carbocyanines and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

It remains to be determined whether the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) or the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) is preferably recommended as means to assess dietary quality in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the AHEI-2010 provides a more accurate assessment of dietary quality than the HEI-2010 in relation to diabetes status, while controlling for health markers, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. The 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used as a representative sample of U.S. adults age 20+ years (n = 4097). HEI-2010 and the AHEI-2010 scores were used as measures of dietary quality and were calculated using data from the first 24-h dietary recall. Health markers evaluated include anthropometrics, blood pressure, lipid and inflammatory markers, and presence of co-morbid diseases. Least Squares Means were computed to determine differences across diabetes status (nondiabetes, prediabetes, T2DM) for total and sub-component HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores, and to determine differences across total HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 quartiles for health markers. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression was used to examine the association between total HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores and diabetes status.. Adults with T2DM showed higher HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores compared to adults with prediabetes and nondiabetes but did not have better health markers. For HEI-2010 component scores, adults with T2DM had highest consumption (highest score) of total protein foods and lowest consumption (highest score) for empty calories (p < 0.01). For AHEI-2010 component scores, adults with T2DM had the lowest consumption (highest score) for sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, sodium, and alcohol (lowest score). In addition, adults with T2DM had the highest consumption (lowest score) for red and/or processed meats (p < 0.01). However, neither total HEI-2010 nor AHEI-2010 scores were significantly associated with diabetes status (p > 0.05). Results suggest that neither index was clearly superior to the other in terms of its predictive ability in relation to T2DM.. Neither total HEI-2010 nor AHEI-2010 scores performed better in terms of their relationship with diabetes status. However, the significant relationships between 1) diabetes status and health markers and 2) between HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores and health markers suggest that diet has some influence on T2DM.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking; Carbocyanines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Dietary Sugars; Energy Intake; Female; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Health Status; Humans; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; United States

Mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and morphologic changes are important in inflammatory cell activation. Despite the pathophysiologic relevance, no valid and reproducible method for measuring mitochondrial homeostasis in human inflammatory cells is available currently. The purpose of this study was to define and validate reproducible methods for measuring relevant mitochondrial perturbations and to determine whether these methods could discern mitochondrial perturbations in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a condition associated with altered mitochondrial homeostasis. We employed 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1'3,3'-tetraethylbenzamidazol-carboncyanine (JC-1) to estimate mitochondrial membrane potential (Psi(m)) and acridine orange 10-nonyl bromide (NAO) to assess mitochondrial mass in human mononuclear cells isolated from blood. Both assays were reproducible. We validated our findings by electron microscopy and pharmacologic manipulation of Psi(m). We measured JC-1 and NAO fluorescence in the mononuclear cells of 27 T2DM patients and 32 controls. Mitochondria were more polarized (P = 0.02) and mitochondrial mass was lower in T2DM (P = 0.008). Electron microscopy demonstrated diabetic mitochondria were smaller, were more spherical, and occupied less cellular area in T2DM. Mitochondrial superoxide production was higher in T2DM (P = 0.01). Valid and reproducible measurements of mitochondrial homeostasis can be made in human mononuclear cells using these fluorophores. Furthermore, potentially clinically relevant perturbations in mitochondrial homeostasis in T2DM human mononuclear cells can be detected.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminoacridines; Benzimidazoles; Biomarkers; Carbocyanines; Cardiolipins; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Lymphocytes; Male; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Monocytes; Reproducibility of Results; Superoxides

Evidence exists for an essential role of beta-cell apoptosis in the pathology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Current methods for diabetes-associated apoptosis detection, however, suffer the drawbacks of relying on in situ-based strategies. In this study, we attempted to measure, both in vitro and ex vivo, levels of beta-cell apoptosis in diabetic mice using Cy5.5-labeled annexin V. We used streptozotocin-treated BALB/c mice and NOD mice of different ages as models of type 1 diabetes and db/db mice as a model of type 2 diabetes. With annexin V Cy5.5, we established differences in levels of apoptosis between diabetic and control animals. Intravenously administered annexin V Cy5.5 accumulated in pancreata of diabetic mice but not in nondiabetic controls. Furthermore, its localization was specific to apoptotic events within diabetic islets; its selectivity was supported by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Because annexin V defines an early marker of apoptosis and the developed probe is suitable for in vivo administration, it may provide a promising tool for real-time identification in intact animals of the earliest stages of diabetes-associated beta-cell death and for tracing the events that characterize the pathology of the disease.

Topics: Animals; Annexin A5; Apoptosis; Carbocyanines; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Infrared Rays; Islets of Langerhans; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Carbocyanines; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lymphocyte Activation; Membrane Potentials; Reference Values; T-Lymphocytes