carbadox and Body-Weight

A 28-d nursery experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing zinc oxide and biotin with or without a feed-grade antimicrobial agent (carbadox) on nursery pig performance, and plasma and fecal Zn concentrations. One hundred ninety-two crossbred pigs (initial BW = 5.94 +/- 0.03 kg; age = 17 +/- 2 d) were weaned and allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments based on BW, sex, and ancestry in a randomized complete block design (3 pigs/pen and 8 replications). Dietary treatments consisted of supplementation of ZnO at 0 or 3,000 mg/kg, d-biotin at 0 or 440 microg/kg, and carbadox at 0 or 55 mg/kg of diets in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and phase 2 (d 14 to 28) nursery diets were fed in meal form. Fecal samples were collected weekly, and blood samples were collected at d 0, 14, and 28 to determine fecal and plasma Zn concentrations, respectively. The basal diet contained 165 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO(4) and 220 microg/kg biotin as d-biotin. Pigs supplemented with 440 microg/kg of d-biotin, independent of antibiotic and ZnO additions, had greater overall ADG (P = 0.02) than pigs fed no supplemental d-biotin postweaning. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected when pigs were supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO or 55 mg/kg of carbadox. When pigs were fed 55 mg/kg of carbadox without supplemental biotin, plasma Zn concentration was less, whereas when biotin and carbadox were supplemented to nursery pig diets, plasma Zn concentrations did not decrease as with feeding carbadox alone (biotin x carbadox, P < 0.001). During wk 2, pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO and 440 microg/kg of d-biotin had greater fecal Zn concentrations than pigs fed diets with only 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO (Zn x biotin, P = 0.04). In addition, pigs supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO in combination with carbadox and d-biotin had greater fecal Zn concentrations compared with pigs fed diets containing no additional Zn during wk 2 (Zn x biotin x carbadox, P = 0.04). Fecal Zn concentrations increased over time (P < 0.001), and pigs fed supplemental ZnO had greater (P < 0.001) fecal Zn concentrations. These results indicate that feeding nursery pigs 440 microg/kg of d-biotin improved ADG, independent of zinc and carbadox supplementation, as well as increasing Zn excretion.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biotin; Body Weight; Carbadox; Dietary Supplements; Feces; Female; Male; Random Allocation; Swine; Zinc; Zinc Oxide

Fasting O2 consumption by the whole animal (W) and by portal vein-drained organs (PVDO) during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period were measured in seven growing pigs (36.1 +/- 2.3 kg) with catheters chronically placed in the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein, and carotid artery trained to consume 1.2 kg of a 16% CP corn soybean meal basal diet (B) once daily. The pigs were placed individually into an open-circuit, indirect calorimeter and connected to an arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference analyzer for hourly simultaneous measurements of O2 consumption by W and PVDO. The PVDO O2 consumption was calculated by multiplying the A-V O2 difference by the portal vein blood flow rate derived from constant infusion of a p-aminohippuric acid solution into the ileal vein. After the initial series of hourly measurements, four pigs remained on the B diet and three pigs were fed a B + 55 ppm carbadox diet. Seven days later, the second series of measurements was made. In pigs fed the diet with carbadox added, the hourly W O2 consumptions were not different (P greater than .05) between the initial and second series and averaged 7.5 mL.min-1.kg of BW-1. However, the A-V O2 differences (mL/dL) were reduced (P less than .05) from 4.6 to 4.0 at 24 h, 4.8 to 4.0 at 25 h, and 4.6 to 4.0 at 29 h postprandial and the fractions of W O2 consumption used by PVDO (percentage) were reduced (P less than .05) from 28.6 to 21.6 at 26 h and 25.2 to 18.2 at 27 h postprandial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Digestive System; Female; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Pancreas; Portal Vein; Regional Blood Flow; Spleen; Swine

Five sets of littermate gilts (8.2 +/- .19 kg average initial weight) were randomly assigned within litter to a 16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet (B), B + .308% neomycin, or B + 55 ppm carbadox. Each set was equally-fed individually once daily for 16 d in metabolism cages and 5 d in calorimeters. The average daily feed intake for 21 d was 276 g. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured during an 8- to 24-h postprandial period on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, and during a 32- to 48-h postprandial period after the d 21 feeding. Pigs were killed 50 h postprandially for gastrointestinal tract measurements. Dietary supplementation of antimicrobial agents (neomycin and carbadox) resulted in improvements (P less than .01) in daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization and lower (P less than .05) small intestinal mass in pigs. There was no difference (P greater than .05) in daily gain, feed efficiency or small intestinal mass between pigs fed neomycin- or carbadox-supplemented diets. Whole-animal fasting O2 consumption and CO2 production measured during the 8- to 24-h or 32- to 48-h postprandial period were not affected (P greater than .05) by the supplementation or the source of dietary antimicrobial agents. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in 8- to 24-h fasting O2 and CO2 measurements determined on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, indicating that adaptation to calorimeters was not needed by the pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Body Weight; Calorimetry, Indirect; Carbadox; Carbon Dioxide; Digestive System; Female; Neomycin; Organ Size; Oxygen Consumption; Quinoxalines; Swine

A 2 X 3 factorial arrangement was used in each of two trials with two levels of floor space allowance (.25, .13 m2/pig) and three dietary treatments (basal, basal + 660 ppm vitamin C, basal + 55 ppm carbadox). The reduction in floor space allowance was achieved in trial 1 by doubling the number of pigs/pen from eight to 16 and in trial 2 by reducing the size of pens by half. An 18% protein starter diet was used as the basal diet. Total numbers of pigs used were 216 in trial 1 and 144 in trial 2. Pigs were weaned between 4 and 5 wk of age (7.5 kg average wt) and fed ad libitum for 28 d. Reducing floor space allowance caused a (P less than .05) reduction in weight gain of weanling pigs in both trials. When the reduction of floor space allowance was done by increasing number of pigs/pen (trial 1), pigs responded with a significantly reduced feed intake with no change in efficiency of feed utilization. However, when floor space allowance was reduced by changing the size of the pen (trial 2), feed intake of pigs was not affected but efficiency of feed utilization was reduced significantly. Neither form of crowding affected vitamin C concentration in adrenal glands and weights of adrenal glands, spleen and thymus. Dietary supplementation of carbadox, but not vitamin C, produced significantly greater weight gain, feed efficiency, and spleen weight of pigs in both trials. Although there was no interaction between crowding and dietary treatment in affecting the performance of pigs, supplemental carbadox improved the performance of crowding-stressed pigs by maintaining an adequate level of feed intake and improving feed efficiency, whether crowding was caused by increased pig density or by reduced pen size. No significant differences in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test response or in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) were observed among treatments in trial 1, while a significantly reduced response to PHA and a higher N/L were detected in crowding-stressed pigs in trial 2.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Carbadox; Crowding; Leukocyte Count; Organ Size; Quinoxalines; Stress, Physiological; Swine

This study was conducted to evaluate hygromycin A fed to growing swine at 1, 5, 10 or 20 g/ton feed for the control of Treponema hyodysenteriae-caused dysentery. Pigs provided carbadox at 50 g/ton feed served as an infected treatment control group. All pigs were orally, via stomach intubation, administered 100 ml of a T. hyodysenteriae broth culture. During the in vivo test, rectal swabs were taken for T. hyodysenteriae isolation, body weights of all pigs and the feed consumption was determined. All pigs were euthanized and necropsied at study end; the large intestine was cultured for T. hyodysenteriae and gross intestinal lesions were noted. T. hyodysenteriae-caused swine dysentery was successfully controlled by feeding hygromycin A at 5 g/ton. Hygromycin A medicated pigs performed as well as or better than carbadox-medicated pigs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Carbadox; Cinnamates; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Dysentery; Female; Hygromycin B; Male; Swine; Swine Diseases; Treponemal Infections

Five experiments were done with 34 weanling and 24 growing crossbred gilts. Individually penned pigs were fed ad libitum (expt 1) or pair-fed (expt 2 through expt 5) for either 2 (expt 1 through expt 4) or 3 (expt 5) wk. Mean body weight gain and gain/feed values were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in pigs fed carbadox (a synthetic antimicrobial). Fasting O2 consumption and CO2 production of pigs were measured during the 32- to 48-h (expt 1, 4 and 5) or during the 24- to 40-h (expt 2 and 3) postprandial periods with indirect open circuit calorimeters. Carbadox reduced O2 consumption significantly (P less than 0.05) in expt 2, but had no significant effect on CO2 production in any of the five experiments. The weight of thyroid gland and the plasma concentrations of L-3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) of pigs were not altered by carbadox. The mean weight, but not the length, of small intestine tended to be less in pigs fed carbadox. It is suggested that the growth-promoting effect of carbadox on young pigs may be associated with the weight of small intestine and its physiological processes such as metabolic rate. However, no definite effects of carbadox on whole-animal fasting metabolic rate and thyroid function could be demonstrated by the methods used in the present study.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Carbon Dioxide; Digestive System; Fasting; Growth; Intestine, Small; Male; Metabolism; Organ Size; Oxygen Consumption; Quinoxalines; Swine; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Food Additives; Kidney; Quinoxalines; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors; Weaning

A study involving 244 pigs initially averaging 13 kg was conducted at two stations to evaluate tiamulin as a growth promotant for growing swine. In each experiment, four replicate pens of five (Exp. 1) or six (Exp. 2) pigs/pen were used to evaluate each treatment. In Exp. 1, pigs were fed 0, 11, 22 or 44 ppm tiamulin from 15 to 58 kg, then fed a nonmedicated control diet for the remainder of the experiment (to 95 kg). In Exp. 2, pigs were fed 0, 2.75, 5.5, 11 or 22 ppm tiamulin from 11 to 56 kg, followed by the nonmedicated control diet (to 95 kg). In each experiment, carbadox (55 ppm) was included as a positive control and was fed to an average weight of 35 kg, followed by the control diet. Averaged across all dietary levels, tiamulin resulted in a 14.1% improvement in gain and a 5.7% improvement in feed:gain ratio during the first 28 to 35 d of the experiment (to 30 kg). These improvements were slightly less than those resulting from the feeding of carbadox during the same period (21.5 and 6.9%, respectively). From 13 to 57 kg, pigs fed tiamulin gained 11.6% faster and 3.1% more efficiently than did controls. Over the entire experiment (13 to 95 kg), tiamulin-fed pigs gained 5.7% faster than did controls, even though the tiamulin was withdrawn at 57 kg body weight. Growth rate from 13 to 57 kg plateaued at the 11-ppm dietary level of tiamulin; whereas, feed:gain ratio plateaued at the 22-ppm level. The results indicate that tiamulin is an effective growth promotant for growing swine.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diterpenes; Female; Food Additives; Male; Swine

A 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with two levels (0, 660 ppm) of vitamin C and two levels (0, 55 ppm) of carbadox supplementation was used in two experiments with 112 crossbred pigs weaned between 4 and 5 wk of age. An 18% protein corn-soybean meal-oats-dried whey starter diet was used as the basal diet. Each diet was fed ad libitum for a 4-wk period to three replicates of four pigs in Exp. 1 and to four replicates of four pigs in Exp. 2. Vitamin C supplementation produced a significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentration in weanling pigs, but, contrary to results of our previous study, failed to improve average daily gain of the pigs. Daily gain was, however, improved significantly by carbadox supplementation. Carbadox also produced a significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentration in pigs after a 7-d lag period. Plasma Fe concentration of pigs was not affected by supplemental vitamin C, but was significantly higher in those fed carbadox-supplemented diets. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentration increased significantly in all treatment groups from the initial sampling period (d 0) to subsequent periods. No interactions between supplemental vitamin C and carbadox were observed in daily gain, feed efficiency and the measured plasma constituents.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Carbadox; Ceruloplasmin; Eating; Food, Fortified; Iron; Quinoxalines; Swine; Weaning

Addition of L-lysine (Lys), L-tryptophan (Trp) and(or 55 ppm carbadox (C) to low protein corn-soybean meal diets was evaluated in two experiments using 444 crossbred pigs. In Exp. 1, initial and final weights of pigs were 17.7 and 33.3 kg, respectively, for the 28 d experiment. Pigs fed the 13% protein diet containing added Lys (.17%) or Lys + C had average daily gains (ADG) similar to those fed the 16% protein diet (positive control group) and greater (P less than .05) than those of pigs fed the 13% protein diet (negative controls). Pigs fed the 13% protein diets containing C had average daily feed intakes (ADFI) and ADG similar to those of pigs fed the 13% protein diet / Lys. Main effect comparisons among the 13% protein groups indicated that C increased (P less than .05) ADFI and ADG and that Lys increased (P less than .01) ADG and G:F ratio. In Exp. 2, the initial pig weight for the 28 d starter period averaged 7.4 kg. A 28 d grower period followed, in which the protein level was lowered 2% across treatments. The high and low dietary protein level sequences consisted of 18 and 15%, respectively, during the starter period followed by 16 and 13%, respectively, during the grower period. Lys and(or) Trp additions were also lowered from .18 and .05% to .15 and .04%, respectively. The overall 56 d performance indicated that pigs fed the low protein dietary sequence supplemented with either Lys or C had ADFI and ADG similar to those of the high protein dietary sequence positive control group and greater (P less than .05) than those of the low protein negative control group. The combination of Lys + C further increased (P less than .05) the ADG over that of the high protein sequence group. Overall main effect comparisons among the low protein dietary sequence groups indicated that either added Lys or C increased (P less than .01) ADFI and ADG, with added Lys also increasing G:F ratio. However, added Trp did not improve any performance characteristics. These results indicate that C had a Lys sparing effect in low protein corn-soybean meal diets fed to young pigs.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Glycine max; Lysine; Quinoxalines; Swine; Tryptophan; Zea mays

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the responses to carbadox and Cu additions in the postweaning diet of swine. The first trial contained 470 pigs in five replicates in a 2 X 5 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Weanling pigs 4-wk of age were fed diets containing 0 or 55 ppm carbadox and 0, 125, 375 or 500 ppm Cu for a 5-wk period. Copper levels of 125 and 250 ppm resulted in improved pig gains and feed intakes, but at 500 ppm, gains and feed intake declined. Carbadox resulted in enhanced gain and feed performance throughout the trial, but most notably during the initial 2-wk period. Copper improved performance measurements only during the latter 3-wk and for the overall period. There was an additive performance response when carbadox and Cu (125 ppm) were provided in combination. When carbadox was not provided, growth responses increased to the 250 ppm dietary Cu level. Liver, kidney cortex, heart and plasma Cu concentrations increased quadratically as dietary Cu levels increased, with the greatest change occurring between 250 and 500 ppm dietary Cu levels. A N and Cu balance trial in group feeding conditions involving 65 pigs was conducted in two replicates of a 2 X 2 X 5 factorial arrangement of a split-block design. Pigs were ad libitum fed diets with or without 250 ppm Cu and carbadox at 0 or 55 ppm for a 5-wk period. A fifth treatment group fed the 250 ppm Cu plus carbadox diet was pair-fed to the pigs fed the basal treatment. Growth rate and N retention increased when carbadox, but not when Cu was provided. When carbadox and Cu were provided in combination, either ad libitum or pair-fed, N retention was greater than when the basal diet was fed. This response was attributed to the carbadox addition. The carbadox addition reduced Cu retention and liver Cu concentrations.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Copper; Diet; Drug Synergism; Eating; Female; Iron; Male; Nitrogen; Quinoxalines; Swine; Tissue Distribution; Weaning; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Feeding Behavior; Food Additives; Pyrans; Swine; Virginiamycin

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Cyclic N-Oxides; Digestion; Energy Metabolism; Male; Nitrogen; Quinoxalines; Swine

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Carbadox; Food Additives; Quinoxalines; Swine

To check the possible toxicity risks of the meat from swine fed with a residue producing feed additive: Carbadox, a new methodology was used. It is the "Relay Toxicity". Swine were fed with a high dose of the additive and sacrificed without any withdrawal. In such conditions meat contains a high level of residues. The frozen meat was given daily--after thawing--at 100 g or 200 g/dog to 12 beagle dogs, 6 females and 6 males, sacrificed when 87.5 months old (85 months on experiment). On these animals, no anomaly was found: on weight gain and health; on fertility and reproductive performances; on hematology and biochemical values of blood and urine; and after careful macroscopic or microscopic examinations of the animals at safrice. We were able to obtain a safety factor above 9000 when Carbadox is used at the maximum level approved 50 ppm, and the withdrawal 4 weeks before slaughtering. To conclude, the absence of anomaly allows us to confirm the safety for the human consumer when Carbadox is used as a feed additive for swine.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Dogs; Female; Fertility; Food Additives; Male; Meat; Quinoxalines; Swine

The stimulative effect of Carbadox, Nitrovin and Glypondin substances was tested on juvenile rats. A stimulative effect relative to physical weight was proved only with Carbadox at a dose of 2 mg kg-1 and Nitrovin (only in males) in doses of 10 and 50 mg kg-1 p. o. An overdosing of Carbadox revealed rather a negative effect, because already a dose ten times higher had a negative effect on physical growth and a dose fifty times higher caused obvious toxical symptoms. Glypondin was ineffective in each of the tested doses. The consumption of food per unit of weight increase was reduced after supplying carbadox dosed at 2 mg kg-1 by 25.6% in males and by 10.8% in females. After Nitrovin the intake of food was reduced most after a dose of 10 mg kg-1 in both sexes (8.6 and 8.4% respectively). The most frequent effect on the change of physical weight was the relative reduction in weight of the thyroid gland. For the screening of stimulators laboratory rats are not very suitable.

Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Carbadox; Female; Growth Substances; Male; Nitrovin; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical

Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Drinking; Furazolidone; Quinoxalines; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases

For a period of 14 days, piglets from six litters, weaned between the 25th and 28th day of age, were fed the COS 2 starter containing either a premix with furazolidone or carboadox of Czechoslovak origin. Bentonite hydrosilicate was used as a carrier in both cases. Furazolidone administered in the dose of 200 mg per 1 kg of feed prevented diarrhoea, insignificantly increased body weight gain, and decreased the consumption of feed per 1 kg of gain from 5.6 kg in the control to 4.0 kg in the test animals. Carbadox administered in the dose of 50 mg per 1 kg of feed suppressed the signs of enteritis in comparison with the control piglets, significantly increased body weight gains, and reduced feed consumption to 1.9 kg per 1 kg of gain. No differences were recorded in the concentration of blood glucose, total protein, and total cholesterol in plasma. The control piglets showed increased parameters of the adrenocortical function. The proportion (percentage) of haemolytic E. coli in rectum was affected neither by carbadox nor by furazolidone; furazolidone suppressed the occurrence of lactoso-negative strains. An insignificant drop of the number of haemolytic E. coki in the duodenum and jejunum of the furazolidone-and carbadox-treated piglets was observed after 14 days. With their clinical effects, the two substances tested manifest themselves as suitable for the reduction of losses in weaned piglets.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Carbadox; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Furazolidone; Liver; Organ Size; Quinoxalines; Rectum; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning