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bupivacaine and Muscle Disorders

bupivacaine has been researched along with Muscle Disorders in 44 studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"LLLT, at the dose used, reduced fibrosis and myonecrosis in the sternomastoid muscle triggered by bupivacaine, accelerating the muscle regeneration process."7.85Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates the sternomastoid muscle regeneration process after myonecrosis due to bupivacaine. ( Alessi Pissulin, CN; Henrique Fernandes, AA; Michelin Matheus, SM; Rossi E Silva, RC; Sanchez Orellana, AM, 2017)
"To determine how and when the satellite cells are stimulated to replicate in muscle regeneration, the rat soleus muscle was examined chronologically after bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis."7.69Initiation of satellite cell replication in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis. ( Nonaka, I; Saito, Y, 1994)
"Immunohistochemical analysis of the inflammatory cells and complement C3 in the rat skeletal muscle was performed chronologically in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis."7.68Analysis of inflammatory cells and complement C3 in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis. ( Arahata, K; Hiyamuta, E; Orimo, S; Sugita, H, 1991)
"LLLT, at the dose used, reduced fibrosis and myonecrosis in the sternomastoid muscle triggered by bupivacaine, accelerating the muscle regeneration process."3.85Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates the sternomastoid muscle regeneration process after myonecrosis due to bupivacaine. ( Alessi Pissulin, CN; Henrique Fernandes, AA; Michelin Matheus, SM; Rossi E Silva, RC; Sanchez Orellana, AM, 2017)
"In a period of 4 wk after peripheral nerve block, both long-acting local anesthetics, bupivacaine and ropivacaine, produced calcific myonecrosis suggestive of irreversible skeletal muscle damage."3.73The long term myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blocks. ( Bohl, JRE; Graf, BM; Hacke, N; Martin, E; Sinner, B; Zink, W, 2005)
"The aim of the study was to observe the effect of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E supplementation on the course of the regeneration process of the longissimus lumborum muscle after bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis as well as to determine the correlation between the level of those substances in plasma and their levels in damaged and non-damaged muscular tissue in pigs."3.72The effect of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on the regeneration of skeletal muscles in pigs. ( Babińska, I; Karpińska, J; Kasperowicz, B; Mikołajczyk, A; Otrocka-Domagała, I; Purzyńska-Pugacewicz, A; Rotkiewicz, T, 2004)
"To determine how and when the satellite cells are stimulated to replicate in muscle regeneration, the rat soleus muscle was examined chronologically after bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis."3.69Initiation of satellite cell replication in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis. ( Nonaka, I; Saito, Y, 1994)
"Immunohistochemical analysis of the inflammatory cells and complement C3 in the rat skeletal muscle was performed chronologically in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis."3.68Analysis of inflammatory cells and complement C3 in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis. ( Arahata, K; Hiyamuta, E; Orimo, S; Sugita, H, 1991)
"To examine the behavior of transverse (T)-tubule formation in experimentally-induced regenerating fibers, a local anesthetic, bupivacaine hydrochloride, was injected directly into the rat soleus muscle to cause myonecrosis."3.67Behavior of sarcotubular system formation in experimentally induced regeneration of muscle fibers. ( Ishitsu, T; Miike, T; Nonaka, I; Ohtani, Y; Tamari, H, 1984)
"The guanethidine blockade was evaluated 24 h after the injection by counting TePs and by assessment of rest pain in the hand and forearm."2.66Regional sympathetic blockade in primary fibromyalgia. ( Bengtsson, A; Bengtsson, M, 1988)
"The duration of postsurgical pain greatly outlasts the duration of analgesia (typically < 12 h) following single administration of traditional formulations of local anesthetics."2.49Liposome bupivacaine in peripheral nerve blocks and epidural injections to manage postoperative pain. ( Ilfeld, BM, 2013)
"Bupivacaine was more myotoxic than other anesthetic agents and increased apoptosis."1.51Comparison of myotoxic effects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine: apoptotic activity and acute effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines. ( Aksu, R; Balcıoglu, E; Bayram, A; Coşkun, G; Gergin, IS; Oz Gergin, O; Polat, S; Soyer Sarıca, Z; Yay, A; Yıldız, K, 2019)
"Bupivacaine treatment caused severe tissue damage (score, 2."1.32The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades. ( Bohl, JRE; Braun, PM; Fink, RHA; Graf, BM; Hacke, N; Martin, E; Seif, C; Sinner, B; Zink, W, 2003)
"Cycloheximide inhibited the increase in lysosomal enzymes in bupivacaine-treated muscle."1.27Effect of cycloheximide administration on bupivacaine-induced acute muscle degradation. ( Fujita, T; Ishiura, S; Nonaka, I; Sugita, H, 1983)
"Immediate relief of pain is experienced after the solution of local anaesthetic and steroid has been deposited deep within the fleshy portion of the muscle."1.26Chronic pain syndromes and their treatment. III. The piriformis syndrome. ( Wyant, GM, 1979)

Research

Studies (44)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199013 (29.55)18.7374
1990's5 (11.36)18.2507
2000's10 (22.73)29.6817
2010's13 (29.55)24.3611
2020's3 (6.82)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Mao, Q1
Yu, W1
Liu, S1
Cao, X1
Dai, Y1
Zhang, X1
Min, X1
Liu, L1
Ding, Z1
Fukuda, K1
Kuroda, T1
Tamura, N1
Mita, H1
Miyata, H1
Kasashima, Y1
Li, X1
Zhao, J1
Lv, Q1
Tian, Y1
Zhang, L3
Liu, T3
Zou, D2
Chen, Y2
Lu, Z1
Yan, J1
Chen, D1
Xu, Y1
Zhang, J1
Bai, Y1
Huo, Z1
Cooke, MB1
Rybalka, E1
Stathis, CG1
Hayes, A1
Oz Gergin, O1
Bayram, A1
Gergin, IS1
Aksu, R1
Yay, A1
Balcıoglu, E1
Polat, S1
Coşkun, G1
Soyer Sarıca, Z1
Yıldız, K1
Shibaguchi, T1
Hoshi, M1
Yoshihara, T1
Naito, H1
Goto, K1
Yoshioka, T1
Sugiura, T1
Hofmann, P2
Metterlein, T2
Bollwein, G2
Gruber, M2
Plank, C2
Graf, BM4
Zink, W4
Ilfeld, BM1
Otrocka-Domagała, I3
Mikołajczyk, A2
Paździor-Czapula, K1
Gesek, M1
Rotkiewicz, T3
Mikiewicz, M1
Peng, Y1
Alessi Pissulin, CN1
Henrique Fernandes, AA1
Sanchez Orellana, AM1
Rossi E Silva, RC1
Michelin Matheus, SM1
Sethuraman, M1
Neema, PK1
Rathod, RC1
Podbielski, M1
Wiśniewska, A1
Drzewiecka, A1
Danieli-Betto, D1
Peron, S1
Germinario, E1
Zanin, M1
Sorci, G1
Franzoso, S1
Sandonà, D1
Betto, R1
Nouette-Gaulain, K1
Bringuier, S1
Canal-Raffin, M1
Bernard, N1
Lopez, S1
Dadure, C1
Masson, F1
Mercier, J1
Sztark, F1
Rossignol, R1
Capdevila, X1
Cereda, CM1
Tofoli, GR1
Maturana, LG1
Pierucci, A1
Nunes, LA1
Franz-Montan, M1
de Oliveira, AL1
Arana, S1
de Araujo, DR1
de Paula, E1
Seif, C1
Bohl, JRE2
Hacke, N2
Braun, PM1
Sinner, B2
Martin, E2
Fink, RHA1
Karpińska, J1
Purzyńska-Pugacewicz, A1
Kasperowicz, B1
Babińska, I1
Plant, DR2
Colarossi, FE1
Lynch, GS2
Hirata, M1
Sakuma, K1
Okajima, S1
Fujiwara, H1
Inashima, S1
Yasuhara, M1
Kubo, T1
Vignaud, A1
Hourdé, C1
Butler-Browne, G1
Ferry, A1
Knab, J1
Heupel, EW1
Steinmann, D1
Ryall, JG1
Schertzer, JD1
Alabakis, TM1
Gehrig, SM1
Miike, T1
Nonaka, I4
Ohtani, Y1
Tamari, H1
Ishitsu, T1
Nolte, H1
Ishiura, S2
Nakase, H1
Tsuchiya, K1
Okada, S1
Sugita, H3
Fujita, T1
Kalso, EA1
Lalla, ML1
Rosenberg, PH1
Tuominen, MK1
Santavirta, S1
Gripenberg, J1
Holmboe, J1
Kongsrud, F1
Saito, Y1
Hogan, Q1
Dotson, R1
Erickson, S1
Kettler, R1
Hogan, K1
Mizel, MS1
Michelson, JD1
Newberg, A1
Wyant, GM1
Jirmanová, I1
Orimo, S1
Hiyamuta, E1
Arahata, K1
Kamińska, A1
Fidziańska, A1
Sadeh, M1
Czyewski, K1
Stern, LZ1
Bengtsson, A1
Bengtsson, M1
Steer, JH1
Mastaglia, FL1
Papadimitriou, JM1
Van Bruggen, I1
Wakayama, Y1
Shibuya, S1
Roy-Shapira, A1
Amoury, RA1
Ashcraft, KW1
Holder, TM1
Sharp, RJ1

Reviews

2 reviews available for bupivacaine and Muscle Disorders

ArticleYear
Liposome bupivacaine in peripheral nerve blocks and epidural injections to manage postoperative pain.
    Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2013, Volume: 14, Issue:17

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Humans; Injections, Epidural; Liposomes; Muscular Diseases

2013
Local anesthetic myotoxicity: a case and review.
    Anesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 80, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Muscular Diseases

1994

Trials

2 trials available for bupivacaine and Muscle Disorders

ArticleYear
Effect of butaphosphane and cyanocobalamin on regeneration of muscle fibres in pigs.
    Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2009, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Necrosis; Organophosphonates; Orga

2009
Regional sympathetic blockade in primary fibromyalgia.
    Pain, 1988, Volume: 33, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivacaine; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Guanethidine; Humans; Injec

1988

Other Studies

40 other studies available for bupivacaine and Muscle Disorders

ArticleYear
Downregulation of HSPA12A underlies myotoxicity of local anesthetic agent bupivacaine through inhibiting PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial integrity.
    Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2022, 01-01, Volume: 434

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression

2022
Platelet Lysate Enhances Equine Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in A Bupivacaine-Induced Muscle Injury Model
    Journal of equine veterinary science, 2022, Volume: 112

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Euthanasia, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Disease

2022
Electroacupuncture alleviates multifidus muscle injury by modulating mitochondrial function and Ca
    Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 2023, Volume: 306, Issue:12

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcium; Electroacupuncture; Mitochondria; Muscular Di

2023
[Effects of electroacupuncture at "Weizhong" (BL 40) on morphology and expression of CK and IL-17 in rats with bupivacaine-induced multifidus muscle injury].
    Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2017, Sep-12, Volume: 37, Issue:9

    Topics: Acupuncture Points; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Creatine Kinase; Electroacupuncture; I

2017
Myoprotective Potential of Creatine Is Greater than Whey Protein after Chemically-Induced Damage in Rat Skeletal Muscle.
    Nutrients, 2018, Apr-30, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Creatine; Cytoprotection; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Isometr

2018
Comparison of myotoxic effects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine: apoptotic activity and acute effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines.
    Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission, 2019, Volume: 94, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Cytokines; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohi

2019
Impact of different temperature stimuli on the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms during recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury in rats.
    Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2019, 07-01, Volume: 127, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Heat Stress Disorders; Male; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Myosi

2019
The myotoxic effect of bupivacaine and ropivacaine on myotubes in primary mouse cell culture and an immortalized cell line.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2013, Volume: 117, Issue:3

    Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Cell Death; Cell Line; Cell Survival; C

2013
Modification of Bupivacaine-Induced Myotoxicity with Dantrolene and Caffeine In Vitro.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 122, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Annexins; Bupivacaine; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dan

2016
Effect of low-energy laser irradiation and antioxidant supplementation on cell apoptosis during skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration in pigs.
    Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2015, Volume: 18, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Drug Therapy,

2015
[Effects of electroacupuncture at "Weizhong" (BL 40) on regeneration and morphology in rats with bupivacaine-induced multifidus muscle injury].
    Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2016, Volume: 36, Issue:3

    Topics: Acupuncture Points; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Electroacupuncture; Humans; Male; Musc

2016
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates the sternomastoid muscle regeneration process after myonecrosis due to bupivacaine.
    Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 2017, Volume: 168

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Fibrosis; Low-Level Light Therapy; Muscular Diseases; Neck Muscles; Necrosis;

2017
Combined monitored anesthesia care and femoral nerve block for muscle biopsy in children with myopathies.
    Paediatric anaesthesia, 2008, Volume: 18, Issue:7

    Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Atropine; Biopsy; Bupi

2008
Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling is involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.
    American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2010, Volume: 298, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; In

2010
Time course of mitochondrial metabolism alterations to repeated injections of bupivacaine in rat muscle.
    Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2010, Volume: 57, Issue:9

    Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Electron Tra

2010
Local neurotoxicity and myotoxicity evaluation of cyclodextrin complexes of bupivacaine and ropivacaine.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2012, Volume: 115, Issue:5

    Topics: Amides; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bupivacaine; Cells, Cultured; Cyclodextrins; Drug Evaluation, Pre

2012
The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:4

    Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Edema; Female; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Microsco

2003
The effect of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on the regeneration of skeletal muscles in pigs.
    Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2004, Volume: 7, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Bupivacaine; Coenzymes; Female; Muscle, Skel

2004
The long term myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blocks.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 101, Issue:2

    Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Muscle Cells; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Ske

2005
Notexin causes greater myotoxic damage and slower functional repair in mouse skeletal muscles than bupivacaine.
    Muscle & nerve, 2006, Volume: 34, Issue:5

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Death; Cytotoxins; Disease Models, Animal; Elapid Ven

2006
Increased expression of neuregulin-1 in differentiating muscle satellite cells and in motoneurons during muscle regeneration.
    Acta neuropathologica, 2007, Volume: 113, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Bungarotoxins; Bupivacaine; Cell Differentiation; Dy

2007
Differential recovery of neuromuscular function after nerve/muscle injury induced by crude venom from Notechis scutatus, cardiotoxin from Naja atra and bupivacaine treatments in mice.
    Neuroscience research, 2007, Volume: 58, Issue:3

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins; Elapid Venoms; Male; Mice; M

2007
Anesthesia for orthopedic surgery in Pallister-Killian syndrome.
    Paediatric anaesthesia, 2008, Volume: 18, Issue:7

    Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Alfentanil; Androstanols; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Co

2008
Intramuscular beta2-agonist administration enhances early regeneration and functional repair in rat skeletal muscle after myotoxic injury.
    Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2008, Volume: 105, Issue:1

    Topics: Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blotting

2008
Behavior of sarcotubular system formation in experimentally induced regeneration of muscle fibers.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 1984, Volume: 65, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Myofibrils; Ne

1984
The role of spinal anesthesia today.
    Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae, 1984, Volume: 73, Issue:3

    Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Headache; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Nerve Blo

1984
Immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B in degenerating rat skeletal muscle induced by a local anesthetic, bupivacaine.
    Journal of biochemistry, 1983, Volume: 94, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cathepsin B; Cathepsins; Histocytochemistry; Immunochemistry; Muscular Disease

1983
Effect of cycloheximide administration on bupivacaine-induced acute muscle degradation.
    Journal of biochemistry, 1983, Volume: 94, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cathepsin B; Cathepsin L; Cathepsins; Cycloheximide; Cysteine Endopeptidases;

1983
Evaluation of the myotoxicity of bupivacaine in bier blocks--a biochemical and electron microscopic study.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 1983, Volume: 62, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Arm; Bupivacaine;

1983
Delayed respiratory arrest after bupivacaine.
    Anaesthesia, 1982, Volume: 37, Issue:1

    Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscular Diseases; P

1982
Initiation of satellite cell replication in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis.
    Acta neuropathologica, 1994, Volume: 88, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Bupivacaine; Cell Division; Desmin; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Necrosis

1994
Peroneal tendon bupivacaine injection: utility of concomitant injection of contrast material.
    Foot & ankle international, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Contrast Media; Drug Combinations; Female;

1996
Chronic pain syndromes and their treatment. III. The piriformis syndrome.
    Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1979, Volume: 26, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Bupivacaine; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female;

1979
Ultrastructure of motor end-plates during pharmacologically-induced degeneration and subsequent regeneration of skeletal muscle.
    Journal of neurocytology, 1975, Volume: 4, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Differentiation; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Motor En

1975
Analysis of inflammatory cells and complement C3 in bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis.
    Muscle & nerve, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bupivacaine; Complement C3; Hindlimb; Immunohistochemistry; Inflamm

1991
Basement membrane component changes during experimental skeletal muscle degeneration and regeneration.
    Neuropatologia polska, 1990, Volume: 28, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Bupivacaine; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Male; Muscles; Muscular Dise

1990
Chronic myopathy induced by repeated bupivacaine injections.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 1985, Volume: 67, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cholinesterases; Histocytochemistry; Male; Muscles;

1985
Bupivacaine-induced muscle injury. The role of extracellular calcium.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 1986, Volume: 73, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Creatine Kinase; Extracellular Space; Femal

1986
Quantitative freeze-fracture electron-microscopic analysis of muscle plasma membrane of bupivacaine-induced myopathy.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 1986, Volume: 72, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Membrane; Freeze Fracturing; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Muscular Dise

1986
Transient quadriceps paresis following local inguinal block for postoperative pain control.
    Journal of pediatric surgery, 1985, Volume: 20, Issue:5

    Topics: Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Femoral Nerve; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Male; Muscular Diseas

1985