bupivacaine and Hypertrophy studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Both Bupivacaine concentrations effectively produced the desired muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis, so the lower concentration may be used for muscle strengthening to correct strabismus."	4.12	Histopathological changes in extraocular muscles of rabbits following injection of bupivacaine 5mg/Ml versus 7.5mg/Ml. ( Abdel-Salam, LO; Kassem, RR; Mohamed Abdel-Moneim El-Mofty, R, 2022)
"Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in muscle regeneration, which is the primary response, observed during bupivacaine-induced extraocular muscle (EOM) hypertrophy."	3.79	The effects of bupivacaine injection and oral nitric oxide on extraocular muscle in the rabbit. ( Basmak, H; Bilgin, B; Canaz, F; Colak, E; Gursoy, H; Isiksoy, S; Ozkurt, M; Tuncel, N, 2013)
"To examine the relations between specific fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration and hypertrophy in vivo, we measured mRNA expression of FGFs and myogenic markers in rat plantaris muscle after bupivacaine administration and synergist ablation."	3.74	Expression of mRNA for specific fibroblast growth factors associates with that of the myogenic markers MyoD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in regenerating and overloaded rat plantaris muscle. ( Fujikawa, T; Ishii, K; Morita, I; Sakuma, K; Tanaka, Y; Yamaguchi, A, 2008)
" In addition, liposomal bupivacaine may have a dose-dependent effect, and weight-based dosing should be investigated."	1.48	Liposomal Bupivacaine May Benefit Select Reduction Mammaplasty Patients. ( Boukovalas, S; Kalaria, SS; Li, RT; Padilla, PL; Phillips, LG; Tran, JP, 2018)
" Surgical management in the form of pyloromyotomy under general anaesthesia has been reported as safe for relieving the obstructed bowel."	1.32	The effectiveness and safety of spinal anaesthesia in the pyloromyotomy procedure. ( Gaitini, LA; Malatzkey, S; Sabo, E; Somri, M; Tome, R; Vaida, SJ; Yudashkin, M, 2003)

Research

Studies (11)

Authors

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Median Number of Pain Medication Doses

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (9.09)	18.7374
1990's	2 (18.18)	18.2507
2000's	3 (27.27)	29.6817
2010's	4 (36.36)	24.3611
2020's	1 (9.09)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Mohamed Abdel-Moneim El-Mofty, R	1
Kassem, RR	1
Abdel-Salam, LO	1
Kalaria, SS	1
Boukovalas, S	1
Padilla, PL	1
Tran, JP	1
Li, RT	1
Phillips, LG	1
Bilgin, B	1
Gursoy, H	1
Basmak, H	1
Ozkurt, M	1
Tuncel, N	1
Canaz, F	1
Isiksoy, S	1
Colak, E	1
Moss, JR	1
Cofer, S	1
Hersey, S	1
Goudy, S	1
Werkhaven, J	1
Swanson, E	1
Mantle, C	1
Stowell, N	1
Byrne, D	1
Wang, L	1
Labadie, R	1
Dudley, MH	1
Fleming, SW	1
Garg, U	1
Edwards, JM	1
Somri, M	1
Gaitini, LA	1
Vaida, SJ	1
Malatzkey, S	1
Sabo, E	1
Yudashkin, M	1
Tome, R	1
Nishikawa, J	1
Sakuma, K	2
Sorimachi, Y	1
Yoshimoto, K	1
Yasuhara, M	1
Tanaka, Y	1
Yamaguchi, A	1
Fujikawa, T	1
Morita, I	1
Ishii, K	1
Coan, MR	1
Tomanek, RJ	1
Igawa, Y	1
Andersson, KE	1
Post, C	1
Uvelius, B	1
Mattiasson, A	1
Rosenblatt, JD	1
Woods, RI	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Pediatric Tonsillectomy Pain Reduction Study, a Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Using Clonidine and Local Anesthetics[NCT00678379]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The median number of intravenous fentanyl doses administered in the PACU due to pain (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: in recovery room

Total Number of Post-operative Doses of Analgesics.

Intervention	number of doses (Median)
Normal Saline	3.0
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	3
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	3

The total number of intravenous fentanyl doses given PACU which will be compared between the three randomized groups (arms) (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: Post-operative thru day 7

Total Time Until Discharge From Hospital.

Mean Visual Analog Scale Pain Number.

Intervention	number of doses (Median)
Normal Saline	12
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	12
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	14

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Normal Saline	122
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	111
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	120

Visual analog pain scale range is 0-10 with 0=no pain and 10 = worst pain ever (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: in recovery room; post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7

Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate a Regular Diet

Intervention	pain score (Mean)
	In recovery room	day 1	day 3	day 5	day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	3	4	2.5	2	2
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	3	5	3	3	2
Normal Saline	3	3	3	3	2.5

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has to a regular diet on post-operative days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only a Soft Diet

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	post-op day 1	post-op day 3	post op day 5	post op day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	4	8	18	26
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	1	12	14	22
Normal Saline	7	18	21	24

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has only advanced to a soft diet on post-operative days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only Liquids

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	post-op day 1	post-op day 3	post op day 5	post op day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%	22	26	17	10
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg	26	18	18	14
Normal Saline	26	18	13	13

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has advanced to liquids only on post-op days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

Article	Year
Histopathological changes in extraocular muscles of rabbits following injection of bupivacaine 5mg/Ml versus 7.5mg/Ml. Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 2022, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Bupivacaine; Fibrosis; Humans; Hyperemia; Hypertrophy; Inflammation; Oculomotor Muscles; Strabismus;	2022
Liposomal Bupivacaine May Benefit Select Reduction Mammaplasty Patients. Annals of plastic surgery, 2018, Volume: 80, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Breast; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Length of Stay; Liposom	2018
The effects of bupivacaine injection and oral nitric oxide on extraocular muscle in the rabbit. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2013, Volume: 251, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Hypertrophy; Injections, Intramuscul	2013
Fatality involving complications of bupivacaine toxicity and hypersensitivity reaction. Journal of forensic sciences, 2011, Volume: 56, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Atrial Septum; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Cardiomegaly; Drug Hypersensitiv	2011
The effectiveness and safety of spinal anaesthesia in the pyloromyotomy procedure. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2003, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypertrophy; Infant, Newborn; Monitori	2003
Increase of Cardiotrophin-1 immunoreactivity in regenerating and overloaded but not denervated muscles of rats. Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cytokines; Hypertrophy; Immunohistochemistry; Leukocytes,	2005
Expression of mRNA for specific fibroblast growth factors associates with that of the myogenic markers MyoD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in regenerating and overloaded rat plantaris muscle. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), 2008, Volume: 194, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation; Hypertrophy; Male; Musc	2008
The growth of regenerating soleus muscle transplants after ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle. Experimental neurology, 1981, Volume: 71, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Body Weight; Bupivacaine; Hypertrophy; Male; Muscles; Organ Size; Rats; Regene	1981
A rat model for investigation of spinal mechanisms in detrusor instability associated with infravesical outflow obstruction. Urological research, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hypertrophy; Injections, Spinal; Morphine; Mus	1993
Hypertrophy of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle injected with bupivacaine. A sequential histochemical, immunohistochemical, histological and morphometric study. Journal of anatomy, 1992, Volume: 181 ( Pt 1) Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Histocytochemistry; Hypertrophy; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Muscle Contractio	1992

bupivacaine and Hypertrophy