bupivacaine has been researched along with Tachycardia in 29 studies
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.
Tachycardia: Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "The purpose of this study was to determine, by continual reassessment, the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia." | 7.81 | Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method. ( Diao, M; Huang, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, H; Ma, Y; Zhou, J, 2015) |
| "The purpose of this study was to determine, by continual reassessment, the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia." | 3.81 | Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method. ( Diao, M; Huang, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, H; Ma, Y; Zhou, J, 2015) |
| "Lidocaine suppressed CSNA hyperactivity and tachycardia significantly in Group I-L, but bupivacaine did not do so in Group I-B." | 3.69 | Bupivacaine does not suppress cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during halothane anesthesia in the cat. ( Asada, A; Morimoto, O; Nishikawa, K; Terai, T; Yukioka, H, 1997) |
| " Resuscitation was performed using open-chest heart massage, bretylium for ventricular tachycardia, and epinephrine with atropine for electromechanical dissociation and bradycardia." | 3.67 | Successful cardiovascular resuscitation after massive intravenous bupivacaine overdosage in anesthetized dogs. ( Kasten, GW; Martin, ST, 1985) |
| "Sevoflurane was titrated against a BIS held between 40 and 50." | 2.69 | Influence of intravenous clonidine pretreatment on anesthetic requirements during bispectral EEG-guided sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Buyse, L; De Deyne, C; De Jongh, R; Deghislage, J; Heylen, R; Rolly, G; Struys, M; Van der Laenen, M, 2000) |
| " Our data suggest that epinephrine or phenylephrine added to bupivacaine may be more toxic to cardiorespiratory systems than plain bupivacaine or epinephrine alone or phenylephrine alone when injected intravenously in rats." | 1.28 | Epinephrine and phenylephrine increase cardiorespiratory toxicity of intravenously administered bupivacaine in rats. ( Holaday, DA; Kambam, JR; Kinney, WW; Matsuda, F; Wright, W, 1990) |
| "Bupivacaine was demonstrated in the systemic venous circulation in every case prior to surgery, whilst the tourniquet remained deflated." | 1.27 | Intravenous regional anaesthesia for foot surgery. ( Davies, JA; Walford, AJ, 1986) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 11 (37.93) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 8 (27.59) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 8 (27.59) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2 (6.90) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Liu, H | 1 |
| Huang, Y | 1 |
| Diao, M | 1 |
| Li, H | 1 |
| Ma, Y | 1 |
| Lin, X | 1 |
| Zhou, J | 1 |
| Khan, EI | 1 |
| Khadijah, I | 1 |
| Fuzaylov, G | 1 |
| Ying, B | 1 |
| Tang, Y | 1 |
| Sethna, NF | 1 |
| Herrero Gento, E | 1 |
| Alvarez López, JC | 1 |
| González-Zárate, J | 1 |
| Muñoz Zurdo, F | 1 |
| Karaca, S | 1 |
| Unlüsoy, EO | 1 |
| Skinner, AV | 1 |
| Chalkiadis, GA | 1 |
| Schmitto, JD | 1 |
| Hein, S | 1 |
| Bräuer, A | 1 |
| Popov, AF | 1 |
| Quintel, M | 1 |
| Schöndube, FA | 1 |
| Guasch, E | 1 |
| Almogueraa, J | 1 |
| Gilsanz, F | 1 |
| Mallampati, SR | 1 |
| Liu, PL | 1 |
| Knapp, RM | 1 |
| Davis, NL | 1 |
| de Jong, RH | 1 |
| Conklin, KA | 1 |
| Ziadlou-Rad, F | 1 |
| Vincenti, E | 1 |
| Tambuscio, B | 1 |
| Mega, M | 1 |
| Fais, GF | 1 |
| Polato, D | 1 |
| Pitton, MA | 1 |
| Di Lenardo, L | 1 |
| Ambrosini, A | 1 |
| Sun, KO | 1 |
| Pinosky, ML | 1 |
| Fishman, RL | 1 |
| Reeves, ST | 1 |
| Harvey, SC | 1 |
| Patel, S | 1 |
| Palesch, Y | 1 |
| Dorman, BH | 1 |
| Kreitzer, JM | 1 |
| Reuben, SS | 1 |
| Nishikawa, K | 1 |
| Terai, T | 1 |
| Morimoto, O | 1 |
| Yukioka, H | 1 |
| Asada, A | 1 |
| De Deyne, C | 1 |
| Struys, M | 1 |
| Heylen, R | 1 |
| De Jongh, R | 1 |
| Van der Laenen, M | 1 |
| Buyse, L | 1 |
| Deghislage, J | 1 |
| Rolly, G | 1 |
| Liguori, GA | 1 |
| Chimento, GF | 1 |
| Borow, L | 1 |
| Figgie, M | 1 |
| Albright, GA | 1 |
| Gieraerts, R | 1 |
| Van Zundert, A | 1 |
| De Wolf, A | 1 |
| Vaes, L | 1 |
| de La Coussaye, JE | 1 |
| Brugada, J | 1 |
| Allessie, MA | 1 |
| Kataja, J | 1 |
| Kambam, JR | 1 |
| Kinney, WW | 1 |
| Matsuda, F | 1 |
| Wright, W | 1 |
| Holaday, DA | 1 |
| Shah, K | 1 |
| Karlman, R | 1 |
| Heller, J | 1 |
| Davies, JA | 1 |
| Walford, AJ | 1 |
| Kasten, GW | 2 |
| Martin, ST | 2 |
| Moore, DC | 1 |
| Bonica, JJ | 1 |
| Sehhati, G | 1 |
| Frey, R | 1 |
| Mildner, R | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REDUCE Trial: The Effects of Perineural Dexamethasone on Scalp Nerve Blocks for Relief of Postcraniotomy Pain[NCT04648358] | 98 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-12-13 | Recruiting | |||
| Effect of Remifentanil Administration on Hemodynamic Stability During Placement of a Mayfield Head Fixation Device for Craniotomy[NCT02430389] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Terminated (stopped due to A priori hypothesis confirmed with interim analysis.) | |||
| Effects of Scalp Block With Bupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine on Haemodynamic Response to Head Pinning and Efficacy on Postoperative Analgesia[NCT02497040] | Phase 4 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
| The Scalp Block for Postoperative Pain Control in Craniosynostosis Surgery: a Case Control Study[NCT04133467] | 26 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-01-01 | Completed | |||
| A Comparison Between Scalp Nerve Block and Scalp Infiltration on the Circulatory and Stress Response for Aneurysm Clipping Using an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Programme[NCT03073889] | 45 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-06-30 | Recruiting | |||
| Partial Scalp Block Versus Fentanyl Infusion in Patients Undergoing Posterior Fossa Surgery Under General Anesthesia. A Randomized Control Trial[NCT04955236] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-07-14 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
(NCT02430389)
Timeframe: Ten minute window after head fixation
| Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Remifentanil | 76 |
| Normal Saline | 83 |
(NCT02430389)
Timeframe: 10 minute window after head fixation
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Remifentanil | 5 |
| Normal Saline | 8 |
(NCT02497040)
Timeframe: 220+-70 minutes
| Intervention | mmHg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bupivacaine,Levobupivacaine | 110 |
| Levobupivacaine | 105 |
| Bupivacaine | 100 |
4 trials available for bupivacaine and Tachycardia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
The effect of bupivacaine skull block on the hemodynamic response to craniotomy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Bone Nails; Bup | 1996 |
Influence of intravenous clonidine pretreatment on anesthetic requirements during bispectral EEG-guided sevoflurane anesthesia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiva | 2000 |
Ten ml bupivacaine 0.125% with 12.5 micrograms epinephrine is a reliable epidural test dose to detect inadvertent intravascular injection in obstetric patients. A double-blind study.
Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Sc | 1992 |
Thoracolumbar epidural anaesthesia and isoflurane to prevent hypertension and tachycardia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Aorta, Abdominal; Blood | 1991 |
25 other studies available for bupivacaine and Tachycardia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar | 2015 |
Intravenous bupivacaine infusion: an error in adminstration--a case report.
Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injec | 2008 |
Successful resuscitation after inadvertent intravenous injection of bupivacaine in an adolescent.
Topics: Adolescent; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; | 2010 |
[Complications in ophthalmologic surgery secondary to changing the retrobulbar needle].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Vessels; Bupivacaine; C | 2002 |
Accidental injection of intravenous bupivacaine.
Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Bupivacaine; Female; Human | 2002 |
Clinically unrecognized intravascular placement of epidural catheter in a child--an argument for the use of radio-opaque contrast?
Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacain | 2007 |
Perioperative myocardial infarction after cesarean section in a young woman with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; | 2008 |
[Convulsions after a test dose of ropivacaine and negative aspiration test for combined spinal-epidural analgesia for cesarean section].
Topics: Adult; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesar | 2008 |
Convulsions and ventricular tachycardia from bupivacaine with epinephrine: successful resuscitation.
Topics: Adult; Bupivacaine; Drug Interactions; Epinephrine; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; Resu | 1984 |
Successful resuscitation following massive bupivacaine overdose.
Topics: Adult; Bupivacaine; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Resuscitation; Tachycardia | 1982 |
Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in a pregnant patient with mitral valve prolapse.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Mitral Valve Prol | 1983 |
Cardiotocographic modifications during continuous epidural anaesthesia in labour.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Fetal Diseas | 1981 |
Convulsion following spinal anaesthesia.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cerebral Infarction; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clon | 1995 |
Central nervous system toxicity in a patient receiving continuous intrapleural bupivacaine.
Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Brain; Bupivacaine; Ches | 1996 |
Bupivacaine does not suppress cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during halothane anesthesia in the cat.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bupivacaine; Cats; Electri | 1997 |
Possible bupivacaine toxicity after intraarticular injection for postarthroscopic analgesia of the knee: implications of the surgical procedure.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bupivacaine; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Knee Injur | 2002 |
Cardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaine.
Topics: Acetanilides; Anesthesia, Conduction; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Etidocaine; Hea | 1979 |
Electrophysiologic and arrhythmogenic effects of bupivacaine. A study with high-resolution ventricular epicardial mapping in rabbit hearts.
Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Electrophysiology; In Vitro Techniques; Rabbits; Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibr | 1992 |
Epinephrine and phenylephrine increase cardiorespiratory toxicity of intravenously administered bupivacaine in rats.
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bupivacaine; Drug Interactions; Epinephrine; Heart Rate; Injections, Intravenous; Ma | 1990 |
Ventricular tachycardia and hypotension with amniotic fluid embolism during cesarean section.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Diazepam; Electrocard | 1986 |
Intravenous regional anaesthesia for foot surgery.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Ankle; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dizzi | 1986 |
Successful cardiovascular resuscitation after massive intravenous bupivacaine overdosage in anesthetized dogs.
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Atropine; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Epinephrine; Female; | 1985 |
Convulsions and ventricular tachycardia from bupivacaine with epinephrine: successful resuscitation--congratulations!
Topics: Bupivacaine; Epinephrine; Humans; Seizures; Succinylcholine; Tachycardia | 1985 |
Bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity: comparison of treatment with bretylium and lidocaine.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Heart Ve | 1985 |
[Complications of regional anaesthesia and their treatment (author's transl)].
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anesthesia, Local; Apnea; Barbiturates; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Diagnosis | 1973 |