bupivacaine and Postoperative Complications studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"We concluded that the addition of nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine plus morphine significantly reduced the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus without affecting analgesic potency."	9.30	Effect of adding nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus after elective cesarean delivery: a randomized double blinded study. ( Abdelaziz, MR; Aly, MG; Ibrahim, AS; Thabet, ME, 2019)
"From 52 patients with low back pain, we selected 42 who showed disc degeneration at only one level (L4-L5 or L5-S1) on magnetic resonance imaging and were diagnosed by pain provocation on discography and pain relief by discoblock (the injection of bupivacaine)."	9.19	Injection of bupivacaine into disc space to detect painful nonunion after anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgery in patients with discogenic low back pain. ( Aoki, Y; Eguchi, Y; Inage, K; Inoue, G; Ishikawa, T; Kamoda, H; Kimura, S; Kishida, S; Kubota, G; Kuniyoshi, K; Miyagi, M; Nakamura, J; Ochiai, N; Ohtori, S; Oikawa, Y; Orita, S; Sainoh, T; Sakuma, Y; Sato, J; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, K; Takaso, M; Toyone, T; Yamauchi, K, 2014)
"To evaluate the postoperative analgesia after surgical site infiltration with bupivacaine or ketamine in children undergoing cleft palate surgery."	9.17	A randomized study of surgical site infiltration with bupivacaine or ketamine for pain relief in children following cleft palate repair. ( Bhardwaj, N; Jha, AK; Mahajan, JK; Sharma, RK; Yaddanapudi, S, 2013)
"kg(-1) added to bupivacaine significantly improves the quality of intraoperative analgesia and prolongs postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia."	9.14	Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on quality of spinal anesthesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Apiliogullari, S; Duman, A; Duman, I, 2010)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	9.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
" More control group patients than study group patients required ephedrine due to hypotension."	9.11	Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. ( Bjersten, AB; Hessling, A; Nygårds, EB; Olofsson, C, 2004)
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal morphine is reported in 45-74% of patients."	9.08	Nausea and vomiting after major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia including morphine: a randomised trial of subhypnotic propofol infusion as prophylaxis. ( Grattidge, P, 1998)
"To determine whether postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic sterilization can be reduced with a combination of bupivacaine, metoclopramide, scopolamine, ketorolac, and gastric suctioning."	9.08	Reduction of pain and nausea after laparoscopic sterilization with bupivacaine, metoclopramide, scopolamine, ketorolac, and gastric suctioning. ( Bradford, TH; Meeks, GR; Norman, PF; Robertson, K, 1995)
"We have studied the effect of tropisetron, a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain in 54 patients, aged 50-83 yr, after major hip or knee surgery."	9.07	Effect of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on analgesia and nausea after intrathecal morphine. ( Niemi, L; Pitkänen, MT; Rosenberg, PH; Tuominen, MK, 1993)
"To describe a rare complication, priapism, observed during an outpatient continuous epidural morphine and bupivacaine infusion trial."	7.74	Priapism--a rare complication following continuous epidural morphine and bupivacaine infusion. ( Chiravuri, S; Couch, JP; Liu, H; Ruan, X; Shah, RV; Wang, F, 2007)
"To the best of our knowledge, we report a case of bupivacaine induced aseptic meningitis."	7.74	[Bupivacaine induced aseptic meningitis]. ( Besocke, AG; Femminini, RA; Romano, LM; Santamarina, R, 2007)
"Intrathecal morphine can produce hypothermia in animals."	7.73	Hypothermia after cesarean delivery and its reversal with lorazepam. ( Hess, PE; Snowman, CE; Wang, J, 2005)
"Urinary retention, overflow incontinence, and subsequent detrusor atony were observed following surgery in which a morphine with bupivacaine epidural injection was used for perioperative analgesia."	7.70	Postoperative urinary retention in a dog following morphine with bupivacaine epidural analgesia. ( Herperger, LJ, 1998)
"We hypothesized that better methods of postoperative pain control would decrease postoperative delirium."	6.70	[Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl suppresses postoperative delirium following hepatectomy]. ( Kawamoto, M; Tanaka, H; Tokita, K; Yuge, O, 2001)
"Postoperative pain was reduced significantly (P < 0."	6.68	A double-blinded evaluation of intraperitoneal bupivacaine vs saline for the reduction of postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Barie, PS; Hydo, L; Szem, JW, 1996)
" Intrathecal morphine prolongs analgesia after surgery, but has been implicated in nausea and vomiting, pruritus, postoperative respiratory depression, or apneic episodes."	5.51	Comparison of low-dose morphine intrathecal analgesia and sufentanil PCIA in elderly patients with hip fracture undergoing single spinal anesthesia - a randomized clinical trial. ( Guo, K; Jin, F; Liang, D; Liu, Y; Tang, Z; Xu, Z; Yang, X; Yao, J, 2022)
"We concluded that the addition of nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine plus morphine significantly reduced the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus without affecting analgesic potency."	5.30	Effect of adding nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus after elective cesarean delivery: a randomized double blinded study. ( Abdelaziz, MR; Aly, MG; Ibrahim, AS; Thabet, ME, 2019)
"After cardiac surgery with sternotomy, continuous wound infusion of L-bupivacaine failed to decrease the incidence of pneumonia."	5.30	The effect of local anesthetic continuous wound infusion for the prevention of postoperative pneumonia after on-pump cardiac surgery with sternotomy: the STERNOCAT randomized clinical trial. ( Achouh, P; Ait Hamou, N; Amour, J; Bouglé, A; Carillion, A; Charfeddine, A; Cholley, B; Fellahi, JL; Hajage, D; Hariri, S; Labrousse, L; Lafourcade, A; Latrémouille, C; Leprince, P; Longrois, D; Ouattara, A; Provenchère, S; Rémy, A; Riou, B; Tran Dinh, A, 2019)
"Roentgenographic evidence of atelectasis occurred postoperatively in four patients of the saline solution group and in only nine patients of the bupivacaine hydrochloride group (p less than 0."	5.27	The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy. ( Hinshaw, JR; Lanzafame, RJ; Mullen, BV; Patel, JM; Williams, JS, 1983)
"From 52 patients with low back pain, we selected 42 who showed disc degeneration at only one level (L4-L5 or L5-S1) on magnetic resonance imaging and were diagnosed by pain provocation on discography and pain relief by discoblock (the injection of bupivacaine)."	5.19	Injection of bupivacaine into disc space to detect painful nonunion after anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgery in patients with discogenic low back pain. ( Aoki, Y; Eguchi, Y; Inage, K; Inoue, G; Ishikawa, T; Kamoda, H; Kimura, S; Kishida, S; Kubota, G; Kuniyoshi, K; Miyagi, M; Nakamura, J; Ochiai, N; Ohtori, S; Oikawa, Y; Orita, S; Sainoh, T; Sakuma, Y; Sato, J; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, K; Takaso, M; Toyone, T; Yamauchi, K, 2014)
"To evaluate the postoperative analgesia after surgical site infiltration with bupivacaine or ketamine in children undergoing cleft palate surgery."	5.17	A randomized study of surgical site infiltration with bupivacaine or ketamine for pain relief in children following cleft palate repair. ( Bhardwaj, N; Jha, AK; Mahajan, JK; Sharma, RK; Yaddanapudi, S, 2013)
"A randomised clinical study was conducted on ambulatory patients subjected to Hallux valgus surgery, assigned into two groups: BNP: peripheral nerve blockage: posterior tibial and the common peroneal with 80mg of lidocaine, 100mg of mepivacaine and 25mg of levobupivacaine."	5.16	[Comparison of the post-surgical analgesic effectiveness of tibial (at internal malleolus level) and common peroneal nerve block with infiltration of the surgical wound in Outpatient Surgery of the hallux valgus]. ( Martín, MA; Ollé, G; Pellejero, JA; Pou, N; Torruella, R; Yuste, M, 2012)
" An absolute 6% difference of hypotension-related drug was recorded with levobupivacaine (19%) as compared with ropivacaine (13%) (P=0."	5.14	Regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. ( Arlati, S; Bettinelli, L; Bracconaro, G; Cristalli, A; Marconi, G; Zerbi, S, 2009)
"kg(-1) added to bupivacaine significantly improves the quality of intraoperative analgesia and prolongs postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia."	5.14	Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on quality of spinal anesthesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Apiliogullari, S; Duman, A; Duman, I, 2010)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	5.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
" More control group patients than study group patients required ephedrine due to hypotension."	5.11	Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. ( Bjersten, AB; Hessling, A; Nygårds, EB; Olofsson, C, 2004)
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal morphine is reported in 45-74% of patients."	5.08	Nausea and vomiting after major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia including morphine: a randomised trial of subhypnotic propofol infusion as prophylaxis. ( Grattidge, P, 1998)
"We studied the comparative effects of ketorolac versus bupivacaine supplementation of hydromorphone (HM) patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on the HM requirement, postoperative pain, and pulmonary function in 62 consenting patients after thoracotomy procedures."	5.08	Effects of ketorolac versus bupivacaine coadministration during patient-controlled hydromorphone epidural analgesia after thoracotomy procedures. ( Bossard, RF; Singh, H; White, PF; Yeatts, RW, 1997)
" Forty-three patients with coronary artery disease were allocated to receive either incremental spinal anaesthesia (bupivacaine 0."	5.08	Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. ( Brink, O; Carlsson, PS; Dalsgaard, J; Felsby, S; Jakobsen, KB; Juelsgaard, P; Sand, NP; Thygesen, K, 1998)
"To determine whether postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic sterilization can be reduced with a combination of bupivacaine, metoclopramide, scopolamine, ketorolac, and gastric suctioning."	5.08	Reduction of pain and nausea after laparoscopic sterilization with bupivacaine, metoclopramide, scopolamine, ketorolac, and gastric suctioning. ( Bradford, TH; Meeks, GR; Norman, PF; Robertson, K, 1995)
" morphine 100 microg, but with a high incidence of nausea and vomiting."	5.08	The efficacy of intrathecal neostigmine, intrathecal morphine, and their combination for post-cesarean section analgesia. ( Chin, YJ; Chung, CJ; Kim, JS; Park, HS, 1998)
" This randomized controlled investigation was designed to assess whether intraoperative epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine plus light general anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia with morphine would diminish the overall rate of postoperative complications after major abdominal operations compared with general anesthesia (without epidural) followed by patient controlled analgesia with morphine, and with intraoperative epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine and light general anesthesia followed by postoperative bupivacaine-morphine analgesia."	5.07	[Patient-controlled analgesia versus epidural analgesia using bupivacaine or morphine following major abdominal surgery. No difference in postoperative morbidity]. ( Bothner, U; Eifert, B; Rockemann, M; Schreiber, M; Schürmann, W; Seeling, W; Steffen, P; Zeininger, A, 1991)
"We have studied the effect of tropisetron, a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain in 54 patients, aged 50-83 yr, after major hip or knee surgery."	5.07	Effect of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on analgesia and nausea after intrathecal morphine. ( Niemi, L; Pitkänen, MT; Rosenberg, PH; Tuominen, MK, 1993)
"To compare postoperative analgesic use and postoperative complications between dogs that received liposomal bupivacaine (LB) during surgical gastrointestinal foreign body (GIFB) removal and those that did not."	4.31	Postoperative injectable opioid use and incidence of surgical site complications after use of liposomal bupivacaine in canine gastrointestinal foreign body surgery. ( Moore, GE; Rahn, AP; Risselada, M, 2023)
"To investigate opioid use and pain scores associated with incisional injection of liposomal bupivacaine compared with bupivacaine hydrochloride after laparotomy for gynecologic malignancies."	3.83	Abdominal Incision Injection of Liposomal Bupivacaine and Opioid Use After Laparotomy for Gynecologic Malignancies. ( Bakkum-Gamez, JN; Borah, BJ; Cliby, WA; Dowdy, SC; Jankowski, CJ; Kalogera, E; Langstraat, CL; Lovely, JK; Moriarty, JP; Weaver, AL, 2016)
" Methemoglobinemia was suspected and treated with ascorbine acid and methylene blue."	3.77	[Toxic methemoglobinemia]. ( Bender, P; Neuhaus, H, 2011)
"To describe a rare complication, priapism, observed during an outpatient continuous epidural morphine and bupivacaine infusion trial."	3.74	Priapism--a rare complication following continuous epidural morphine and bupivacaine infusion. ( Chiravuri, S; Couch, JP; Liu, H; Ruan, X; Shah, RV; Wang, F, 2007)
"To the best of our knowledge, we report a case of bupivacaine induced aseptic meningitis."	3.74	[Bupivacaine induced aseptic meningitis]. ( Besocke, AG; Femminini, RA; Romano, LM; Santamarina, R, 2007)
"Intrathecal morphine can produce hypothermia in animals."	3.73	Hypothermia after cesarean delivery and its reversal with lorazepam. ( Hess, PE; Snowman, CE; Wang, J, 2005)
"Urinary retention, overflow incontinence, and subsequent detrusor atony were observed following surgery in which a morphine with bupivacaine epidural injection was used for perioperative analgesia."	3.70	Postoperative urinary retention in a dog following morphine with bupivacaine epidural analgesia. ( Herperger, LJ, 1998)
" For management of postoperative muscle spasm, an intravenous benzodiazepine was used (diazepam 0."	3.69	Pain management for children following selective dorsal rhizotomy. ( Geiduschek, JM; Haberkern, CM; Hays, RM; Jacobson, LE; McLaughlin, JF; Roberts, TS, 1994)
"The optimal postoperative pain regimen for shoulder arthroplasty and the cost-effectiveness of analgesic techniques require further investigation."	2.84	Randomized Controlled Trial of Interscalene Block Compared with Injectable Liposomal Bupivacaine in Shoulder Arthroplasty. ( Abboud, J; Lazarus, M; Namdari, S; Nicholson, T; Steinberg, D; Williams, G, 2017)
" Our study shows LRSB is effective and safe for laparoscopic abdominal surgery."	2.84	Laparoscopic-assisted Rectus Sheath Block as a Novel Technique is Effective and Safe: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Ebihara, Y; Hirano, S; Kurashima, Y; Miyazaki, D; Murakami, S; Nakamura, T; Noji, T; Okamura, K; Shichinohe, T; Tsuchikawa, T, 2017)
"Chloroprocaine was comparable with plain 0."	2.79	Intrathecal 1% 2-chloroprocaine vs. 0.5% bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: a prospective, observer-blinded, randomised, controlled trial. ( Camponovo, C; Cristina, D; Fanelli, A; Fanelli, G; Ghisi, D; Leschka, K; Riva, T; Vassiliou, T; Wulf, H, 2014)
"The incidence of postoperative vomiting occurred in 2 patients (3."	2.79	Comparative hemodynamic advantages of subarachnoid administration of atypical and non-atypical opioids. ( Afolayan, JM; Amadasun, FE; Areo, PO; Fadare, JO; Olajumoke, TO, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using 0 - 10 scale at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 postoperative hours, also the intraoperative fentanyl requirements, time to first postoperative analgesia, the total number of paracetamol doses and any extra analgesic requirements were recorded, side effects like respiratory depression, vomiting, itching, inguinal hematoma and lower limb weakness were assessed during the first 24 hours."	2.79	Comparison of ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks and intravenous morphine for control of post-orchidopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery. ( Abu-Halaweh, SA; Al-Momani, HM; Al-Zaben, KR; Albsoul, NM; Khatib, FA; Qudaisat, IY; Zuabi, WS, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was assessed at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h postoperatively."	2.75	A randomized control trial of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine versus placebo extraperitoneal infusion in totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty. ( Subwongcharoen, S; Udompornmongkol, V, 2010)
"Postoperative pain was expressed on a visual analog scale (VAS) at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours."	2.73	[Efficacy of a continuous interscalene block vs intra-articular analgesia for postoperative pain in arthroscopic acromioplasty]. ( Carbonell-Bellolio, P; Contreras-Domínguez, V; Ojeda-Greciet, A; Orrego-Santos, R; Sanzana, ES, 2008)
"The hearing loss was unilateral in two and bilateral in four patients."	2.73	Hearing loss after spinal anesthesia: the effect of different infusion solutions. ( Iseri, M; Karaca, B; Solak, M; Toker, K; Yildiz, TS, 2007)
"The challenge of preempting postoperative pain continues and will require further investigation."	2.73	Prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of local anesthetic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for postoperative pain management after laparoscopic surgery. ( Heniford, BT; Hope, W; Kercher, K; Lincourt, A; Newcomb, W; Schmelzer, T; Sing, R, 2007)
"Levobupivacaine is an effective agent for caudal anesthesia in children at a recommended dose of 2."	2.72	Levobupivacaine caudal anesthesia in children: a randomized double-blind comparison with bupivacaine. ( Downie, S; Frawley, GP; Huang, GH, 2006)
"To evaluate signs of postoperative pain and complications after forelimb onychectomy in cats receiving buprenorphine alone or with bupivacaine administered as a 4-point regional nerve block."	2.72	Evaluation of signs of postoperative pain and complications after forelimb onychectomy in cats receiving buprenorphine alone or with bupivacaine administered as a four-point regional nerve block. ( Bidwell, LA; Bohart, GV; Curcio, K; Hauptman, JG, 2006)
"VAS of occipital headache and posterior neck pain in block group was significantly lower compared to that in the control group at postoperative 12 and 24 hours (p < 0."	2.72	Preoperative greater occipital nerve block in total thyroidectomy patients can reduce postoperative occipital headache and posterior neck pain. ( Chung, WY; Han, DW; Kim, KJ; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Palmer, PP; Park, CS, 2006)
"As clonidine was the most effective drug in terms of preservation of pre-operative lung function, it may be clinically advantageous in post-thoracotomy patients."	2.71	Epidural clonidine, bupivacaine and methadone as the sole analgesic agent after thoracotomy for lung resection. ( Drenger, B; Gozal, Y; Matot, I; Shauli, A; Weissman, C, 2004)
"Patient satisfaction with postoperative pain management (95 +/- 3 versus 77 +/- 13) and quality of recovery (96 +/- 7 versus 83 +/- 14) was significantly improved in the bupivacaine group (versus control)."	2.71	The use of a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block after surgery involving the foot and ankle: does it improve the quality of recovery? ( Early, JS; Issioui, T; Skrivanek, GD; Wakefield, C; White, PF, 2003)
"Monitoring for pain, sedation, postoperative nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and pruritus was performed by anesthesiologists blinded to the study allocation."	2.71	Caudal additives in pediatrics: a comparison among midazolam, ketamine, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine. ( Acharya, A; Kumar, P; Pan, AK; Rudra, A, 2005)
"We hypothesized that better methods of postoperative pain control would decrease postoperative delirium."	2.70	[Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl suppresses postoperative delirium following hepatectomy]. ( Kawamoto, M; Tanaka, H; Tokita, K; Yuge, O, 2001)
"Pain was scored subjectively by each patient (0-10) during the injection, peroperatively and postoperatively."	2.70	[Comparison between Greenbaum's parabulbar anesthesia and Ripart's subtenon anesthesia in the anterior segment surgery]. ( Alberti, M; Baltenneck, A; Batisse, JL; de la Marnierre, E; Mage, F, 2002)
"Postoperative pain was reduced significantly (P < 0."	2.68	A double-blinded evaluation of intraperitoneal bupivacaine vs saline for the reduction of postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Barie, PS; Hydo, L; Szem, JW, 1996)
"Postoperative myocardial ischemia is associated with adverse cardiac outcome."	2.68	Epidural analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia result in similar rates of postoperative myocardial ischemia after aortic surgery. ( Bois, S; Boudreault, D; Couture, P; Fugère, F; Girard, D; Lacombe, P; Nadeau, N, 1997)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by linear analogue and ventilatory capacity."	2.67	Interpleural catheter for analgesia after cholecystectomy: the surgical perspective. ( Baker, P; Schroeder, D, 1990)
"Postoperative pain was better controlled by the epidural regimen (P less than 0."	2.66	A controlled study on the effect of epidural analgesia with local anaesthetics and morphine on morbidity after abdominal surgery. ( Andersen, T; Frøsig, F; Hjortsø, NC; Kehlet, H; Lindhard, A; Neumann, P; Rogon, E, 1985)
"01); total codeine dosage was lower in group 1 (4."	2.66	Intraoperative bupivacaine during outpatient hernia repair in children: a randomized double blind trial. ( Langer, JC; Rosenberg, M; Shandling, B, 1987)
"We report the first case of temporary Horner's syndrome in a patient who received such treatment and postulate an anatomical explanation."	2.43	Horner's syndrome following tonsillectomy. ( Hobson, JC; Kay, NJ; Malla, JV, 2006)
"Orthostatic intolerance affects a significant number of arthroplasty patients."	1.72	Incidence and Risk Factors of Orthostasis After Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. ( Dennis, DA; Jennings, JM; Johnson, RM; Kurkis, GM; Mejia, M; Yazdani-Farsad, Y, 2022)
"Demographic information, postoperative pain scores (visual analog scale), analgesic consumption, length of stay, and complications were retrospectively collected."	1.43	The Role of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Reduction of Postoperative Pain After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Clinical Study. ( Burke, SM; Desilier, A; Hwang, SW; Kim, J; Kryzanski, JT; Liu, PP; Qu, E; Riesenburger, RI; Roberts, RJ; Roguski, M, 2016)
"Subsequently, sufentanil induced hyperalgesia in diabetic and non-diabetic mice."	1.42	Beneficial effects of levobupivacaine regional anaesthesia on postoperative opioid induced hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. ( Blaes, N; Fourcade, O; Francès, B; Girolami, JP; Gomez-Brouchet, A; Minville, V; Mouledous, L; Tack, I, 2015)
"Priapism is a rare complication of epidural anaesthesia, and the pathophysiology is poorly understood."	1.40	Priapism following continuous thoracic epidural anaesthesia: emergency or a benign condition? ( Ananias, HJ; de Boer, HD; Fransen van de Putte, EE; Gi, NP, 2014)
"Dural sac ectasia is a very infrequent anatomical abnormality, usually caused by connective tissue diseases, as Marfan syndrome."	1.40	Spinal anaesthesia in a patient with post-spine surgery dural ectasia. ( Cobo, I; Del Moral, A; Errando, CL; García-Gregorio, N; Pallardó-López, MA, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was monitored using a visual analog scale."	1.39	Occurrence of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation after surgery under regional anesthesia. ( Cassel, W; Dette, F; Graf, J; Koehler, U; Steinfeldt, T; Urban, F; Wulf, H; Zoremba, M, 2013)
"We investigated the safety and efficacy of the bilateral periarticular multimodal drug injection (PMDI) at a reduced dosage in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA)."	1.38	Use of reduced-dose periarticular injection for pain management in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. ( Chang, CB; Jeon, YT; Kang, YG; Kim, TK; Koh, IJ; Song, J, 2012)
" The rate of adverse events with conscious sedation has not been previously assessed in the interventional spine procedure setting."	1.37	Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. ( Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)
"Propriospinal myoclonus is a rare disorder characterized by sudden, shock-like, involuntary jerks that arise from the axial muscles and spread both rostrally and caudally to other myotomes through slow polysynaptic pathways."	1.36	Propriospinal myoclonus following intrathecal bupivacaine in hip surgery: a case report. ( Bandini, M; Campostrini, R; Consales, G; Michelagnoli, G; Zamidei, L, 2010)
"Duration of the block, quality of postoperative pain relief and neurological complications were recorded."	1.33	Is there a place for interscalene block performed after induction of general anaesthesia? ( Bogdanov, A; Loveland, R, 2005)
"Bilateral sixth nerve palsy is a known though uncommon complication following dural puncture."	1.32	Bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy after unintentional dural puncture. ( Arcand, G; Boudreault, D; Chouinard, P; Girard, F; McCormack, M; Williams, S, 2004)
"Awake regional anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in former preterm infants is suggested to avoid life-threatening respiratory complications known to occur after general anaesthesia."	1.31	Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Fellmann, C; Gerber, AC; Weiss, M, 2002)
"Horner syndrome is a rare complication of epidural catheters and is often unrecognized, especially in children."	1.31	Acute Horner syndrome due to thoracic epidural analgesia in a paediatric patient. ( Aronson, LA; Norfleet, EA; Parker, GC; Valley, R, 2000)
"We conclude that open inguinal hernia repair can be conducted under ULA, regardless of comorbidity, with a small rate of deviation from day-case setup and minimal morbidity."	1.31	One-thousand consecutive inguinal hernia repairs under unmonitored local anesthesia. ( Bech, K; Callesen, T; Kehlet, H, 2001)
"Subcutaneous emphysema was observed to the cervical zone after surgery but discharge was not delayed."	1.31	[Subarachnoid anesthesia in the repair of urinary stress incontinence using a Burch-type colposuspension by means of extraperitoneal laparoscopy]. ( de Santos, P; Faulí, A; Gomar, C; Martínez, S; Pérez, J; Plaza, A; Vanrell, J, 2002)
"Chronic anal fissure is the main cause of anal pain and is very common."	1.31	Open lateral sphincterotomy is still the best treatment for chronic anal fissure. ( Argov, S; Levandovsky, O, 2000)
"The increase in postoperative pain experienced by those who had the infiltration was attributed to quality of pain management."	1.30	Pain progression, intensity and outcomes following tonsillectomy. ( Lander, J; Warnock, FF, 1998)
"The success rate was higher with the paresthesia technique than with nerve stimulator technique or transarterial injection, and with use of mepivacaine versus bupivacaine."	1.30	The risk of persistent paresthesia is not increased with repeated axillary block. ( Bishop, AT; Horlocker, TT; Kufner, RP; Maxson, PM; Schroeder, DR, 1999)
"The use of thoracic epidurals for postoperative pain relief in 58 patients following thoracic surgery is reviewed."	1.27	Epidural analgesia following thoracic surgery. A review of two years' experience. ( Conacher, ID; Heaviside, DW; Jacobson, L; Paes, ML; Phillips, PD, 1983)
"Postoperative complications were mainly of the headache type (26 cases: 5%), but three patients developed angina from a coronary ischemic accident."	1.27	[Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine in lower urologic surgery. Our experience apropos of 500 cases]. ( Beguet, P; Cozian, AY; Hubert, C; Juge, C; Pinaud, M, 1984)
"Roentgenographic evidence of atelectasis occurred postoperatively in four patients of the saline solution group and in only nine patients of the bupivacaine hydrochloride group (p less than 0."	1.27	The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy. ( Hinshaw, JR; Lanzafame, RJ; Mullen, BV; Patel, JM; Williams, JS, 1983)
"These results suggest that postoperative pain relief using regional anaesthesia has a greater margin of safety in terms of respiratory side effects than does the continuous administration of opiates."	1.27	Pronounced, episodic oxygen desaturation in the postoperative period: its association with ventilatory pattern and analgesic regimen. ( Catley, DM; Jones, JG; Jordan, C; Lehane, JR; Royston, D; Thornton, C, 1985)
"Postoperative diplopia and ptosis can be temporary or permanent complications in patients who have undergone ophthalmic surgery while under local anesthesia."	1.27	Postoperative diplopia and ptosis. A clinical hypothesis based on the myotoxicity of local anesthetics. ( Carlson, BM; Rainin, EA, 1985)
" Dosage can be calculated on this basis for operations on the perineum, lower and groin with 97 to 98% confidence."	1.26	Caudal analgesia in children. Five hundred cases for procedures below the diaphragm. ( McGown, RG, 1982)

Research

Studies (370)

Authors

Clinical Trials (94)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Time to Ambulate

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	50 (13.51)	18.7374
1990's	96 (25.95)	18.2507
2000's	122 (32.97)	29.6817
2010's	90 (24.32)	24.3611
2020's	12 (3.24)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kurkis, GM	1
Dennis, DA	1
Johnson, RM	1
Mejia, M	1
Yazdani-Farsad, Y	1
Jennings, JM	1
Xu, Z	2
Tang, Z	1
Yao, J	1
Liang, D	1
Jin, F	1
Liu, Y	2
Guo, K	1
Yang, X	1
de Bock, S	1
Wijburg, CJ	1
Koning, MV	2
Rahn, AP	1
Moore, GE	1
Risselada, M	1
Spannella, F	1
Giulietti, F	1
Damiani, E	1
Faloia, L	1
Stronati, M	1
Venezia, A	1
Vincenzi, P	1
Castellani, D	1
Boccoli, G	1
Dellabella, M	1
Giampieri, M	1
Sarzani, R	1
Starnari, R	1
de Vlieger, R	1
Teunissen, AJW	1
Gan, M	1
Ruijgrok, EJ	1
de Graaff, JC	1
Koopman, JSHA	1
Stolker, RJ	1
Shokri, H	1
Kasem, AA	1
Malige, A	1
Yeazell, S	1
Ng-Pellegrino, A	1
Carolan, G	1
Rezniczek, GA	1
Hecken, JM	1
Rehman, S	1
Dogan, A	1
Tempfer, CB	1
Hilal, Z	1
Albrecht, E	1
Bayon, V	1
Hirotsu, C	1
Al Ja'bari, A	1
Heinzer, R	1
Villavicencio, AT	1
Rajpal, S	1
Nelson, EL	1
Beasley, K	1
Kantha, V	1
Burneikiene, S	1
Lee, A	1
Shatil, B	1
Landau, R	1
Menon, P	1
Smiley, R	1
Cerasoli, I	1
Tutunaru, A	1
Cenani, A	1
Ramirez, J	1
Detilleux, J	1
Balligand, M	1
Sandersen, C	1
Namdari, S	1
Nicholson, T	1
Abboud, J	1
Lazarus, M	1
Steinberg, D	1
Williams, G	1
Sort, R	1
Brorson, S	1
Gögenur, I	1
Møller, AM	1
Keller, DS	1
Pedraza, R	1
Tahilramani, RN	1
Flores-Gonzalez, JR	1
Ibarra, S	1
Haas, EM	1
Ayubi, E	1
Safiri, S	1
Ueshima, H	2
Otake, H	2
Jakobsson, J	1
Kalman, SH	1
Lindeberg-Lindvet, M	1
Bartha, E	1
Pak, LM	1
Haroutounian, S	1
Hawkins, WG	1
Worley, L	1
Kurtz, M	1
Frey, K	1
Karanikolas, M	1
Swarm, RA	1
Bottros, MM	1
Pichler, L	1
Poeran, J	1
Zubizarreta, N	1
Cozowicz, C	1
Sun, EC	1
Mazumdar, M	1
Memtsoudis, SG	1
Chaudhary, RA	1
Khaqan, HA	1
Ahmad, A	1
Imtiaz, U	1
Raza, H	1
Shabbir, U	1
Ibrahim, AS	1
Aly, MG	1
Thabet, ME	1
Abdelaziz, MR	1
Tran, BW	1
Liebman, ST	1
Reichman, TW	1
Scott, MJ	1
Amour, J	1
Cholley, B	1
Ouattara, A	1
Longrois, D	1
Leprince, P	1
Fellahi, JL	1
Riou, B	1
Hariri, S	1
Latrémouille, C	1
Rémy, A	1
Provenchère, S	1
Carillion, A	1
Achouh, P	1
Labrousse, L	1
Tran Dinh, A	1
Ait Hamou, N	1
Charfeddine, A	1
Lafourcade, A	1
Hajage, D	1
Bouglé, A	1
Otiobanda, GF	1
Ossou-Nguiet, PM	1
Itoua, C	1
Ndinga, H	1
Chobli, M	2
Gramigni, E	1
Bracco, D	1
Carli, F	2
Jha, AK	1
Bhardwaj, N	1
Yaddanapudi, S	1
Sharma, RK	1
Mahajan, JK	1
Dette, F	1
Cassel, W	1
Urban, F	1
Zoremba, M	1
Koehler, U	1
Wulf, H	2
Graf, J	1
Steinfeldt, T	1
Tran, QH	1
González, AP	1
Bernucci, F	1
Pham, K	1
Finlayson, RJ	1
Harsten, A	3
Kehlet, H	8
Toksvig-Larsen, S	2
Wang, T	1
Xiang, Q	1
Liu, F	1
Wang, G	1
Zhong, L	1
Wuethrich, PY	1
Kessler, TM	1
Burkhard, FC	1
Sleth, JC	1
Lehors-Albouze, H	1
Carron, M	1
Behr, A	1
Ori, C	1
Christensen, J	1
Matzen, LH	1
Vaeth, M	1
Wenzel, A	1
Schou, S	1
Kochany, JZ	1
Tran, ND	1
Sarria, JE	1
Joshi-Khadke, S	1
Khadke, VV	1
Errando, CL	1
Del Moral, A	1
Cobo, I	1
García-Gregorio, N	1
Pallardó-López, MA	1
Balaban, O	1
Gürkan, Y	1
Kuş, A	1
Toker, K	2
Solak, M	2
Kim, DH	1
Lin, Y	1
Goytizolo, EA	1
Kahn, RL	1
Maalouf, DB	1
Manohar, A	1
Patt, ML	1
Goon, AK	1
Lee, YY	1
Ma, Y	1
Yadeau, JT	1
Medbery, RL	1
Chiruvella, A	1
Srinivasan, J	1
Sweeney, JF	1
Lin, E	1
Davis, SS	1
Kimura, S	1
Ohtori, S	1
Orita, S	1
Inoue, G	1
Eguchi, Y	1
Takaso, M	1
Ochiai, N	1
Kuniyoshi, K	1
Aoki, Y	1
Ishikawa, T	1
Miyagi, M	1
Kamoda, H	1
Suzuki, M	2
Sakuma, Y	1
Kubota, G	1
Oikawa, Y	1
Inage, K	1
Sainoh, T	1
Yamauchi, K	1
Toyone, T	1
Nakamura, J	1
Kishida, S	1
Sato, J	1
Takahashi, K	1
Uzawa, K	1
Hakone, M	1
Nakazawa, H	1
Yasuda, H	1
Moriyama, K	1
Yorozu, T	1
Camponovo, C	1
Ghisi, D	1
Fanelli, A	1
Riva, T	1
Cristina, D	1
Vassiliou, T	1
Leschka, K	1
Fanelli, G	1
Fransen van de Putte, EE	1
Ananias, HJ	1
Gi, NP	1
de Boer, HD	1
Afolayan, JM	1
Olajumoke, TO	1
Amadasun, FE	1
Fadare, JO	1
Areo, PO	1
Al-Zaben, KR	1
Qudaisat, IY	1
Abu-Halaweh, SA	1
Zuabi, WS	1
Al-Momani, HM	1
Albsoul, NM	1
Khatib, FA	1
Tang, WX	1
Li, JJ	1
Bu, HM	1
Fu, ZJ	1
Yokomizo, T	1
Hiraki, T	1
Mishima, Y	1
Ushijima, K	1
Schmidt, B	1
Ohri, R	1
Wang, JC	1
Blaskovich, P	1
Kesselring, A	1
Scarborough, N	1
Herman, C	1
Strichartz, G	1
Ljung, P	1
Chen, X	1
Lin, R	1
Liu, Z	1
Gomez-Brouchet, A	1
Blaes, N	1
Mouledous, L	1
Fourcade, O	1
Tack, I	1
Francès, B	1
Girolami, JP	1
Minville, V	1
Sayın, P	1
Dobrucalı, H	1
Türk, HŞ	1
Totoz, T	1
Işıl, CT	1
Hancı, A	1
Bayram, A	1
Doğan, M	1
Cihan, C	1
Karataş, D	1
Gökahmetoğlu, G	1
Özcan, I	1
Boselli, E	1
Bouvet, L	1
Augris-Mathieu, C	1
Bégou, G	1
Diot-Junique, N	1
Rahali, N	1
Vertu-Ciolino, D	1
Gérard, C	1
Pivot, C	1
Disant, F	1
Allaouchiche, B	1
Kim, J	2
Burke, SM	1
Kryzanski, JT	1
Roberts, RJ	1
Roguski, M	1
Qu, E	1
Hwang, SW	1
Liu, PP	1
Desilier, A	1
Riesenburger, RI	1
Ayob, F	1
Arnold, R	1
Shinn, HK	1
Kim, BG	2
Jung, JK	1
Kwon, HU	1
Yang, C	1
Won, J	1
Codero, F	1
Vitalis, M	1
Thikra, S	1
Fedriani de Matos, JJ	1
Atienza Carrasco, FJ	1
Díaz Crespo, J	1
Moreno Martín, A	1
Tatsidis Tatsidis, P	1
Torres Morera, LM	1
Colpan, B	1
Apiliogullari, S	2
Erdur, O	1
Celik, JB	1
Duman, A	2
Senaran, H	1
Ozturk, K	1
Lee, JH	1
Shin, SK	1
Kim, MH	2
Kalogera, E	1
Bakkum-Gamez, JN	1
Weaver, AL	1
Moriarty, JP	1
Borah, BJ	1
Langstraat, CL	1
Jankowski, CJ	2
Lovely, JK	1
Cliby, WA	1
Dowdy, SC	1
Pierce, S	1
Bonanno, L	1
Sanvi, S	1
Jeon, YT	2
Park, YH	1
Sohn, HM	1
Kim, SC	1
An, SS	1
Kim, S	1
Odor, PM	1
Chis Ster, I	1
Wilkinson, I	1
Sage, F	1
Miyazaki, D	1
Shichinohe, T	1
Ebihara, Y	1
Kurashima, Y	1
Murakami, S	1
Noji, T	1
Nakamura, T	1
Tsuchikawa, T	1
Okamura, K	1
Hirano, S	1
Teoh, WH	1
Ithnin, F	1
Sia, AT	1
Ahn, HJ	1
Kim, JA	1
Lee, JJ	1
Kim, HS	1
Shin, HJ	1
Chung, IS	1
Kim, JK	1
Gwak, MS	1
Choi, SJ	1
Kryger, ZB	1
Rawlani, V	1
Lu, L	1
Fine, NA	1
Fry, R	1
Ring, P	1
Palomero Rodríguez, MA	1
Suarez Gonzalo, L	1
Villar Alvarez, F	1
Varela Crespo, C	1
Moreno Gomez Limon, I	1
Criado Jimenez, A	1
Contreras-Domínguez, V	1
Carbonell-Bellolio, P	1
Sanzana, ES	1
Ojeda-Greciet, A	1
Orrego-Santos, R	1
Sánchez Ortega, JL	1
González Pérez, P	1
Escribano Jiménez, M	1
Dernedde, M	1
Stadler, M	1
Taviaux, N	1
Boogaerts, JG	1
Pirat, A	1
Camkiran, A	1
Balci, ST	1
Zeyneloglu, P	1
Kayhan, Z	1
Lahlou, J	1
Bensghir, M	1
Belyamani, L	1
Boulahri, T	1
Drissi Kamili, N	1
Mekonnen, D	1
Bane, A	1
Rosen, MJ	1
Duperier, T	1
Marks, J	1
Onders, R	1
Hardacre, J	1
Ponsky, J	1
Ermlich, B	1
Laughinghouse, M	1
Cristalli, A	1
Arlati, S	1
Bettinelli, L	1
Bracconaro, G	1
Marconi, G	1
Zerbi, S	1
Subwongcharoen, S	1
Udompornmongkol, V	1
Shenkman, Z	1
Hoppenstein, D	1
Erez, I	1
Dolfin, T	1
Freud, E	1
Chidiac, EJ	1
Kaddoum, R	1
Peterson, SA	1
Brull, R	1
Lupu, M	1
Perlas, A	1
Chan, VW	1
McCartney, CJ	1
de Santiago, J	1
Santos, LJ	1
Giron, J	1
Gudaityte, J	2
Marchertiene, I	2
Karbonskiene, A	1
Saladzinskas, Z	2
Tamelis, A	2
Toker, I	1
Pavalkis, D	2
Zamidei, L	1
Bandini, M	1
Michelagnoli, G	1
Campostrini, R	1
Consales, G	1
Sudani, T	1
Inoue, C	1
Nishimura, K	1
Takada, M	1
Suzuki, A	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Spinal Morphine in Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy[NCT02924974]	Phase 4	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
SOFT Block Versus Spinal Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Fixation of Open Tibial Fractures Using Ilizarov External Fixator[NCT03450798]		107 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-10	Completed
Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ) With Versus Without Intraoperative Application of Lugol's Iodine in Women With Cervical Dysplasia: a Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT05132114]		216 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-17	Recruiting
Large Loop Excision of the Transformatione Zone Under General Versus Local Anesthesia: a Randomized Trial.[NCT03494686]		229 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-03	Completed
Impact of Intrathecal Morphine on Sleep Apnea Syndrome After Hip Arthroplasty Performed Under Spinal Anaesthesia[NCT02566226]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Completed
Chloroprocaine Versus Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia for Cervical Cerclage[NCT02862912]	Phase 4	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-08	Completed
Liposomal Bupivacaine Plus Bupivacaine Peripheral Nerve Blockade Versus Ropivacaine Plus Dexamethasone Peripheral Nerve Blockade for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: a Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT04737980]	Phase 4	92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-18	Completed
Multimodal Anesthesia and Analgesia for Total Shoulder and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03586934]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Difficult to enroll patients for the study)
Local Infiltration Analgesia Vs. Interscalene Block in Total Shoulder Arthorplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04415931]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-15	Completed
Dexmedetomidine Ropivacaine Versus Plain Ropivacaine in Bilateral Pectoralis Nerve Block[NCT05897307]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-01	Recruiting
Fractional Spinal Anesthesia and Systemic Hemodynamics in Frail Elderly Hip Fracture Patients.[NCT05101291]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-15	Completed
Epidural Analgesia Use in Pancreatic Resections[NCT02681796]	Phase 1	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-07	Completed
Single Injection Interscalene Brachial Plexus Nerve Block With Adjuvants vs. Liposomal Bupivacaine Interscalene Brachial Plexus Nerve Block for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty[NCT03845894]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-03	Terminated (stopped due to feasibility)
Effect of IV Nalbuphine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Following Intrathecal Morphine in Patients Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Repair[NCT05704673]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Cicatricial Analgesia Catheters Outcome on Bronchopulmonary Infection Number With Sternotomy Cardiac Operated[NCT01648777]	Phase 3	1,502 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Robotic Assisted Laparoscopy Versus Open Gastroesophageal Resection; Effects on the Mesenteric Traction Reflex and PGI2 Levels[NCT02077673]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2013-12-31	Completed
The Effect of General Versus Regional Anesthesia on Postoperative Sleep Quality[NCT03843645]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-10	Recruiting
Evaluation of Anesthetic Techniques in Outpatient Total Joint Replacement Surgery in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System[NCT04203732]		12,466 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-01-01	Completed
Comparing the Efficacy of Local Anesthetics in Mohs Surgery[NCT03871478]		105 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-01	Recruiting
Femoral Nerve Block Versus. Adductor Canal Nerve Block for Peri-Operative Analgesia Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Evaluation of Post-Operative Pain and Strength[NCT03033589]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Allocation Concealed Study Comparing the Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine Over Standard Bupivacaine Plus Dexamethasone in Quadriceps Sparing Femoral Nerve Block and Wound Infiltration for Primary Total Knee Arthro[NCT02624856]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Lack of funding)
Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Study to Evaluate a Single Shot Adductor Canal Nerve Block Versus Femoral Nerve Block Combined With LIA (Local Infiltration Analgesia): Early Postoperative Period Functional Outcomes After Total Knee Replacement[NCT02218814]		106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Adductor Canal Mid-thigh and Adductor Canal Distal Thigh: Is Cutaneous Sensory Blockade Similar Among Block Techniques?[NCT02788019]	Phase 4	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-26	Terminated (stopped due to Unable to complete the sample size needed for 80% power due to changes in surgical approach to adductor block usage.)
Optimal Volume of Bupivacaine in Adductor Canal Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Unilateral Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery[NCT02557386]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Single Dose Adductor Canal Block With SPANK (Sensory Posterior Articular Nerves of the Knee) Block Compared to Single Dose Adductor Canal Block and Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT03502889]		128 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Single Shot Adductor Canal Block (ACB) Versus Single Shot Femoral Nerve Block (FNB) for Postoperative Analgesia After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction in Pediatrics[NCT03053401]		52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-09	Completed
Effect of Volume of Local Anesthetic for Adductor Canal Block on Quadriceps Muscle Function: A Dose Finding Study[NCT02541552]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Comparative Feasibility and Efficacy of a Five Compartment Technique Using 0.25% Bupivacaine vs a Mixture of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 1.3 % Liposomal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Tka; a Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Study[NCT03303794]	Phase 3	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-25	Terminated (stopped due to Interim Analysis showed no significance)
Genicular Nerve Blocks for Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Knee Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05720949]	Phase 4	192 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-12	Recruiting
Prospective Comparison Between Continuous Femoral Nerve Block and the Association of Adductor Canal Block and Sciatic Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty.[NCT02387021]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Expanding the Peri-operative Surgical Home Model: ERAS TKR With a Transitional Pain Service (TeleTPS) - Continuous Adductor Canal Catheter Versus Adductor Canal Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty, a Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Trial.[NCT05981105]		64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-12	Recruiting
Adductor Canal Block: Single Injection vs Catheter for Pain Management of Total Knee Arthroplasty - A Randomized, Unblinded, Non-Inferiority Trial[NCT02798835]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
An Open-Label Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial of the Adductor Canal Catheter for Pain Control Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT04639128]		126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-15	Completed
Continuous Adductor Canal Block With Epidural Analgesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT02121392]		165 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Spinal Ropivacaine for Cesarean Delivery: A Comparison of Commonly Hyperbaric and Marginally Hyperbaric Solutions[NCT03142880]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Peritonsillar Dexamethasone-bupivacaine and Bupivacaine Infiltration for Tonsillectomy Pain Relief in Children:a Randomized,Double Blind,Controlled Study.[NCT03443778]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-12-15	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Infraorbital and Infratrochlear Nerve Block on Emergence Agitation in Patients Undergoing Septorhinoplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02751268]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Enrolling by invitation
The Effect of Bilateral Infraorbital+ Infratrochlear Nerve Block on Perioperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain Scores for Rhinoplasty Operations[NCT05671237]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-11-11	Completed
Postoperative Analgesia After Cardiac Surgery - A Double-Blind, Prospective and Randomized Comparison of Wound Infiltration With Liposomal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine Hydrochloride[NCT03270514]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-15	Completed
A Analgesic Study of Adductor Canal &IPACK Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine in Knee Arthroplasty ：A Randomized，Double-controlled，Parallel-controlled，Single-center Study[NCT06145165]	Phase 1	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Recruiting
Photobiomodulation on Postoperative Pain[NCT04190797]		34 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-01	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Local Infiltration of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Opioid Consumption at Time of Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03907813]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to change in design)
A Comparison of Tumescence in Breast Reduction Surgery[NCT01602692]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Subpectoral Bupivacaine for Pain Management in Adolescent Reduction Mammaplasty[NCT05898087]	Phase 4	128 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-01	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound Guided Needle Placement Versus Nerve Stimulation for Coracoid Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block[NCT00326261]		0 participants	Observational		Completed
Fentanyl Versus Midazolam as an Adjunct to Intrathecal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Children Undergoing Infraumbilical Surgery[NCT03592537]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-15	Completed
The Safety of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT02349542]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
An Observational Study to Assess the Long-Term Follow-Up of Subjects Who Had Participated in SKY0402 Breast Augmentation Studies[NCT01076686]		94 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-02-28	Completed
Comparison of Two Different Anesthetic Techniques on Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Cancer Patients After Laparoscopic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03572517]		65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Completed
How Low Can we go: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Bupivacaine 5 mg and Bupivacaine 7.5 mg for Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarian Delivery in Indonesian Population[NCT03834454]		112 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-01	Completed
Does the Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine Decrease Narcotic Requirements in Geriatric Hip Fractures? A Randomized, Double Blinded Control Trial[NCT03289858]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Completed
The Effect of Subsartorial Saphenous Block on Postoperative Pain Following Major Ankle and Hind Foot Surgery[NCT02697955]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-21	Completed
A Prospective Triple-masked Randomized Controlled Trial Measuring Analgesia Duration of Dexamethasone, Buprenorphine, or Clonidine With Ropivacaine for Interscalene Nerve Block[NCT03117140]	Phase 4	160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
Does Patient-Controlled Infraclavicular Perineural Dexmedetomidine Improve Postoperative Analgesia Deadline?[NCT02550782]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Trial Evaluating Regional Anesthesia, Long-Acting Local Anesthesia, and Traditional Care for Pain Control of Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures[NCT03696199]	Phase 4	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Recruiting
[NCT02200016]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
Does Continuous Popliteal Nerve Block Improve Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Major Maxilla or Mandible Resection With Microvascular Reconstruction Using a Free Fibula Graft[NCT03607227]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Completed
Comparison of the Effect of a Single Shot Saphenous Block With Plain Bupivacaine vs. Protracted Bupivacaine Mixture as a Supplement to Continuous Sciatic Catheter After Major Ankle and Foot Surgery[NCT02346110]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Spinal Anesthesia in Day Case Procedures: Difference in Block Characteristics, Micturition Quality and Discharge Time[NCT01877356]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Terminated (stopped due to intermittent evaluation of results: high incendence of complications)
Great Auricular Nerve Block for Children Undergoing Tympanomastoid Surgery: Does the Addition of Clonidine Increase the Duration of Postoperative Analgesia?[NCT01638052]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
The Effect Of Forced Air Warming Used For Different Body Parts During Caseraen Section On Maternal Hypothermia, Shivering, Thermal Comfort, Apgar Score And Breastfeeding: Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04667000]		35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-01	Active, not recruiting
Lecturer of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management in Ain Shams University[NCT03866733]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-18	Completed
Assessment of the Operative Course in Connection With Removal of Lower Third Molars With Particular Consideration to the Occurence of Pain and Swelling[NCT00805298]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Radiological Evaluation of Thoracic Paravertebral Catheters: A Prospective Clinical Trial[NCT01009398]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-11-30	Completed
Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Study for Comparison of Surgical Rectus Sheath and Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control After Caesarean Section[NCT02790099]	Phase 4	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Postoperative Pain After Pediatric Umbilical Hernia Repair: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Ultrasound-guided Bilateral Rectus Sheath Blocks Versus Local Anesthetic Infiltration[NCT01015053]		53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
[NCT02577068]		84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-15	Completed
Are Preemptive Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Blocks Given Immediately Prior to Hip Arthroscopy(THA) Effective for Acute Postoperative Pain Management?[NCT01997567]		3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Terminated (stopped due to Subject recruitment is too difficult and we foresee that this will not improve)
Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Use of Perioperative Epidural Analgesia to Conventional Intravenous Narcotics and NSAIDS for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection[NCT02086123]		87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Value of Prehabilitation in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery According to the ERAS Protocol for the Improvement of Postoperative Outcomes[NCT02746731]		112 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Completed
Clinical and Economical Evaluation of Colorectal Surgery in Ambulatory Care[NCT03760939]		140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-03	Recruiting
ERAS Lazio Network Clinical Registry[NCT03353311]		1,000 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2014-09-01	Completed
Fast-track Surgery After Gynaecological Oncological Surgery[NCT02687412]		107 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-21	Completed
Internet-based Perioperative Exercise Program in Patients With Barrett's Carcinoma Scheduled for Esophagectomy (iPEP Study) A Prospective Randomized-controlled Pilot Trial[NCT02478996]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Recruiting
Impact on the Hospital Stay, of an Early Oral Nutrition Protocol Applied to Gastric Cancer Patients After Total Gastrectomy: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial (DOPGT_2015)[NCT03257280]		84 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-20	Recruiting
Phase II Multi-center Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Efficacy and Dose Ranging Trial of the Drug Product Seroguard, Solution (JSC Pharmasyntez, Russia) Used for the Prevention of Pelvic Adhesions[NCT03660787]	Phase 2	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-04	Completed
Spinal Sufentanil for Relief of Labor Pain in Primi- and Multiparous Parturients[NCT04141527]		164 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-15	Completed
Predicting Perioperative Opioid Adverse Effects and Personalizing Analgesia in Children: A Multicenter Pharmacogenetic Study[NCT01495611]		1,000 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-11-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel) When Compared to Local Injection of Bupivacaine After Thoracoscopy[NCT02499159]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Continuous Subpleural Infusion of Bupivacaine After Thoracoscopy[NCT01566838]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
The Use of Topical Anaesthetic in the Banding (TAB) of Internal Haemorrhoids: A Feasibility Study.[NCT04031131]	Phase 2	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-17	Completed
MORphine Use in the Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block With UltraSound[NCT03846102]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-28	Terminated (stopped due to COVID-19 crisis.)
Effect of Thoracic Epidural Analgesia for Thoracic Surgery on Arrhythiogenesis[NCT01718717]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Not yet recruiting
TAP) Block in Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Prospective,Randomized, Blinded Study[NCT01075087]		19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
The Effect of Systemic Intraoperative Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain and Quality of Recovery on Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery[NCT01180660]		51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Pre-operative Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in the Quality of Recovery of Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: a Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Study[NCT01074229]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
The Effect of Pre Operative Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in the Quality of Recovery of Patients Undergoing Outpatient Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Blinded Study[NCT01075074]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
Lidocaine With Epinephrine vs. Bupivacaine With Epinephrine as Local Anesthetic Agents in Wide-awake Hand Surgery: an Outcome Study of Patients' Pain Perception.[NCT02315573]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Evaluating General Anesthesia With Erector Spinae Plane Block vs. Spinal Anesthesia With Erector Spinae Plane Block in Lumbar Decompression Surgeries[NCT05444751]	Phase 3	142 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-22	Enrolling by invitation
A New Approach to Ilio-inguinal Nerve Blocks: 3-layer Injection vs Conventional Ultrasound-guided Single-shot Approach[NCT01625780]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to Not a significant difference in outcomes between groups)
The Association of CPAP Compliance and Nocturnal Hypoxemia in the Perioperative Period[NCT02796846]		158 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of Screening Tools for OSA in Hospitalized Medical Patients: A Validation Study[NCT01340781]		110 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-02-29	Completed
The Effect of Acute Intravenous Morphine Administration on Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Patients With Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): A Paired Design Trial[NCT03127800]	Phase 3	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-20	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulties with recruitment)
The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain, Sleep Quality and Early Discharge in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery[NCT05354830]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-05-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Time from spinal anesthesia placement to ability to ambulate. (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 5 hours

Time to Resolution of Motor Block

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Chloroprocaine (CP)	158
Bupivacaine (BUP)	229

"The mean difference between groups in time between the end of spinal injection (t IT) to time for no motor block (t motor), i.e. tIT - T motor. Motor block will be assessed using the Bromage scale:~Bromage Scale I = free movement of the legs and feet = no block II = able to flex knees, with free movement of feet = partial (33%) block III = unable to flex knees, but with free movement of the feet = almost complete (66%) block IV = unable to move legs or feet = complete block (100%)" (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 3 hours

Time to Void

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Chloroprocaine (CP)	109
Bupivacaine (BUP)	112

Time from spinal anesthesia injection to ability to void spontaneously. (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 5 hours

Average Pain Scores for the First 48 Hours

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Bupivacaine (BUP)	229
Chloroprocaine (CP)	158

Pain levels will be measured by the mean Visual Analogue Scale- Numeric Rating Scale (VAS-NRS). The VAS-NRS is an 11 point scale with 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Higher scores denote worse outcome. (NCT03845894)
Timeframe: At 48 hours postoperatively

Postoperative Opioid Consumption for the First 48 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Liposomal Bupivacaine ISB	3.2
Bupivacaine With Adjuvants ISB	3.6

Morphine milligram equivalents (MME) over a 48 hour period (NCT03845894)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours

Satisfaction With Surgical Experience

Intervention	Morphine milligram equivalents (MME) (Mean)
Liposomal Bupivacaine ISB	22.9
Bupivacaine With Adjuvants ISB	28.5

Satisfaction scale is from 1-5, with the higher score being highest level of satisfaction (NCT03845894)
Timeframe: at 48 hours

Number of Grid Points With Change of Sensation to Pinprick After Blockade

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Liposomal Bupivacaine ISB	4.75
Bupivacaine With Adjuvants ISB	3.46

The distribution of cutaneous sensation affected by the different techniques of adductor canal blockade is assessed using a monofilament Neuropen to prick points on a 20 point grid applied to the skin in a standard fashion according to this method: A grid will be marked starting with anatomical landmarks at the knee joint: the medial inter-knee-joint point where the tibia meets the femur, the mid medial patella, the mid lateral patella, and along the same line at the semitendinosus tendon and 5cm posterior from that point. Then 5cm intervals will be plotted progressing cephalad to a total of 15 centimeters. This will yield 20 grid points (5x4 points). Once the grid is made, testing proceeds with a Neuropen on a scale of 0-1, with 1 = normal sharp sensation, 0 = change of sensation. The Neuropen is used for the standardization of force. (NCT02788019)
Timeframe: 20 minutes

Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Kilogram-force (Kgf)

Intervention	points of cutaneous sensation (Mean)
Mid-Thigh Adductor Block	19.81
Distal-Thigh Adductor Block	20

Measuring the quadriceps muscle strength (surgical side) using a dynamometer.Patients were placed supine with a cushion underneath their knee, resulting in a 45-degree angle at the knee. A dynamometer was placed on the anterior of the ankle, between the malleoli. Patients were instructed to extend their legs three times each, with a 30-s pause between each attempt (Lafayette Manual Muscle Test System; Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN; and all three dynamometer readings in Kgf unit for each leg were recorded.Kgf is a gravitational metric unit force ,it is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass under standard gravity. (NCT03053401)
Timeframe: 4 hours following peripheral nerve block performance

Total Opioid Consumption at 24 Hours Post-block

Intervention	Kilogram-force (Kgf) (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	1.1
Femoral Nerve Block	0.0

Total intravenous morphine/morphine equivalent consumption in milligrams (mg) at 24 hours post-block (NCT03053401)
Timeframe: 24 hours following peripheral nerve block performance.

Post-operative Pain Scores Using the Numeric Pain Scoring System (NS)

Intervention	milligrams (Mean)
Adductor Canal Block	28.9
Femoral Nerve Block	26.9

Assessed by Numeric Scale (NS) pain scoring system. Minimum 0 and maximum 10 . Higher scores means worse outcome (pain) (NCT03053401)
Timeframe: 4 hours and 24 hours

AM-PAC Score to Measure Patients Fitness for Discharge

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	4 hours post block	24 hours post block
Adductor Canal Block	4.5	5.0
Femoral Nerve Block	4.5	6.0

AM-PAC (activity measure for post-acute care) will be used to determine if a patient is fit to discharge based on mobility with 6 being unable to mobilize up to 24 being independent. Patients who scored above 20 were considered fit to discharge. (NCT03303794)
Timeframe: Post-Operation Day 1

Opioid Consumption During the First 48 Hours After TKA Surgery

Intervention	score on scale (Mean)
Bupivicaine	23
Bupivicaine + Exparel	23

Monitor how much opioid patient consumes (NCT03303794)
Timeframe: During the first 48 hours after surgery

Pain Scores During 48 Hrs Postoperatively

Intervention	milligram (Mean)
Bupivicaine	90
Bupivicaine + Exparel	76

Will use Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) to measure pain with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain. (NCT03303794)
Timeframe: 48 hours postoperatively

Adductor Canal Block Complications

Intervention	score on scale (Mean)
Bupivicaine	4
Bupivicaine + Exparel	4

Incidence of catheter dislodgement or site infection (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: From time of catheter insertion until catheter removal, up to Day2/48 hours

Cumulative 12 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Cumulative 24 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Cumulative 48 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Length of Stay

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Adductor Canal Block	0
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	0
Adductor Canal Catheter	0

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	61.5
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	49.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	82

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	111.8
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	118
Adductor Canal Catheter	153

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	192.9
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	196
Adductor Canal Catheter	223.5

Time to hospital discharge (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: From surgical date until hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks

Nerve Block Complications

Intervention	hours (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	70.8
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	71.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	71.5

Nerve block complications at any time point during study (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Quality of Recovery (QoR-40)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Adductor Canal Block	0
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	0
Adductor Canal Catheter	0

Quality of recovery measured using the QoR-40 at 48 hours postoperatively. This is a validated scale where a higher score denotes better recovery/satisfaction after surgery. The range is 40-200. (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 48 hours (Day 2)

Time to First Use of PCA

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Adductor Canal Block	160.5
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	166.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	167.2

from time zero to first press of PCA button (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Incidence of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting Requiring Anti-emetics

Intervention	hours (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	4.1
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	4.9
Adductor Canal Catheter	3.8

Number of Participants with Nausea/Vomiting requiring anti-emetics from 0-48 hours after surgery. (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Pain Score

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	0-12h	12-24h	24-48h
Adductor Canal Block	19	26	15
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	14	17	17
Adductor Canal Catheter	19	24	17

Patient's level of pain using NRS (Numeric Ratings Scale) pain scale where the range is 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 12, 24 and 48 hours

Number of Hospital Days Until Discharge Criteria Are Met

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	12h	24h	48h
Adductor Canal Block	3	3	2
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	3	3	3
Adductor Canal Catheter	4	3	3

(NCT02121392)
Timeframe: within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery

Number of Participants With Adverse Events Related to Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter

Intervention	Days (Mean)
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	2.42
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	2.67

(NCT02121392)
Timeframe: within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery

Number of Participants With Bleeding Complications at Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter Site

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	0
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	0

(NCT02121392)
Timeframe: within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery

Morphine Equivalents

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	0
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	0

(NCT02121392)
Timeframe: 12 hours postoperatively and 20 hours after placement of catheter

Physical Therapy Ambulation Distance

Range of Motion

Intervention	milligrams of morphine (Mean)
	12 hours postoperatively	20 hours after placement of catheter
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	12.5	73.9
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	11.9	96.5

Intervention	meters (Mean)
	Postoperative Day 1	Postoperative Day 2
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	17.6	39.4
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	13.8	32.5

Knee range of motion (ROM) was measured (in degrees) during physical therapy. (NCT02121392)
Timeframe: postoperative day 1 and 2

Range of Motion at 3 and 6 Week Follow up

Visual Analog Score for Pain

Intervention	degrees (Mean)
	Postoperative Day 1	Postoperative Day 2
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	40.6	62.5
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	51.4	71.3

Intervention	degrees (Mean)
	3 weeks	6 weeks
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	94.3	105
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	98.2	109

"The visual analog scale (VAS) is a pain rating scale. Scores are based on self-reported measures of symptoms that are recorded with a single mark placed at one point along the length of a line that represents a continuum between the two ends of the scale-no pain on the left end of the scale (equal to a score of 0) and the worst pain on the right end of the scale (equal to a score of 100)." (NCT02121392)
Timeframe: 12 hours postoperatively and 20 hours after placement of catheter

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	12 hours postoperatively	20 hours after placement of catheter
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	26.9	28.6
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	27.9	36.4

The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) is widely used in the evaluation of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. It is a self administered questionnaire consisting of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: pain (5 items), stiffness (2 items), and physical function (17 items). The subscale scores can vary, with pain ranging from 0 to 20 points; stiffness, 0 to 8 points; and physical function, 0 to 68 points. Higher scores represent worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. A sum of the scores for all three subscales yields a total WOMAC score. (NCT02121392)
Timeframe: 3 and 6 weeks

Hospital Readmission

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	3 weeks	6 weeks
Epidural Catheter With Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	29.1	27.9
Epidural Catheter Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter	37.8	32.9

Readmission to hospital will be noted (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From end of surgery assessed up to 30 days post-operatively

Mortality

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	3
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	3

Mortality will be noted at specific timepoints (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From end of surgery assessed up to 30 days post-operatively

Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV) Requirement

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	0
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	1

Episodes of NIV such as upper airway masks or similar devices will be quantified (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to 72 hours post-operatively or until hospital discharge

Patient Satisfaction

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	6
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	5

Patient will give an assessment regarding pain management on a scale of 0 - 10 with 0 indicating the lowest satisfaction with pain management and 10 indicating the highest satisfaction with pain management (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: Given at the time of discharge up to 30 days post-operatively

Patient Time to Mobilization

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Exparel Injectable Product	10
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	10

The time it takes until patient ambulates will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to time of mobilization up to 72 hours or discharge, *assessed up to 120 hours*

Patient Time to Oral Intake

Intervention	hours (Median)
Exparel Injectable Product	42
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	45

The time it takes until the patient is able to/medically cleared to consume food or liquid will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to time of oral intake up to 72 hours post-operatively or until hospital discharge

Patient Time to Out of Bed to Chair

Intervention	hours (Median)
Exparel Injectable Product	7
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	5.6

The time it takes until the patient advances from bedrest to out of bed (OOB) to chair will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to time of mobilization up to 72 hours post-operatively

Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting

Intervention	hours (Median)
Exparel Injectable Product	16
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	16

Whether a patient experiences at least one episode of nausea and emesis will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to 72 hours post-operatively

Re-intubation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	3
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	9

Instances of re-intubation will be recorded (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to patient discharge up to one week

Time to Extubation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	3
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	3

The time it takes until the patient is extubated post-operatively will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From the end of surgery until the patient is extubated up to 72 hours post-operatively

Use of Incentive Spirometry

Intervention	hours (Median)
Exparel Injectable Product	3.85
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	3.47

Frequency of incentive spirometry will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From time of end of surgery to 72 hours post-operatively

Length of Hospital and ICU Stay

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Exparel Injectable Product	29
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	31

Length of both hospital and ICU stay will be measured (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: From date of surgery assessed up to 30 day post-operatively

Post-operative Pain Intensity

Intervention	days (Median)
	Length of ICU stay	Length of postoperative hospital stay
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	1.71	6
Exparel Injectable Product	1.51	7

Postoperative pain scores evaluated by numeric rating scale or (NRS) where 0- no pain and 10- worst pain, at rest and at movement (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: NRS scores will be evaluated every 4 hours until 24 hours post-operatively, every 8 hours until 48 hours post-operatively, and every 12 hours for 72 hours post-operatively

Serum Cortisol Levels

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	4hrs. at rest	4hrs. with movement	8hrs. at rest	8hrs. with movement	12hrs. at rest	12hrs. with movement	16hrs. at rest	16hrs. with movement	20hrs. at rest	20hrs. with movement	24hrs. at rest	24hrs. with movement	32hrs. at rest	32hrs. with movement	40hrs. at rest	40hrs. with movement	48hrs. at rest	48hrs. with movement	60hrs. at rest	60hrs. with movement	72hrs. at rest	72hrs. with movement
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	5.03	6.64	4.996	6.6	4.962	6.56	4.928	6.52	4.894	6.48	4.86	6.44	4.792	6.32	4.724	6.24	4.656	6.16	4.554	6.04	4.452	5.92
Exparel Injectable Product	4.7482	5.75	4.7262	5.74	4.7042	5.73	4.6822	5.72	4.6602	5.71	4.6382	5.7	4.5942	5.68	4.5282	5.66	4.4622	5.64	4.3742	5.61	4.2862	5.58

Stress response suppression as a result of treatment will be evaluated by comparing hormone levels between the groups. Serum cortisol levels will be taken to measure this. (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: Measured 8, 48, and 72 hours post-operatively

Total Narcotic Consumption

Intervention	µg/dL (Median)
	8 hours postoperatively	48 hours postoperatively	72 hours postoperatively
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	36.5	19	17
Exparel Injectable Product	30	15	16

All narcotics administered in the first 0-8, 8-24, 24-48, and 48-72 hours and the total narcotics administered in the 0-72 hours postoperative period(PCA narcotics, nurse-administered IV narcotics, and oral narcotics). All narcotics will be converted to total IV morphine equivalent for comparison between two groups. (NCT03270514)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours post-operative period

Anti-emetic / Intraoperative Fentanyl Administered (Measured in Micrograms)

The secondary outcomes that will be measured in this study include the amount of anti-emetic medication used in the first 24 hours post-op. This data will be attained by reviewing the medical record and through the validated survey questions. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

Time to Discharge

The patient's medical record will be reviewed to determine the time it took for the patient to be transitioned from the PACU (post anesthesia care unit) till discharge. This includes the time spent in the PACU, time spent in phase 2 and the total time to discharge. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

Unplanned Hospital Readmission

The patient's medical record will be reviewed to see if the patient was readmitted to the hospital (unplanned) due to complications related to this surgery. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 1 week following surgery

Amount of Post-Operative Narcotic Medication Administered

Aim 1 is to determine the effect of dilute lidocaine in tumescent solution on post-operative pain following breast reduction surgery. The amount of narcotic medication administered (in Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU), phase 2 and up to 24 hours post-op) determined by reviewing the medical record. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

Anti-emetic / Intraoperative Medication Administered (mg)

Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting

The secondary outcomes that will be measured in this study include number of episodes of post-operative nausea (subjective feeling vs. emesis). This data will be attained by reviewing the medical record and through the validated survey questions. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

Post-operative Pain

Aim 1 is to determine the effect of dilute lidocaine in tumescent solution on post-operative pain following breast reduction surgery. The data points that will be statistically compared will be pain scores determined via a validated pain survey (pain levels on a scale of 0-10 where 10 is the worst pain) and the amount of narcotic medication administered (in Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU), phase 2 and up to 24 hours post-op) determined from responses to survey questions and by reviewing the medical record. (NCT01602692)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

Adverse Events

Number of Participants with Adverse Events (NCT02349542)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours following injection

Plasma Bupivacaine Levels

Blood samples will be drawn and analyzed to establish levels of bupivacaine detectable in the blood. Blood samples will be drawn at baseline (prior to injection), upon injection, at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours post-injection and analyzed to determine levels of bupivacaine present. (NCT02349542)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours following injection

Number of Subjects With Breast Implant Rupture

Breast implant rupture and integrity were assessed by reviewing the results of history and physical focused on clinical sequelae of augmentation mammoplasty (NCT01076686)
Timeframe: 12 to 24 months post surgery

Opiate Requirements

Block Set up Time

Patients are assessed from needle removal to when they are no longer able to feel cold on the blocked extremity (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day one

Duration of Analgesia

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when the analgesia of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days post-operative

Motor Duration of Block

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when motor component of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Number of Patient With Blood Pressure Changes in the Second Stage Recovery Area

Blood pressure changes in Second Stage Recovery Area for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (baseline)

Number of Patients Reporting Itching at Home

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess if they had any side effects of the adjuvants such as nausea, vomiting or itching. There blood pressure is looked at pre-op and compared to post-op. Any prolonged PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit) stay for sedation is recorded. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days

Number of Patients Reporting Itching in the PACU

Patients itching was assessed post-op in the PACU. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op day 0 (baseline)

Number of Patients Reporting Nausea at Home

Number of Patients Reporting Nausea in the PACU

PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) assessment of nausea (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op day 0 (Baseline)

Number of Patients Vomiting in the PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit)

Vomiting in PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (Baseline)

Number of Patients With Blood Pressure (BP) Changes in the PACU

Blood pressure changes in PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (baseline)

Pain Score Reported by Patients at First Phone Call

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess pain. Pain score is 0-10 scale with 0 is no pain and 10 is most severe pain. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Patient Reporting Vomiting at Home

Sensory Duration of Block

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when the sensory component of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Surgical Length

Surgical Position

Surgical position was recorded (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (Baseline)

Average Observer-Rated Patient Pain Scores

Patients will be observed with behaviors rated at regular time intervals using the CHIPPS (Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale) pain survey. The CHIPPS scale values range from a minimum of 0 (no pain, better outcome) to a maximum of 10 (worst pain, worse outcome). (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Number of Participants Requiring Use of Rescue Analgesic Medication in the Initial 24 Hours Postoperatively

Count of participants who will require use of rescue analgesic medication in the initial 24 hours postoperatively as recorded in the hospital or by parents at home following discharge. (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting

Incidence of nausea/vomiting during 24 hour observation (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Cost of Surgical Therapy

CRP

Length of Hospitalization Post-operation

days from operation date to discharge date (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Complications

Count of patients with complications in both groups are assessed during the first 21 days postoperatively. Including infection(wound infection, lung infection, intraperitoneal infection, operation space infection), postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) , ileus, postoperative hemorrhage, postoperative thrombosis. (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Ileus

is a disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the gastrointestinal tract (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Infection,

infection(wound infection, lung infection, intraperitoneal infection, operation space infection) (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Postoperative Haemorrhage

Evidence of blood loss from drains or based on ultrasonography (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)

it was recognized that nausea and vomiting are common side effects of surgical recovery (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

Number of Participants With Postoperative Thrombosis

Evidence of blood thrombosis of participants after surgery (NCT02687412)
Timeframe: up to 12 months

PCT Calcitonin Postoperative

The Total Cost (RMB)

Change in Number of Participants in Detecting Pelvic Organs Limited Mobility

Absolute change of count of participants was measured with detecting pelvic organs limited mobility from the baseline (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Change in Thickness of Pelvic Adhesions

The change from baseline was defined. It was evaluated by comparing baseline MRI data and repeated MRI data. Results were estimated according to scale from 0 to 3 where 0 - no adhesions, 1 - thin (filmy or filiform), 2 - marked, 3 - marked with an impaired passage through organs involved. (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Change Number of Participants in Detecting Hyperechoic Linear Lesions

Frequency of detecting after repeated transvaginal ultrasound results was compared to baseline indications (4 or more) (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Number of Participants With Detection of Hyperechoic Linear Lesions Post Surgery

The frequency was estimated based on transvaginal ultrasound results (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Number of Participants With Detection of no Ultrasound Signs of Pelvic Adhesive Disease Post Surgery

No limited mobility of pelvic organs and no hyperechoic linear lesions should be shown (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Number of Participants With Detection of Pelvic Organs Limited Mobility

The frequency was estimated based on transvaginal ultrasound results (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgery

Number of Participants With Reduction of Adhesions Number by 3 or More

The number of adhesions according to the first MRI data was compared to the number according to the data of second MRI (NCT03660787)
Timeframe: 30±4 days after surgical intervention

Days Until Return to Work

Using surveys, the number of days to return to work was assessed for patients who were able to return to work. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at 30 days post-procedure

Hospital Length of Stay

Median length of stay in days until discharge. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: From end of procedure until discharge, usually 0-2 days.

Number of Patients With Paresthesias (Postoperatively at 7 Days)

Patients are asked if they have experienced a pricking or tingling sensation caused by potential pressure or damage to peripheral nerves since the procedure. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at day 7 post-procedure

Overall Amounts of Pain Medications Consumed Through Post-operative Day 7

Using questionnaires, patients are asked if they took Dilaudid, Tylenol, Motrin, or other opioids and if so, how many tablets. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed daily for 7 days post-procedure

Proportion of Patients With Paresthesias (Postoperatively at 30 Days)

Patients are asked if they have experienced a pricking or tingling sensation caused by potential pressure or damage to peripheral nerves (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at day 30 post-procedure

Return to Baseline Activity

Using surveys, patients are asked if they have been able to return to baseline activity levels. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at 30 days post-procedure

Return to Work

Using surveys, patients are asked if they have been able to return to work. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at 30 days post-procedure

Scores on a Analog Pain Scale (7 Days)

Using questionnaires, patients are asked what their pain level is based on a scale from 0-10, 10 being the absolute worst pain and 0 being no pain. (NCT02499159)
Timeframe: Assessed at day 7 post-procedure

Scores on an Analog Pain Scale (30 Days)

Length of Stay

Hospital length of stay for this operation will be recorded and analyzed for each arm of the study. (NCT01566838)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 5 days

30-day Incidence of Parasthesia

30-day incidence of paresthesia (tingling or pricking sensation, usually caused by pressure or nerve damage) (NCT01566838)
Timeframe: 30 days

7-day Paresthesia

Participants experiencing parasthesia (a tingling or pricking sensation usually caused by pressure or damage to nerves) through postoperative day 7 (NCT01566838)
Timeframe: Postoperative day 1 through day 7

Number of Participants With and Without 30-Day Pain Medication Usage

The primary outcome will measure narcotics usage from post-operative day 1 through post-operative day 30. (NCT01566838)
Timeframe: Postoperative day 1 through postoperative day 30

Resumed Physical Activity

Return to Work

24 Hour Total Opioid Consumption.

24 Hour total opioid consumption translated into IV morphine equivalents. (NCT01075087)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Recovery 40 Score

Quality of Recovery 40 Score at 24 hours postoperative. (NCT01075087)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operatively

24 Hour Total Opioid Consumption

24 hour total opioid consumption using IV morphine equivalents (NCT01180660)
Timeframe: 24 hours post surgery

Quality of Recovery 40 on the Day After Surgery

"Quality of Recovery 40 on the Day After Surgery. The survey is a quality of recovery tool and a score of 40 is low and 200 is high.~The minimum score is 40 which is minimum recovery score and them maximum score is 200 which is considered better recovery." (NCT01180660)
Timeframe: 24 hours

24 Total Morphine Consumption

Total 24 total morphine consumption post operative. (NCT01074229)
Timeframe: 1 day

QoR40 on the Day After Surgery

QoR40 on the day after surgery. Quality of recovery is based on a score of 40-200. 40 being a poor recovery and 200 being a good recovery score. (NCT01074229)
Timeframe: 1 day

Opioid Pain Medications Consumed During the First 24 Hours Post Surgery

Opioid consumption in oral morphine equivalents taken by the subject for pain during the first 24 hours post hospital discharge (NCT01075074)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain Burden During Early Recovery From Anesthesia

Area under the numeric rating scale for pain versus time (min) curve during the post anesthesia care admission. Numeric rating scale 0 to 10 with 0 equals no pain and 10 equals worst pain imaginable. (NCT01075074)
Timeframe: Post Operative

The Quality of Recovery Questionnaire (QoR40) on the Day (24 Hours) After Surgery

The quality of recovery questionnaire (QOR40) is a 40 question assessment of patient recovery following surgery. It evaluates 5 domains of recovery: pain, emotional status, physical comfort, physical independence, and support. Each question is scores on a 1 to 5 Likert scale with total scores ranging for 40, representing poor recovery, to 200, representing outstanding recovery. (NCT01075074)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Time to Hospital Discharge Readiness

Elapsed time from post anesthesia care unit to readiness to hospital discharge. Assessment were made using the modified post anesthetic discharge scoring system. This assess 5 criteria: vital signs, activity and mental status, pain nausea and/or vomiting, surgical bleed, and intake and output. A score greater than or equal to 9 (on a 0 to 10 scale) is considered ready for discharge. (NCT01075074)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Intervention	oral morphine equivalents in mg (Median)
	0-8 hours	8-24 hours	24-48 hours	48-72 hours	0-72 hours
Bupivacaine Hydrochloride	10	34.5	45	26.5	105
Exparel Injectable Product	15	45	45	15	139

Intervention	micrograms (Mean)
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Epinephrine	131.30
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Lidocaine and Epinephrine	120.00

Intervention	mg (Mean)
	PACU IV hydromorphone	First 24 hr Post-op oxycodone
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Epinephrine	0.89	32.19
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Lidocaine and Epinephrine	0.55	29.47

Intervention	mg (Mean)
	Mean Intraoperative hydromorphone	Mean Intraoperative midazolam	Mean Intraoperative ketorolac	Mean Intraoperative dexamethasone	Mean Intraoperative ondansetron
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Epinephrine	0.98	2.00	11.25	6.40	3.60
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Lidocaine and Epinephrine	1.06	1.90	16.50	6.00	4.05

Intervention	episodes (Number)
	Nausea	Vomiting
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Epinephrine	8	2
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Lidocaine and Epinephrine	10	4

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	End of PACU Mean Pain Level	First 24 hrs Post-op Mean Current Pain	First 24 hrs Post-op Mean Worst Pain	First 24 hrs Post-op Mean Least Pain
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Epinephrine	5.47	4.00	6.44	2.00
Tumescent Solution With Dilute Lidocaine and Epinephrine	4.47	4.28	6.68	2.53

Intervention	ug/ml (Mean)
	Baseline (Pre-Injection)	Immediately Following Injection	15 minutes after injection	30 minutes after injection	1 hour after injection	2 hours after injection	4 hours after injection	8 hours after injection	12 hours after injection	24 hours after injection	48 hours after injection	72 hours after injection
Liposomal Bupivacaine	0	0.22	0.31	0.35	0.47	0.53	0.56	0.63	0.56	0.71	0.80	0.43

Intervention	participants (Number)
Bupivacaine and Low Dose SKY0402	0
Bupivacaine and High Dose SKY0402	0
Bupivacaine	0
High Dose SKY0402	0

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine	6
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	6
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	4.5

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine	911
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	1026.5
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	1181
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	982

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine	1120
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	1198
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	1090
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	1143.5

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine	923.5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	982
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	940.5
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	1066

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine	68.5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	65
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	73.5
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	71

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Beach Chair	Lateral	Supine
Plain Ropivacaine	38	2	0
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine	31	6	3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine	31	7	2
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone	32	6	2

Intervention	participants (Number)
Placebo, 1.5 mL/kg	-17
Placebo, 2.4 mL/kg	-17
Seroguard, 1.5 mL/kg	-21
Seroguard, 2.4 mL/kg	-21

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Yes	No	Not currently working
On-q Pump	18	3	17
Standard of Care	20	3	19

Intervention	miligrams of morphine (Mean)
Placebo	22.75
20 cc of 0.5% Ropivacaine	12.5
20 cc of 0.25% Ropivacaine	17.5

Article	Year
Increasing back and radicular pain 2 years following intrathecal pump implantation with review of arachnoiditis. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2013, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Arachnoiditis; Bupivacaine; Female; Foreign-Body Migration; Humans; Infusion Pump	2013
[Brugada syndrome, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and techniques to provide local or regional anesthesia: comments on "Ventricular fibrillation in a patient with a type I Brugada syndrome ECG pattern and hypokalemia"]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2008, Volume: 55, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Brugada Syndrome; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypokalem	2008
Prolonged propriospinal myoclonus following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: case report and literature review. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2012, Volume: 286, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Myoclonus; Po	2012
Combination of low-dose bupivacaine and opioids provides satisfactory analgesia with less intraoperative hypotension for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2012, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Databases, Bibliographi	2012
The immune-suppressive effects of pain. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2003, Volume: 521 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Fentanyl; Humans; Immune Tolera	2003
Horner's syndrome following tonsillectomy. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2006, Volume: 120, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Horner Syndrome; Humans; Hypotension; Injections; Pain, Pos	2006