mean ng/ml (Mean)
Cycloserine	1645.5
Placebo	2062.6

Intervention	participants (Number)
Selegiline	6
Placebo	8

Intervention	participants (Number)
Selegiline	8
Placebo	10

"Point prevalence tobacco abstinence was adjudicated if the following conditions were met:(a) self-reported tobacco abstinence for the previous 7 days with a negative response to the question Have you used any type of tobacco,even a puff, in the past 7 days? and (b) Expired Carbon Monoxide equal or less then 8 parts per million." (NCT00405912)
Timeframe: 12 weeks following start of medication

Number of Subjects With Prolonged Abstinence From Tobacco

Intervention	participants (Number)
Placebo	7
St. John's Wort - 900 mg /Day	8
St. John's Wort - 1800 mg /Day	6

tobacco abstience during the 12-week course of SJW in two different oral doses of 300-mg three times a day or 600-mg three times a day compared to placebo at six months. (NCT00405912)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after the start of medication

Expired-air Carbon Monoxide Confirmed Smoking Abstinence

Intervention	participants (Number)
Placebo	0
St. John's Wort - 900 mg /Day	1
St. John's Wort - 1800 mg /Day	2

expired-air carbon monoxide confirmed smoking abstinence at 52 weeks (NCT01330030)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Article	Year
Effect of menthol on nicotine reduction: Pooled results from two double-blind randomized controlled trials. Brain research bulletin, 2022, 10-15, Volume: 189 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Humans; Menthol; Nicotine; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recepto	2022
Does the Magnitude of Reduction in Cigarettes Per Day Predict Smoking Cessation? A Qualitative Review. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Motivation; Smoking Cessation; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco P	2016
Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016, Oct-13, Volume: 10 Topics: Biomarkers; Bupropion; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Nico	2016
CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype and short-term smoking cessation. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alleles; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; DNA; Follow-Up Studies; Genetic Markers	2011
Recent marijuana blunt smoking impacts carbon monoxide as a measure of adolescent tobacco abstinence. Substance use & misuse, 2005, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Marij	2005
Smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. American heart journal, 2005, Volume: 149, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Atherosclerosis; Behavi	2005
Actions of nicotine and smoking on circulation. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 1982, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Calcium; Carbon Monoxide; Cardiovascular System; Catecholamines; Humans; Neurotran	1982
[Role of smoking in the occurrence of ischemic heart disease]. Sovetskaia meditsina, 1981, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carbon Monoxide; Cardiovascular System; Child; Coronary Disease; D	1981
Helping smokers to stop: an evidence-based approach. The Practitioner, 2000, Volume: 244, Issue:1606 Topics: Algorithms; Carbon Monoxide; Evidence-Based Medicine; Family Practice; Humans; Smoking Cessation; To	2000

Article	Year
E-Cigarette Provision to Promote Switching in Cigarette Smokers With Serious Mental Illness-A Randomized Trial. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2022, 08-06, Volume: 24, Issue:9 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Prospective Studies; Smokers; Smoking	2022
Long-Term Effectiveness of a Clinician-Assisted Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Smoking Cessation: Secondary Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2022, 10-26, Volume: 24, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Cessati	2022
A pilot study to examine the acceptability and health effects of electronic cigarettes in HIV-positive smokers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2020, 01-01, Volume: 206 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cigarette Smoking; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Harm	2020
Racial disparities in intensity of smoke exposure and nicotine intake among low-dependence smokers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021, 04-01, Volume: 221 Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Carbon Monoxide; Cigarette Smoking; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male	2021
Effects of varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy on arterial elasticity, endothelial glycocalyx and oxidative stress during a 3-month smoking cessation program. Atherosclerosis, 2017, Volume: 262 Topics: Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Endothelial Cells; Female; Glycocalyx; Greece; Humans; M	2017
Predictors of treatment success in smoking cessation with varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy v. varenicline alone. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 2017, Dec-13, Volume: 108, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotinic Agon	2017
COach2Quit: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitor for Smoking Cessation. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2019, 10-26, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Baltimore; Biofeedback, Psychology; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cell Phone; Female; Humans; Male; M	2019
Effect of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Biomarkers of Smoke Exposure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2018, 09-04, Volume: 320, Issue:9 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Adult; Area Under Curve; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Creatinine; Doub	2018
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Snus Examining the Effect of Complete Versus Partial Cigarette Substitution on Smoking-Related Behaviors, and Biomarkers of Exposure. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020, 04-17, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minnesota; New Yo	2020
CO exposure and puff topography are associated with Lebanese waterpipe dependence scale score. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2013, Volume: 15, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Lebanon; Male; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke P	2013
A pharmacist-led system-change smoking cessation intervention for smokers admitted to Australian public hospitals (GIVE UP FOR GOOD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 2013, May-21, Volume: 14 Topics: Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Clinical Protocols; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Inpatients	2013
Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; England; Female;	2014
Varenicline for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers: a randomized clinical trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2013, Dec-01, Volume: 133, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Guideline Adherence; Heroin Depende	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013, Nov-16, Volume: 382, Issue:9905 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Ni	2013
[Effects of a smoking cessation program including telephone counseling and text messaging using stages of change for outpatients after a myocardial infarction]. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 2013, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Hospitals, University; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocar	2013
Prize contingency management for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2014, Jul-01, Volume: 140 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reinforcement	2014
Effect on smoking quit rate of telling smokers their health risk appraisal in terms of health age: a randomized control trial. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Counseling; Follow-Up Studies; Health Status Indicators; Hum	2014
Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, Volume: 312, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cholinergic Agents; Double-Blind Method; Drug Th	2014
Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, Volume: 312, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cholinergic Agents; Double-Blind Method; Drug Th	2014
Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, Volume: 312, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cholinergic Agents; Double-Blind Method; Drug Th	2014
Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, Volume: 312, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cholinergic Agents; Double-Blind Method; Drug Th	2014
Beyond cigarettes per day. A genome-wide association study of the biomarker carbon monoxide. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2014, Volume: 11, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Black or African American; Carbon Monoxide; Confidence Intervals; Cytochrome P-45	2014
Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Attitude; Behavior, Addictive; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Combined M	2014
Mindfulness training for smokers via web-based video instruction with phone support: a prospective observational study. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2015, Mar-29, Volume: 15 Topics: Adult; Audiovisual Aids; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Meditation; Mi	2015
Initial Evaluation of Fenofibrate for Efficacy in Aiding Smoking Abstinence. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fenofibrate; Humans; Male;	2016
Effect of reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes on cigarette smoking behavior and tobacco smoke toxicant exposure: 2-year follow up. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2015, Volume: 110, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotiana; Nicotine; Nicotinic	2015
Contingency management for cigarette smokers with depressive symptoms. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cotinine; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studie	2015
Contingency management for cigarette smokers with depressive symptoms. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cotinine; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studie	2015
Contingency management for cigarette smokers with depressive symptoms. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cotinine; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studie	2015
Contingency management for cigarette smokers with depressive symptoms. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cotinine; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studie	2015
A feasibility study of home-based contingency management with adolescent smokers of rural Appalachia. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Appalachian Region; Behavior Therapy; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Feasibility Studies	2015
A comparative study of different modalities of treatment in nicotine dependence syndrome. Asian journal of psychiatry, 2015, Volume: 17 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Behavior Control; Breath Tests; Brief P	2015
A randomised, crossover study on an electronic vapour product, a nicotine inhalator and a conventional cigarette. Part B: Safety and subjective effects. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 2016, Volume: 74 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Consumer Product Safety; Cro	2016
Self-reported smoking effects and comparative value between cigarettes and high dose e-cigarettes in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. Behavioural pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 27, Issue:2-3 Spec I Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Choice Behavior; Cross-Over Studies; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; F	2016
A randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of CO-oximetry and anti-smoking brief advice in a cohort of kidney transplant patients who smoke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2016, Apr-01, Volume: 17 Topics: Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Clinical Protocols; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, At	2016
A two-site, two-arm, 34-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes in smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders: trial design and protocol. BMC public health, 2017, 01-19, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Clinical Protocols; Cotinine; Double-Blind Me	2017
Abstinence from smoking ten years after participation in a randomized controlled trial of a self-help program. Addictive behaviors, 2008, Volume: 33, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postal S	2008
Contingency management for smoking cessation: enhancing feasibility through use of immunoassay test strips measuring cotinine. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Feasibility Studies; Female; Gas Chromatog	2008
The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. Biological psychiatry, 2009, May-15, Volume: 65, Issue:10 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Transport System y+; Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Excitator	2009
The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. Biological psychiatry, 2009, May-15, Volume: 65, Issue:10 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Transport System y+; Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Excitator	2009
The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. Biological psychiatry, 2009, May-15, Volume: 65, Issue:10 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Transport System y+; Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Excitator	2009
The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. Biological psychiatry, 2009, May-15, Volume: 65, Issue:10 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Transport System y+; Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Excitator	2009
Severity of tobacco abstinence symptoms varies by time of day. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2009
Evaluating the acute effects of oral, non-combustible potential reduced exposure products marketed to smokers. Tobacco control, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Marketin	2010
D-Cycloserine attenuates reactivity to smoking cues in nicotine dependent smokers: a pilot investigation. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2009, Oct-01, Volume: 104, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Combined Modality Therapy; Cotinine; Cues	2009
An internet-based abstinence reinforcement smoking cessation intervention in rural smokers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2009, Nov-01, Volume: 105, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black People; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Int	2009
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2010, Mar-01, Volume: 107, Issue:2-3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Dizziness; Double-Blind Me	2010
Nicotine patch vs. nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation: an effectiveness trial coordinated by the Community Clinical Oncology Program. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2010, Mar-01, Volume: 107, Issue:2-3 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cognition; Fe	2010
Exposure to movie smoking, antismoking ads and smoking intensity: an experimental study with a factorial design. Tobacco control, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Advertising; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Motion Pict	2010
The effects of nicotine, denicotinized tobacco, and nicotine-containing tobacco on cigarette craving, withdrawal, and self-administration in male and female smokers. Behavioural pharmacology, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male	2010
A randomized clinical trial of St. John's wort for smoking cessation. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 2010, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Flowers; Humans; Hypericum; Intention to Treat Ana	2010
Failure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapy. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2010, Volume: 105, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavior Therapy; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide;	2010
Treating heavy smokers in primary care with the nicotine nasal spray: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Double-Blind Method; Eng	2011
Attention shift towards smoking cues relates to severity of dependence, smoking behavior and breath carbon monoxide. European addiction research, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Attention; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cues; Humans; Middle Aged; Photic Stimulation; Smok	2011
Effects of 24 hours of tobacco withdrawal and subsequent tobacco smoking among low and high sensation seekers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double	2011
CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype and short-term smoking cessation. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alleles; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; DNA; Follow-Up Studies; Genetic Markers	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Ma	2011
Drug cue induced overshadowing: selective disruption of natural reward processing by cigarette cues amongst abstinent but not satiated smokers. Psychological medicine, 2012, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Association Learning; Attention; Behavior, Addictive; Breath Tests; Car	2012
Optimal carbon monoxide criteria to confirm 24-hr smoking abstinence. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2013, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Benzazepines; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotinic Agonists;	2013
Attempting tobacco cessation--an oral physician's perspective. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mal	2012
Brain reward system activity in major depression and comorbid nicotine dependence. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2002, Volume: 302, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Aged; Aging; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Cytoc	2002
Relations of cotinine and carbon monoxide to self-reported smoking in a cohort of smokers and ex-smokers followed over 5 years. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2002, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cohort Studies; Cotinine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Ag	2002
Clinical phenotyping strategies in selection of tobacco smokers for future genotyping studies. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine;	2002
Nicotine patches and the subjective effects of cigarette smoking: a pilot study. The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique, 2002,Winter, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Double-Blind Method; Fe	2002
Smoking topography: reliability and validity in dependent smokers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2003, Volume: 5, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Equipment Design; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Models,	2003
The effect of tobacco abstinence on recognition memory, digit span recall, and attentional vigilance. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2004, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Arousal; Carbon Monoxide; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Psychomotor	2004
The effectiveness of nicotine-patch therapy for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia. International journal of nursing studies, 2004, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Ganglionic Stimulants; Humans; Longitudin	2004
Urine cotinine as an index of smoking status in smokers during 96-hr abstinence: comparison between gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay test strips. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2004, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass S	2004
Calorie restriction increases cigarette use in adult smokers. Psychopharmacology, 2005, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Affect; Carbon Monoxide; Diet; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Carbohydrates; Double-Blind Method; En	2005
Changes of smoking behavior and serum adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and endogenous opioids levels in nicotine dependence after naltrexone treatment. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2005, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Double-Blind Method; Endorphins; Hormones; Huma	2005
Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction: A double-blind, randomized trial. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2006, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ganglionic Stimulan	2006
Smoking topography in response to denicotinized and high-yield nicotine cigarettes in adolescent smokers. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2007, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Analysis of Variance; Behavior, Addictive; Carbon Monoxide; Chicago	2007
Effects of internet-based voucher reinforcement and a transdermal nicotine patch on cigarette smoking. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2007,Spring, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Behavior Therapy; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Computer Peripher	2007
Contingencies for change in complacent smokers. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2007, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Reinforce	2007
DRD4 VNTR polymorphism is associated with transient fMRI-BOLD responses to smoking cues. Psychopharmacology, 2007, Volume: 194, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cerebral Cortex; Cues; Female; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Gyrus Cinguli; Huma	2007
Effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on Stroop task performance. Psychopharmacology, 2007, Volume: 195, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cognition Disorders; Exhalation; Female;	2007
[The effects of a group smoking cessation program among adult smokers in a rural community]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi, 2007, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middl	2007
Contingent reinforcement for carbon monoxide reduction: within-subject effects of pay amount. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 1984,Winter, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Reinforcement, Psychology; Reward; Smoking Prev	1984
The effects of graduated filters on smoking exposure: risk reduction or compensation? Addictive behaviors, 1981, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Filtration; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Risk; Smoking; Tars	1981
Aiding reduction of smoking with nicotine replacement medications: hope for the recalcitrant smoker? Tobacco control, 1997,Winter, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Nic	1997
Effects of nicotine on methadone self-administration in humans. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1998, Apr-01, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Behavior, Addictive; Carbon Monoxide; Drug Interactions; Female; Heroin	1998
Assessing the impact of a nurse-led health education intervention for people with peripheral vascular disease who smoke: the use of physiological markers, nicotine dependence and withdrawal. International journal of nursing studies, 2001, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowled	2001
Tolerability of concurrent use of nicotine gum and smoking in healthy volunteers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2001, Volume: 3, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Chewing Gum; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Administration Schedul	2001
Smokeless tobacco abstinence effects and nicotine gum dose. Psychopharmacology, 1992, Volume: 106, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Chewing Gum; Cotinine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Nicotine; Plants, Toxic;	1992
Controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patch in tobacco withdrawal. Lancet (London, England), 1989, Jan-07, Volume: 1, Issue:8628 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Body Weight; Carbon Monoxide; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;	1989
Nicotine fading, behavioral contracting, and extended treatment: effects on smoking cessation. Addictive behaviors, 1987, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Nicotine; Saliva; Thio	1987
Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. Journal of behavioral medicine, 1986, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Combined Modality Therapy; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Ma	1986
Effects of biochemical validation of self-reported cigarette smoking on treatment success and on misreporting abstinence. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 1986, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Alveolar Process; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Disclosure; Tobacco Use D	1986
Relapse prevention and smoking cessation. Addictive behaviors, 1986, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Cognition; Humans; Models, Psychological; Problem Solving;	1986
Worksite smoking intervention with nursing professionals: long-term outcome and relapse assessment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1986, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Feedback; Female; Humans; Male; Nurses; Occupational Healt	1986
Contingent reinforcement for reduced breath carbon monoxide levels: target-specific effects on cigarette smoking. Addictive behaviors, 1985, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reinforcement, Psychology; Smoking; Tobac	1985

Article	Year
Oral Mucosal Lesions' propensity as an Outcome Eventuated by Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) Levels and Nicotine Dependency. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2021, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Service, Hospital; Exhalation;	2021
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023, 03-02, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exhalat	2023
Comparisons of early and delayed abstainers and its effects on long-term smoking cessation in Taiwan. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 2019, 08-14, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective	2019
Outcomes and predictive factors for successful smoking cessation therapy in COPD patients with nicotine dependence. Respiratory investigation, 2020, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged	2020
Puffing topography and physiological responses in men and women with low versus high waterpipe dependence during smoking: The WiHi Irbid project. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2020, 07-01, Volume: 212 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Ma	2020
No evidence of differences in smoking levels, nicotine dependence, carbon monoxide or motivational indices between cigarette smokers and cigarette + e-cigarette dual users in two samples. Addictive behaviors, 2021, Volume: 112 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Middle Aged;	2021
Effects of flavourants and humectants on waterpipe tobacco puffing behaviour, biomarkers of exposure and subjective effects among adults with high versus low nicotine dependence. Tobacco control, 2022, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Hygroscopic Agents; Inhalation Exposure; Nicotine; Tobac	2022
An open-label pilot study of an intervention using mobile phones to deliver contingency management of tobacco abstinence to high school students. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2017, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Carbon Monoxide; Cell Phone; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Mal	2017
Pharmacogenetic study of seven polymorphisms in three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in smoking-cessation therapies. Scientific reports, 2017, 12-01, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: 5' Untranslated Regions; Adult; Aged; Bupropion; Carbon Monoxide; Exhalation; Female; Humans; Male;	2017
Effects of six weeks of electronic cigarette use on smoking rate, CO, cigarette dependence, and motivation to quit smoking: A pilot study. Addictive behaviors, 2018, Volume: 80 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cigarette Smoking; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Femal	2018
Effects of Menthol Flavor Cigarettes or Total Urinary Menthol on Biomarkers of Nicotine and Carcinogenic Exposure and Behavioral Measures. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2019, 08-19, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Carcinogens; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Menthol; Middle Age	2019
[Health Effects Accompanying the Transition from Cigarettes to Heat-not-burn Tobacco: Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms, and Changes in Smoking Behaviors]. Nihon eiseigaku zasshi. Japanese journal of hygiene, 2018, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Adult; Ammonia; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Dust; Formaldehyde; Humans; M	2018
Pilot Tobacco Treatment Intervention for Women in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorder. Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN, 2018, Volume: 47, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Exercise; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male	2018
Varenicline for long term smoking cessation in patients with COPD. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2018, Volume: 53 Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Carbon Monoxide; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Ma	2018
Challenges for dedicated smoking cessation services in developing countries. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 2019, May-31, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care; Anxiety; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cigarette Smoking; Depression; Devel	2019
Escalating doses of transdermal nicotine in heavy smokers: effects on smoking behavior and craving. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Affect; Behavior, Addictive; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Comorbid	2013
Variants in two adjacent genes, EGLN2 and CYP2A6, influence smoking behavior related to disease risk via different mechanisms. Human molecular genetics, 2014, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Carbon Monoxide; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6	2014
Sensory reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2014, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Diagnostic and Statistical Ma	2014
Back to the future: a return to psychedelic treatment models for addiction. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Psilocybin; Serotonin Receptor Agonists; Smoking Ce	2014
Comparison of puff topography, toxicant exposure, and subjective effects in low- and high-frequency waterpipe users: a double-blind, placebo-control study. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2015, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Arterial Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Double-Blind Method; Female; Flav	2015
Foucault, surveillance, and carbon monoxide testing within stop-smoking services. Qualitative health research, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Motivation	2015
Characterizing Concurrent Tobacco Product Use Among Homeless Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2015, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Ill-Housed Persons;	2015
Biochemically verified smoking cessation and vaping beliefs among vape store customers. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2015, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Fem	2015
The effects of nicotine dependence and acute abstinence on the processing of drug and non-drug rewards. Psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 232, Issue:14 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Choice Behavior; Craving; Cross-Over Studies; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Mot	2015
Heavy dependent nicotine smokers--Newfound lifestyle appreciation after quitting successfully. Experiences from inpatient smoking cessation therapy. Public health, 2015, Volume: 129, Issue:5 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Inpatients; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Perso	2015
Study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers among tobacco consumers, part 2: biomarkers of biological effect. Inhalation toxicology, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Ankle Brachial Index; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Cardiovascular Diseases; C	2015
[Use of COPD-6 Vitalograph in Primary Care as tool for smoking cessation]. Semergen, 2016, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Equipment Design; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Middle Age	2016
Should the threshold for expired-air carbon monoxide concentration as a means of verifying self-reported smoking abstinence be reduced in clinical treatment programmes? Evidence from a Malaysian smokers' clinic. Addictive behaviors, 2015, Volume: 47 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Exhalation; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Malaysia; Male; M	2015
The impact of social context on cigarette self-administration in nondependent smokers. Behavioural pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Spec No Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Psychological T	2015
Changes in circulating leptin levels during the initial stage of cessation are associated with smoking relapse. Psychopharmacology, 2015, Volume: 232, Issue:18 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Craving; Female; Humans; Leptin; Male; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonist	2015
Successful Nicotine Intake in Medical Assisted Use of E-Cigarettes: A Pilot Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015, Jul-08, Volume: 12, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Craving; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Syst	2015
[Nicotine dependance and carbon monoxide intoxication among adult smokers]. La Tunisie medicale, 2015, Volume: 93, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Logistic Models; Middle A	2015
Nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure from inhalation of cigarillo smoke. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2015, Volume: 139, Issue:Pt A Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Carcinogens; Femal	2015
Effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol use on neurocognition and BDNF levels in a Chinese population. Psychopharmacology, 2016, Volume: 233, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Asian People; Attention; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Carbon Mo	2016
Prevalence and Correlates of Smoking and Readiness to Quit Smoking in People Living with HIV in Austria and Germany. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anti-HIV Agents; Antidepressive Agents; Attitude to Health; Austria; Breath Test	2016
Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016, Volume: 111, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; England; Exercise; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio	2016
Pulmonary Abnormalities in Young, Light-Use Waterpipe (Hookah) Smokers. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2016, 09-01, Volume: 194, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Case-Control Studies; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Cotini	2016
Reasons for failure to quit: a cross-sectional survey of tobacco use in major cities in Pakistan. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2016, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Affect; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Be	2016
A new approach to detect early lung functional impairment in very light smokers. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2016, Volume: 231 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Exercise; Exercise Test; Female; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Plethysm	2016
Salivary stress biomarkers of recent nicotine use and dependence. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2016, Volume: 42, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha-Amylases; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Hydrocorti	2016
Expanding clinical laboratory tobacco product evaluation methods to loose-leaf tobacco vaporizers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016, Dec-01, Volume: 169 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Laboratori	2016
Large Cigars: Smoking Topography and Toxicant Exposure. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2018, 01-05, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Male; Middl	2018
English Stop-Smoking Services: One-Year Outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2016, 11-24, Volume: 13, Issue:12 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; England; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; National Health Programs; Odds Ratio; P	2016
Exhaled carbon monoxide is a marker of heavy nicotine dependence. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2016, Dec-20, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder	2016
Evaluating the validities of different DSM-IV-based conceptual constructs of tobacco dependence. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Behavior, Addictive; California; Carbon Monoxide; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental	2008
Effects of smoking abstinence, smoking cues and nicotine replacement in smokers with schizophrenia and controls. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cues; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotine; Schizophren	2008
The waterpipe: time for action. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Attitude to Health; Carbon Monoxide; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Pract	2008
[Specific program for smoking cessation: thus your patients become nonsmokers]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2008, Nov-13, Volume: 150, Issue:46 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Benzazepines; Bupropion; Carbon Monoxide; Contraindications; Humans; Nicotinic Ago	2008
[Smoking]. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 159, Issue:1-2 Topics: Austria; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Health Policy; Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessat	2009
[Outpatient smoking cessation: a report on 3,260 cases]. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 159, Issue:1-2 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female	2009
Assessing smoking behaviour among medical students by the measurement of expired carbon monoxide (CO). Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 159, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Austria; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Preval	2009
Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 159, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Behavior Therapy; Breath Tests; Bu	2009
[Maternal mortality and addiction to smoking]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2009, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Europe; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetal Monitoring; France; Hospitals	2009
An fMRI investigation of the impact of withdrawal on regional brain activity during nicotine anticipation. Psychophysiology, 2009, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Brain; Carbon Monoxide; Cues; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic R	2009
Validity of the timeline followback among treatment-seeking smokers in Germany. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2009, Nov-01, Volume: 105, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Carbon Monoxide; Education; Employment; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Germany; Human	2009
Hostility, cigarette smoking, and responses to a lab-based social stressor. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2009, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Hostility; Humans; MMPI; Psychometrics; Regressi	2009
Acceptability and outcome of an Internet-based smoking cessation programme. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2010, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hu	2010
Does breath carbon monoxide measure nicotine dependence? Journal of addictive diseases, 2010, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Male; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sev	2010
Spanish adaptation of the NDSS (Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale) and assessment of nicotine-dependent individuals at primary care health centers in Spain. The Spanish journal of psychology, 2010, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Diagnostic and Statistica	2010
Waterpipe tobacco smoking and cigarette smoking: a direct comparison of toxicant exposure and subjective effects. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Female; Humans; Inhalation Ex	2011
Stop smoking clinics in Malaysia: characteristics of attendees and predictors of success. Addictive behaviors, 2011, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Carbon Monoxide; Demography; Female; Health Status; H	2011
[Pulmonary manifestations of polyvinyl chloride exposure]. Tuberkuloz ve toraks, 2011, Volume: 59, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cough; Diffusion; Dust; Dyspnea; Female; Humans; Incidence; Lung Diseases; M	2011
Predictors of short-term success in smoking cessation in relation to attendance at a smoking cessation program. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Depression; Female; Humans; Logistic	2011
Factors associated with smoking abstinence among smokers and recent-quitters with lung and head and neck cancer. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2012, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck	2012
Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Choice Behavior; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;	2012
Lower prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, but a higher risk of waterpipe dependence in Lebanese adult women than in men. Women & health, 2012, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arabs; Behavior, Addictive; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dose-Response Rel	2012
Exhaled carbon monoxide levels among Malaysian male smokers with nicotine dependence. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2012, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exhalation; Humans; Linear Models; Ma	2012
Counseling and exercise intervention for smoking reduction in patients with schizophrenia: a feasibility study. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Counseling; Exercise; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged	2013
Acute effects of Advance: a potential reduced exposure product for smokers. Tobacco control, 2002, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Air Pollutants; Carbon Monoxide; Cross-Over Studies; Environmental Exposure; Fema	2002
[Guidelines for a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to smoking addiction. A consensus report]. Archivos de bronconeumologia, 2003, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Oximetry; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cess	2003
Shaping exhale durations for breath CO detection for men with mild mental retardation. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2002,Winter, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Respiration; Smoking Cessation; Time	2002
[Correlation between carbon-monoxide levels in exhaled air and nicotine-dependence measurements systems (DSM-IV, Fagerström test and ARU-SMQ-9) in adolescent smokers]. Medicina clinica, 2003, Jun-21, Volume: 121, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male	2003
Evaluation of the level of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Central European journal of public health, 2003, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Creatinine; Czech Republic; Environmental Exposur	2003
Quantitative comparisons between a nicotine delivery device (Eclipse) and conventional cigarette smoking. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2004, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Carbon Monoxide; Equipment Design; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle A	2004
Improving contingency management programs for addiction. Addictive behaviors, 2004, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Reward; Smoking; Smoking Cess	2004
[Complex assessment of nicotine dependence using questionnaires and measurement of carbon oxide concentration in exhaled air]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2004, Volume: 76, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Mec	2004
Can cumulative tobacco consumption, FTND score, and carbon monoxide concentration in expired air be predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2004, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds	2004
[Usefulness of biological markers in the evaluation of smoking at the first visit of a smoking cessation program]. Revue des maladies respiratoires, 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; France; Humans	2004
Applicability of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in smokers with schizophrenia. Addictive behaviors, 2005, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Factor Analysis, Statistical; Fe	2005
Smoke constituent exposure and smoking topography of adolescent daily cigarette smokers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2004, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ganglio	2004
Predictors of initial abstinence in smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Substance use & misuse, 2005, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Demography; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Patient Acc	2005
Pretreatment cue reactivity predicts end-of-treatment smoking. Addictive behaviors, 2006, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Cues; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male;	2006
How to help smokers quit: part 1. SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging, 2006, Volume: 61, Issue:3 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Disorder	2006
Multiple substance use among young males. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2007, Volume: 86, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Austria; Benzodiazepines; Biomarkers;	2007
Clinical laboratory evaluation of potential reduced exposure products for smokers. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2006, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Carcinogens; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicoti	2006
[Seventy-five cases in which serum concentrations of cotinine were monitored prior to nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai zasshi = the journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society, 2007, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Smoking Cessati	2007
Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2007, Volume: 9, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Flavoring Agents; Humans; Male; Ment	2007
Cough following initiation of smoking abstinence. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2007, Volume: 9, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cough; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Smoking; Smoking Cessa	2007
Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British university. BMC public health, 2008, May-22, Volume: 8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Confidence Intervals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follow-Up	2008
Smoking and anesthesia: preoperative abstinence and perioperative morbidity. Anesthesiology, 1984, Volume: 61, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Cardiovascular System; Hemostasis; Human	1984
Blood cotinine levels as indicators of smoking treatment outcome. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1984, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged	1984
Estimating the yield to smokers of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from the 'lowest yield' ventilated filter-cigarettes. British journal of addiction, 1982, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behavior; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotine; Smoking; Tars; Tobacco Use Disorde	1982
A comparative study of the amount of smoke absorbed from low yield ('less hazardous') cigarettes. Part 1: Non-invasive measures. British journal of addiction, 1982, Volume: 77, Issue:4 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Mouth; Nicotine; Smoking; Thiocyanates; Tobacco Use Disorder	1982
Effects of graduated external filters on smoking cessation. Preventive medicine, 1982, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Nicotine; Placebos; Respiration Disorders; Sm	1982
Usefulness of markers in managing tobacco withdrawal. Pathologie-biologie, 1997, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Cotinine; Female;	1997
Bidi use among urban youth--Massachusetts, March-April 1999. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 1999, Sep-17, Volume: 48, Issue:36 Topics: Adolescent; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Nicotine; Smoking; Tars; Tobacco U	1999
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bidi use among urban youth--Massachusetts, March-April 1999. JAMA, 1999, Oct-20, Volume: 282, Issue:15 Topics: Adolescent; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Nicotine; Smoking; Tars; Tobacco U	1999
A combination of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurement and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is recommended to complete information on smoking rates in population-based surveys. Sozial- und Praventivmedizin, 2000, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Breath Tests; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Popul	2000
Assessment of the smoker who wants to quit. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace, 2001, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Motivation; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Us	2001
Tobacco "chippers"--individual differences in tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology, 1989, Volume: 97, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Drug Tolerance; Emotions; Family; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Individualit	1989
Evaluating worksite smoking policies. Methodologic issues. New York state journal of medicine, 1989, Volume: 89, Issue:1 Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Personnel, Hospital; Rhode Island; Smoking; Smoking	1989
Refined cigarette smoke as a method for reducing nicotine intake. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1987, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Cues; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotiana; Nicotine; Plants, Toxic;	1987
On the arterial consequences of smoking. Journal of vascular surgery, 1986, Volume: 3, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Cell Count; Blood Pla	1986
The "less hazardous" cigarette: a deadly delusion. New York state journal of medicine, 1985, Volume: 85, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Carbon Monoxide; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Nicotine; Risk; Smoking; Tars; Tobacco	1985
Smoking cessation in chronically ill medical patients. Journal of clinical psychology, 1985, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Carbon Monoxide; Chronic Disease; Coronary Disease; Feedback; Follow-Up Studies; H	1985

carbon monoxide and Tobacco Use Disorder

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (195)

Authors

Clinical Trials (38)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Carbon Monoxide (CO)-Confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Change in Cigarettes Per Day

Change in Smoking Urges

CO-confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Rates of Smoking Cessation Continuous From First Quit Day to 6 Months

Reinforcing Effects of Smoking

Self- Reported 7-day Abstinence

Self-reported 7-day Abstinence

Withdrawal Symptoms

Carbon Monoxide Levels

Smoking Cessation

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking Days at 12 Weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Alcohol Drinking Days at 26 Weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Heavy Drinking Days at 12 Weeks

Change From Baseline in Self-Reported Heavy Drinking Days at 26 Weeks

Change From Baseline Smoking Abstinence Rates at 12 Weeks

Change From Baseline Smoking Abstinence Rates at 26 Weeks

Measure of Cigarette Exposure Using Expired Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Total Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Number of Subjects With Smoke Free Days

Abstinence From Smoking

Intention to Quit Smoking

Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale

Perceived Stress Scale

Plasma Cotinine Concentration

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology

Prefrontal GABA+ Concentrations

Prefrontal Glx Concentrations

Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Urinary Cotinine Level

7 Day Point Prevalence of Cigarette Abstinence

7 Day Point Prevalence of Cigarette Abstinence

Biochemically Confirmed 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Tobacco

Number of Subjects With Prolonged Abstinence From Tobacco

Expired-air Carbon Monoxide Confirmed Smoking Abstinence

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies