carbadox and Diarrhea

The study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of a probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain on growth performance, diarrhea, systemic immunity, and intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and to compare the efficacy of B. subtilis with that of carbadox. Weaned pigs (n = 48, 6.17 ± 0.36 kg body weight [BW]) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: negative control (NC, control diet without E. coli challenge), positive control (PC, control diet with E. coli challenge), and supplementation of 50 mg/kg of carbadox (antibiotic growth promotor [AGP]) or 2.56 × 109 CFU/kg of B. subtilis probiotics (PRO). The experiment lasted for 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation. Fecal and blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 post inoculation (PI) to analyze β-hemolytic coliforms and complete blood cell count, respectively. Diarrhea score was recorded daily for each pig to calculate the frequency of diarrhea. All pigs were euthanized at day 21 PI to collect jejunal and ileal mucosa for gene expression analysis. Pigs in AGP had greater (P < 0.05) BW on days 7, 14, and 21 PI than pigs in PC and PRO groups. Supplementation of PRO enhanced pigs' BW on day 21 PI compared with the PC. Escherichia coli F18 challenge reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency from day 0 to 21 PI, while supplementation of carbadox or PRO enhanced ADG and feed efficiency in E. coli F18-challenged pigs from day 0 to 21 PI. Pigs in AGP and PRO groups had reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms on day 7 PI than pigs in the PC. Pigs in PRO had greater (P < 0.05) gene expression of CLDN1 in jejunal mucosa than pigs in the PC. Supplementation of carbadox or PRO reduced (P < 0.05) the gene expression of IL6 and PTGS2 in ileal mucosa of E. coli-infected pigs compared with pigs in the PC. Pigs in the PRO group had lower (P < 0.05) white blood cell number and neutrophil count, and serum haptoglobin concentration on day 7 PI, and less (P < 0.05) monocyte count on day 14 PI, compared with PC. In conclusion, supplementation of probiotic B. subtilis could enhance disease resistance and promote the growth performance of weaned pigs under disease challenge conditions. The potential mechanisms include but not limited to enhanced gut barrier integrity and local and s

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Diet; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Probiotics; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (YFP) on growth performance and gastrointestinal (GIT) microbial ecology in 90 weanling pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli K88(+) (ETEC) were investigated. The YFP were an original YFP product (XPC) and a water-suspendable yeast fermentation prototype (WSYFP) from a commercial company. Treatments consisted of a negative control (NC, no in-feed or in-water additive), carbadox (AB, 55 mg of carbadox/kg of feed), XPC (in feed, 0.2%), and WSYFP (in water, 0.5, 1, or 2 g/pig per day), and each was allotted to 5 pens (3 pigs/pen). The diets met the 1998 NRC specifications. Pigs were acclimated to treatments for a 7-d period before an ETEC challenge. On d 8, blood was collected from pigs to determine the baseline packed cell volume (PCV) measurement, and pigs were orally challenged with ETEC. At various time points postchallenge, blood samples were taken, performance measures and fecal consistency scores were recorded, and gut digesta and tissue samples were taken to evaluate GIT morphology, microbial ecology, and metabolites. Preplanned contrasts were used for comparison. Pigs receiving YFP had greater ADFI than NC pigs on d 3 (424 vs. 378 g/d; P = 0.01) and d 7 (506 vs. 458 g/d; P = 0.03) postchallenge. This effect of YFP on ADFI was similar to that of AB on d 3, but pigs receiving AB ate more (576 vs. 506 g/d; P = 0.03) at d 7 than pigs receiving YFP. Pigs exhibited reduced (P < 0.001) PCV upon ETEC challenge; however, pigs receiving additives sustained a greater (P < 0.05) PCV at 72 h compared with the NC group. Compared with the NC pigs, pigs receiving YFP showed a smaller (P < 0.05) number of ileal mucosa adherent ETEC and prevalence of the order Enterobacteriales in the ileal digesta, which corresponded to less (5.09 vs. 6.97 mg/dL; P = 0.03) colonic ammonia on d 7 postchallenge. Most of the indices for ileal digesta bacterial richness and diversity were greater (P < 0.01) for YFP pigs compared with NC pigs. However, results also indicated that the influence of YFP on the piglet intestinal microenvironment might differ when given in feed or water during ETEC challenge. In conclusion, pigs receiving YFP showed a better appetite in the presence of ETEC, which, together with the greater ileal digesta bacteria richness and diversity and decreased ETEC adhering to the mucosa and reduced colonic ammonia, indicates a healthier GIT environment.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Diet; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Tract; Hematocrit; Liver; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Spleen; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases; Weaning

The use of the antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) carbadox and olaquindox has been banned in the European Union (EU) since September 1999. We studied the effects of the withdrawal on the health of weaned piglets on two types of piglet-producing farms (farrowing herds and farrow-to-finish herds) from the different regions of Finland. Farms with no major problems with post-weaning diarrhoea were selected for the study to better evaluate the effect of AGPs alone. Data on production, medication and incidence of diarrhoea were collected from 73 farms during 1 year after the withdrawal. On 29 of these farms, the data collection began 4 months before the withdrawal. The health management of the pigs is considered good in Finland, and special attention has been paid to improve the husbandry practices and management of the farms. Eighty-two percent of the farms in the study were free of both Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Sarcoptes scabiei infection. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection was not detected in any of the farms. The median number of sows in the herds was 56.0 (IQR=43.0; 72.5) in 2000. The level of antimicrobial use in each herd was classified as low, moderate and high when the percentage of weaned pigs treated for diarrhoea during a 4-month period was 0-5%, 6-19% and > or =20%, respectively. Only on four herds (14%), there was an increase in the level of antibiotic use after the AGP withdrawal, when seasonally corresponding 4-month periods were compared. Fourty-one percent of these 29 farms were categorized as low users of antimicrobials, 38% as moderate users and 21% as high users. The level of antimicrobial use for treatment of diarrhoea after weaning (and the incidence of diarrhoea in weaned piglets) did not increase significantly after the withdrawal of AGPs from weaner feeds according to farmers' evaluations. In this study, the Escherichia coli infection was the most-common cause of diarrhoea in weaned pigs. The age at weaning did not change after the withdrawal of AGPs.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Finland; Incidence; Meat; Quinoxalines; Swine; Swine Diseases

An investigation into a mild diarrhea in a group of grower/finisher pigs was carried out in order to determine the etiology. A tiamulin injection and a carbadox-medicated ration were given to pens of pigs in a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design. Pens of pigs were assessed a score, based on the consistency of the feces in the pen, each week. The clinical investigation looked for the intestinal pathogens Brachyspira pilosicoli, B. hyodysenteriae, Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and rotavirus. Despite a rigorous investigation, the diarrhea was not attributed to any pathogen. A mild colitis was noted among pigs necropsied while affected with diarrhea. Improved diagnostic tools may allow a more effective response to an outbreak of mild disease, while at the same time reducing the amount of antimicrobials used in swine production.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Carbadox; Colon; Diarrhea; Diterpenes; Feces; Ileum; Male; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors

Two feed mixtures were produced, each containing the antimicrobial preparation Carbadox and different amounts of furazolidone. Their fortnightly administration in starters to piglets weaned at the age of 25--31 days prevented mortality and stimulated somatic growth and feed utilization. Premix with a higher content of furazolidone markedly depressed the clinical symptoms of gastro-enteritis and reduced the number of the haemolytic germs of E. coli in the contents of the duodenum and jejunum. The presence of furazolidone in the feed completely eliminated enteral disorders and delayed the onset of the disease, or alleviated its course, in cases of severe diarrhoea, which killed, in the control group, the piglets of the same litter. Weight gains were significantly increased, particularly in the first post-weaning week, the difference from the control being up to 520%. Almost 0.5 kg of the COS 2 starter was saved per 1 kg of piglet live weight gain. Under the current farming conditions of five agricultural enterprises the weight gains during the ten days of the administration of the medicated feed were increased, on an average by 0.84-1.32 kg. In herds where the untreated piglets put on less than 1 kg the gains were increased by 96--124%. It is recommended to administer the new-developed medicated premix to prevent losses due to alteration of the intestinal microflora in early-weaned piglets.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Furazolidone; Growth Disorders; Intestinal Diseases; Quinoxalines; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin E; Weaning

Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Drinking; Furazolidone; Quinoxalines; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases

For a period of 14 days, piglets from six litters, weaned between the 25th and 28th day of age, were fed the COS 2 starter containing either a premix with furazolidone or carboadox of Czechoslovak origin. Bentonite hydrosilicate was used as a carrier in both cases. Furazolidone administered in the dose of 200 mg per 1 kg of feed prevented diarrhoea, insignificantly increased body weight gain, and decreased the consumption of feed per 1 kg of gain from 5.6 kg in the control to 4.0 kg in the test animals. Carbadox administered in the dose of 50 mg per 1 kg of feed suppressed the signs of enteritis in comparison with the control piglets, significantly increased body weight gains, and reduced feed consumption to 1.9 kg per 1 kg of gain. No differences were recorded in the concentration of blood glucose, total protein, and total cholesterol in plasma. The control piglets showed increased parameters of the adrenocortical function. The proportion (percentage) of haemolytic E. coli in rectum was affected neither by carbadox nor by furazolidone; furazolidone suppressed the occurrence of lactoso-negative strains. An insignificant drop of the number of haemolytic E. coki in the duodenum and jejunum of the furazolidone-and carbadox-treated piglets was observed after 14 days. With their clinical effects, the two substances tested manifest themselves as suitable for the reduction of losses in weaned piglets.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Furazolidone; Liver; Organ Size; Quinoxalines; Rectum; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning