bupivacaine and Disease Models, Animal studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Disease Models, Animal: Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Apelin-13 treatment reduced bupivacaine-induced oxidative stress, attenuated mitochondrial morphological changes and mitochondrial DNA damage, enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism, and ultimately reversed bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	8.02	Apelin-13 Reverses Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. ( Cai, Y; Chen, H; Jin, Z; Liu, L; Papadimos, TJ; Shi, K; Wang, Q; Xia, E; Xia, F; Xia, Y; Xu, X; Ye, Y, 2021)
"We induced peritonitis in rats using carrageenan and measured cellular activation in spinal cord and NTS under the following conditions, that is, a parietal nerve block with bupivacaine, a chemical right vagotomy, and i."	8.02	Acute Visceral Pain in Rats: Vagal Nerve Block Compared to Bupivacaine Administered Intramuscularly. ( Ben Rehouma, M; Benhamou, D; Bouchouareb, M; Hamdi, L; Kfoury, T; Mazoit, JX; Soued, M, 2021)
"Perineural or systemic dexamethasone had a protective effect against the neural inflammation induced by bupivacaine, and perineural dexamethasone attenuated delayed inflammation induced by perineural Exparel®."	7.96	Perineural dexamethasone attenuates liposomal bupivacaine-induced delayed neural inflammation in mice in vivo. ( Ancelin, D; Bennis, M; Brouchet, A; Cavaignac, E; Charre, A; Dray, C; Ferré, F; Krin, A; Kurrek, M; Marty, P; Minville, V; Sanchez, M, 2020)
"In the rat model of bupivacaine-induced asystole, a divided LE bolus regimen administered peripherally provided a better resuscitation outcome than that of a continuous LE infusion regimen peripherally, and performed in a similar fashion as the continuous LE infusion regimen administered centrally."	7.91	Comparative Regimens of Lipid Rescue From Bupivacaine-Induced Asystole in a Rat Model. ( Cai, X; Jin, Z; Liu, L; Papadimos, TJ; Shi, K; Xia, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, M, 2019)
" However, to our knowledge, it remains unknown whether EA could alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	7.83	Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. ( Gao, JL; Han, FF; Li, XX; Li, YL; Wang, XM; Zhang, DH; Zhang, HJ; Zhao, QL, 2016)
"Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity rapidly dephosphorylated Akt at S473 to 63 ± 5% of baseline and phosphorylated AMPK to 151 ± 19%."	7.83	Insulin Signaling in Bupivacaine-induced Cardiac Toxicity: Sensitization during Recovery and Potentiation by Lipid Emulsion. ( Bonini, M; Fettiplace, MR; Kowal, K; Lis, K; Minshall, R; Ripper, R; Rubinstein, I; Weinberg, G; Young, A, 2016)
" The study's objectives were threefold: (i) evaluate the myocardial toxicity of levobupivacaine when administered intravenously; (ii) investigate levobupivacaine toxicity on cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions and cellular structure; (iii) assess the protective effects of a lipid emulsion in the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia."	7.81	Electrophysiological, haemodynamic, and mitochondrial alterations induced by levobupivacaine during myocardial ischemia in a pig model: protection by lipid emulsions? ( Bui-Xuan, B; Chevalier, P; Descotes, J; Mamou, Z; Romestaing, C; Timour, Q, 2015)
"To evaluate the effects of peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on survival and initial resistance of anastomosis on distal colon, performed under peritonitis or not."	7.79	Influence of the peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on the survival and resistance of colonic anastomoses performed under fecal peritonitis in rats. ( Ayrizono, Mde L; Camargo, MG; Chung, WF; Coy, CS; Fagundes, JJ; Leal, RF; Lee, HD; Oliveira, Pde S; Rossi, DH, 2013)
"Insulin effectively reversed the sudden-onset circulatory collapse in dogs caused by an intravenous bolus injection of bupivacaine."	7.79	Insulin/glucose infusion successfully resuscitates bupivacaine-induced sudden-onset circulatory collapse in dogs. ( Kang, BC; Kim, CM; Kim, CS; Kim, MH; Lee, KH; Uugangerel, T; Yang, S, 2013)
"A sciatic block with bupivacaine as well as a systemic injection of NSAID significantly decreased the oedema and the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan."	7.76	Comparison of a bupivacaine peripheral nerve block and systemic ketoprofen on peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. ( Beloeil, H; Benhamou, D; Combettes, E; Mazoit, JX, 2010)
"To investigate the efficiency of levobupivacaine in treating experimentally induced colitis in rats."	7.76	Anti-inflammatory efficiency of levobupivacaine in an experimental colitis model. ( Aker, S; Duman, U; Ozturk, E; Sarandol, E; Yilmazlar, A; Yilmazlar, T, 2010)
"The use of local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, has been proposed in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis."	7.72	Beneficial effect of trimebutine and N-monodesmethyl trimebutine on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. ( Chevalier, E; Chovet, M; Langlois, A; Pétoux, F, 2004)
"However, several reports of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) due to ropivacaine toxicity have been documented."	5.72	Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. ( Almendral, J; Anadón, MJ; Fernández, I; García, S; Quintela, O; Rodríguez, L; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2022)
"Burn pain is known to be excruciating, and while burn care has greatly advanced, treatment for burn-related pain is lacking."	5.62	Bupivacaine-eluting soy protein structures for controlled release and localized pain relief: An in vitro and in vivo study. ( Furer, A; Giladi, S; Goder, D; Zilberman, M, 2021)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	5.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
"In this model of a bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest, the vasopressor combination of vasopressin and epinephrine compared with lipid emulsion resulted in higher coronary perfusion pressure during CPR and survival rates."	5.35	A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. ( Gritsch, C; Lindner, KH; Luckner, G; Mayr, VD; Mitterschiffthaler, L; Müller, T; Neurauter, A; Strohmenger, HU; Wenzel, V, 2008)
"Apelin-13 treatment reduced bupivacaine-induced oxidative stress, attenuated mitochondrial morphological changes and mitochondrial DNA damage, enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism, and ultimately reversed bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	4.02	Apelin-13 Reverses Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. ( Cai, Y; Chen, H; Jin, Z; Liu, L; Papadimos, TJ; Shi, K; Wang, Q; Xia, E; Xia, F; Xia, Y; Xu, X; Ye, Y, 2021)
"We induced peritonitis in rats using carrageenan and measured cellular activation in spinal cord and NTS under the following conditions, that is, a parietal nerve block with bupivacaine, a chemical right vagotomy, and i."	4.02	Acute Visceral Pain in Rats: Vagal Nerve Block Compared to Bupivacaine Administered Intramuscularly. ( Ben Rehouma, M; Benhamou, D; Bouchouareb, M; Hamdi, L; Kfoury, T; Mazoit, JX; Soued, M, 2021)
"Perineural or systemic dexamethasone had a protective effect against the neural inflammation induced by bupivacaine, and perineural dexamethasone attenuated delayed inflammation induced by perineural Exparel®."	3.96	Perineural dexamethasone attenuates liposomal bupivacaine-induced delayed neural inflammation in mice in vivo. ( Ancelin, D; Bennis, M; Brouchet, A; Cavaignac, E; Charre, A; Dray, C; Ferré, F; Krin, A; Kurrek, M; Marty, P; Minville, V; Sanchez, M, 2020)
"Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity mainly manifests as inhibition of the cardiac sodium channel, which slows conduction, particularly at the ventricular level."	3.91	Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Reversing Bupivacaine-Induced Electrophysiological Toxicity in a Porcine Experimental Model. ( Almendral, J; Anadón Baselga, MJ; Callejo, D; López-Menchaca, R; Melone, A; Quintela, O; Sevilla, R; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2019)
"In the rat model of bupivacaine-induced asystole, a divided LE bolus regimen administered peripherally provided a better resuscitation outcome than that of a continuous LE infusion regimen peripherally, and performed in a similar fashion as the continuous LE infusion regimen administered centrally."	3.91	Comparative Regimens of Lipid Rescue From Bupivacaine-Induced Asystole in a Rat Model. ( Cai, X; Jin, Z; Liu, L; Papadimos, TJ; Shi, K; Xia, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, M, 2019)
"In order to determine the role of the adrenergic system in bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity, a series of experiments were performed."	3.88	Beta-adrenergic activation induces cardiac collapse by aggravating cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in bupivacaine intoxication. ( Chen, Y; Cheng, Y; Chu, L; Duan, R; Li, H; Li, J; Xia, D; Yuan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2018)
"Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity rapidly dephosphorylated Akt at S473 to 63 ± 5% of baseline and phosphorylated AMPK to 151 ± 19%."	3.83	Insulin Signaling in Bupivacaine-induced Cardiac Toxicity: Sensitization during Recovery and Potentiation by Lipid Emulsion. ( Bonini, M; Fettiplace, MR; Kowal, K; Lis, K; Minshall, R; Ripper, R; Rubinstein, I; Weinberg, G; Young, A, 2016)
" However, to our knowledge, it remains unknown whether EA could alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	3.83	Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. ( Gao, JL; Han, FF; Li, XX; Li, YL; Wang, XM; Zhang, DH; Zhang, HJ; Zhao, QL, 2016)
"Our studies showed that subcutaneous duloxetine (2 mg) reduced hyperalgesia and allodynia for several days after skin incision, whereas subcutaneous bupivacaine (2 mg) did not."	3.81	The Local and Systemic Actions of Duloxetine in Allodynia and Hyperalgesia Using a Rat Skin Incision Pain Model. ( Russell, G; Strichartz, GR; Wang, CF; Wang, GK, 2015)
"Asystole was induced by bupivacaine (10 mg/kg over 20 seconds, IV) in young male Sprague-Dawley rats, and resuscitation with LE (intralipid 20%; 5 mL/kg bolus and 0."	3.81	Involvement of Opioid Receptors in the Lipid Rescue of Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity. ( Eghbali, M; Li, J; Partownavid, P; Rahman, S; Sharma, S; Umar, S, 2015)
" The study's objectives were threefold: (i) evaluate the myocardial toxicity of levobupivacaine when administered intravenously; (ii) investigate levobupivacaine toxicity on cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions and cellular structure; (iii) assess the protective effects of a lipid emulsion in the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia."	3.81	Electrophysiological, haemodynamic, and mitochondrial alterations induced by levobupivacaine during myocardial ischemia in a pig model: protection by lipid emulsions? ( Bui-Xuan, B; Chevalier, P; Descotes, J; Mamou, Z; Romestaing, C; Timour, Q, 2015)
" Asystole was induced with intravenous levobupivacaine injection."	3.80	Efficacy of resuscitation with Intralipid in a levobupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest model. ( Aydin, S; Aydoğan, A; Davarci, I; Karcioğlu, M; Özden, R; Sari, A; Sefil, F; Tuzcu, K, 2014)
"Insulin effectively reversed the sudden-onset circulatory collapse in dogs caused by an intravenous bolus injection of bupivacaine."	3.79	Insulin/glucose infusion successfully resuscitates bupivacaine-induced sudden-onset circulatory collapse in dogs. ( Kang, BC; Kim, CM; Kim, CS; Kim, MH; Lee, KH; Uugangerel, T; Yang, S, 2013)
"To evaluate the effects of peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on survival and initial resistance of anastomosis on distal colon, performed under peritonitis or not."	3.79	Influence of the peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on the survival and resistance of colonic anastomoses performed under fecal peritonitis in rats. ( Ayrizono, Mde L; Camargo, MG; Chung, WF; Coy, CS; Fagundes, JJ; Leal, RF; Lee, HD; Oliveira, Pde S; Rossi, DH, 2013)
"Thirty-two rats were subjected to bupivacaine to induce asystole."	3.78	Association of sustained cardiovascular recovery with epinephrine in the delayed lipid-based resuscitation from cardiac arrest induced by bupivacaine overdose in rats. ( Hu, Z; Li, B; Ma, Z; Shen, Y; Yan, J, 2012)
"LCT emulsion may be superior to LCT/MCT emulsion in treating bupivacaine-related cardiotoxicity as it was associated with fewer recurrences of asystole after resuscitation and lower myocardial bupivacaine concentrations."	3.77	Lipid resuscitation of bupivacaine toxicity: long-chain triglyceride emulsion provides benefits over long- and medium-chain triglyceride emulsion. ( Chen, H; Ding, X; Dong, H; Dong, X; Jin, Z; Li, Z; Papadimos, TJ; Wang, X; Xia, F; Xia, Y; Xu, X, 2011)
"75% bupivacaine-injected extraocular muscles showed extensive myonecrosis and degeneration with early-stage regenerating muscle fibers."	3.76	Concentration-dependent bupivacaine myotoxicity in rabbit extraocular muscle. ( Guyton, DL; Phamonvaechavan, P; Poon, DY; Rajan, A; Topcu-Yilmaz, P; Zhang, C, 2010)
"A sciatic block with bupivacaine as well as a systemic injection of NSAID significantly decreased the oedema and the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan."	3.76	Comparison of a bupivacaine peripheral nerve block and systemic ketoprofen on peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. ( Beloeil, H; Benhamou, D; Combettes, E; Mazoit, JX, 2010)
"To investigate the efficiency of levobupivacaine in treating experimentally induced colitis in rats."	3.76	Anti-inflammatory efficiency of levobupivacaine in an experimental colitis model. ( Aker, S; Duman, U; Ozturk, E; Sarandol, E; Yilmazlar, A; Yilmazlar, T, 2010)
" In 20 sedated, mechanically ventilated, and invasively monitored New Zealand White rabbits, asystole was induced via bolus bupivacaine injection."	3.75	Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. ( Cave, G; Harvey, MG; Winterbottom, T, 2009)
"Instrumented rats were given an intravenous bolus of 20 mg/kg bupivacaine to induce asystole (zero time)."	3.75	Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. ( Di Gregorio, G; Feinstein, DL; Kelly, K; Massad, M; Minshall, RD; Ori, C; Ripper, R; Schwartz, D; Weinberg, GL, 2009)
" Following the unilateral intraplantar injection of BmK venom into rat hind paw, it was found: 1) BmK venom induced an edematogenic response, spontaneous pain and pain hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner; 2) the paw edema and flare were induced rapidly and restricted at the injected paw for about 24-48 h; 3) the monophasic tonic spontaneous pain manifested as continuous paw flinching and lifting/licking of the injected paw and lasted for more than 2 h; 4) the detectable thermal hypersensitivity to radiant heat stimuli was just at the injected side for about 72-96 h; 5) the mechanical hypersensitivity to von Frey filaments was evoked surprisingly to be the bilateral and mirror-like for about 2-3 weeks; 6) morphine, indomethacin and bupivacaine could suppress BmK venom-induced pain responses with different intensity and time courses."	3.73	Rat pain-related responses induced by experimental scorpion BmK sting. ( Bai, ZT; Chai, ZF; Ji, YH; Liu, T; Pang, XY, 2006)
"The use of local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, has been proposed in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis."	3.72	Beneficial effect of trimebutine and N-monodesmethyl trimebutine on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. ( Chevalier, E; Chovet, M; Langlois, A; Pétoux, F, 2004)
" Future areas of investigation will focus on improved treatment regimes and better understanding of the mechanism of lipid rescue, which might allow superior alternative therapies, or treatment of other toxic events."	2.43	Lipid rescue resuscitation from local anaesthetic cardiac toxicity. ( Weinberg, G, 2006)
" Additionally, they are less toxic to the CNS than bupivacaine judging by the larger doses tolerated before the onset of seizures."	2.41	Cardiotoxicity with modern local anaesthetics: is there a safer choice? ( Chang, DH; Mather, LE, 2001)
"At Day 1, partial reversal of mechanical allodynia in aboBoNT-A groups was followed by a full reversal from Day 3."	1.72	Intraoperative abobotulinumtoxinA alleviates pain after surgery and improves general wellness in a translational animal model. ( Carré, D; Castel, D; Cornet, S; Evans, S; Horne, R; Kalinichev, M; Lezmi, S; Limana, L; Meilin, S; Pons, L, 2022)
"However, several reports of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) due to ropivacaine toxicity have been documented."	1.72	Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. ( Almendral, J; Anadón, MJ; Fernández, I; García, S; Quintela, O; Rodríguez, L; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2022)
"Burn pain is known to be excruciating, and while burn care has greatly advanced, treatment for burn-related pain is lacking."	1.62	Bupivacaine-eluting soy protein structures for controlled release and localized pain relief: An in vitro and in vivo study. ( Furer, A; Giladi, S; Goder, D; Zilberman, M, 2021)
"Subarachnoid administration of liposomal bupivacaine in pigs exhibited a dose-response effect, and resulted in longer duration of neuraxial block than bupivacaine hydrochloride without histological evidence of neurotoxicity."	1.51	Neurological and histological outcomes after subarachnoid injection of a liposomal bupivacaine suspension in pigs: a pilot study. ( Cvetko, E; Damjanovska, M; Hadzic, A; Kuroda, MM; Sega Jazbec, S; Seliskar, A; Stopar Pintaric, T; Zel, J, 2019)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	1.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
"Bupivacaine is a commonly used local anesthetic in postoperative pain management."	1.48	Anti-nociceptive effects of bupivacaine-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles applied to the compressed dorsal root ganglion in mice. ( Dai, F; Hurwitz, O; LaMotte, RH; Ma, C; Shimada, SG; Tian, D; Wang, T; Zhou, J, 2018)
"In levobupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest, heart rate and MAP values were higher in the lipid group than in the control group after starting resuscitation (P < ."	1.46	Recovery From Ropivacaine-Induced or Levobupivacaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest in Rats: Comparison of Lipid Emulsion Effects. ( Horiguchi, T; Kimura, T; Nishikawa, T; Yoshimoto, M, 2017)
"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic widely used in surgical procedures."	1.43	Comparison of histopathological effects of perineural administration of bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in rat sciatic nerve. ( Alizadeh, L; Arhami-Dolatabadi, A; Daneshbod, Y; Hosseinian, MA; Khandaghy, M; Memari, E; Mirabotalebi, M; Mirkheshti, A; Shirian, S, 2016)
"There was "rebound hyperalgesia" to thermal stimulus after the resolution of plain bupivacaine sciatic nerve block."	1.42	Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model. ( An, K; Elkassabany, NM; Liu, J, 2015)
"Patients with neuropathic pain commonly present with spontaneous pain, in addition to allodynia and hyperalgesia."	1.42	Conditioned place preference and spontaneous dorsal horn neuron activity in chronic constriction injury model in rats. ( Brennan, TJ; Dalm, BD; Howard, MA; Kang, S; Reddy, CG, 2015)
"Because inflammation is critical to both the development and resolution of VT, analgesic medications have the potential to adversely affect multiple parameters of interest in VT research."	1.40	Effects of analgesic use on inflammation and hematology in a murine model of venous thrombosis. ( Diaz, JA; Hawley, AE; Hish, GA; Lester, PA; Myers, DD, 2014)
"Infiltration of surgical wounds with long-acting local anaesthetics (LA) is used to reduce postoperative incisional pain."	1.40	Effect of local anaesthetic infiltration with bupivacaine and ropivacaine on wound healing: a placebo-controlled study. ( Abrão, J; Bachur, JA; Fernandes, CR; Garcia, SB; Lima, GB; Okubo, R; Shimano, AC; White, PF, 2014)
"Cervical sympathetic block can relieve cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage and increase NO content and NOS activity in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to promote neural functional recovery."	1.39	Effect of cervical sympathetic block on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. ( Chun-jing, H; Guo-dong, L; Hao-xiong, N; Shan, O; Ya-ping, F; Yi-ran, L, 2013)
"Levobupivacaine was more potent than lidocaine in all tests employed on diabetic rats."	1.39	Comparison of actions of systemically and locally administrated local anaesthetics in diabetic rats with painful neuropathy. ( Gunay, I; Gunes, Y; Mert, T, 2013)
"The model simulates an inguinal hernia (skin incision ∼2."	1.37	The safety and tolerability evaluation of DepoFoam bupivacaine (bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection) administered by incision wound infiltration in rabbits and dogs. ( Brubaker, AN; Cole, PI; Haan, D; Nelson, KG; Newton, PE; Ott, LR; Rebelatto, MC; Richard, BM; Ross, PE, 2011)
"Bupivacaine 3."	1.37	Spinal anesthesia in infant rats: development of a model and assessment of neurologic outcomes. ( Athiraman, U; Berde, CB; Carpino, EA; Corfas, G; Soriano, SG; Yahalom, B; Zurakowski, D, 2011)
"Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) have potent local anesthetic properties and may produce a long-lasting pain blockade that could be of interest in relieving chronic pain states such as neuropathic pain, but there are only few data comparing their dose-response curves of analgesic activity under the same experimental conditions."	1.36	Analgesic and antiallodynic effects of antidepressants after infiltration into the rat. ( del Valle, J; Domenech, J; Escribano, E; Garcia, X; Queralt, J, 2010)
"Tetrodotoxin was less efficacious for inhibiting the TNF-alpha transport and the rise in receptor expression and for inhibiting the axonal transport ex vivo."	1.36	Effects of a bupivacaine nerve block on the axonal transport of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation. ( Beloeil, H; Benhamou, D; Combettes, E; Deruddre, S; Duranteau, J; Estebe, JP; Mazoit, JX, 2010)
" In this experiment, sedated rabbits were resuscitated from bupivacaine-induced asystole with intravenous lipid according to the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland's guideline, or by identical lipid dosing with hypertonic saline: 6 mEq x kg(-1) 21% sodium chloride."	1.36	Effect of hypertonic saline on electrocardiography QRS duration in rabbit model of bupivacaine toxicity resuscitated by intravenous lipid. ( Cave, G; Desmet, J; Harvey, M; Lahner, D; Prince, G, 2010)
"Bupivacaine, 20 mg/kg, was infused in rats anesthetized with isoflurane, producing asystole in all subjects."	1.35	Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. ( Di Gregorio, G; Edelman, L; Feinstein, DL; Kelly, K; Massad, M; Ripper, R; Schwartz, D; Shah, N; Weinberg, GL; Zheng, S, 2008)
"In this model of a bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest, the vasopressor combination of vasopressin and epinephrine compared with lipid emulsion resulted in higher coronary perfusion pressure during CPR and survival rates."	1.35	A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. ( Gritsch, C; Lindner, KH; Luckner, G; Mayr, VD; Mitterschiffthaler, L; Müller, T; Neurauter, A; Strohmenger, HU; Wenzel, V, 2008)
"Whereas contralateral hyperalgesia was not observed during block produced by bupivacaine-loaded microspheres, contralateral hyperalgesia was observed with sciatic nerve block using amitriptyline."	1.32	Contralateral effect of amitriptyline and bupivacaine for sciatic nerve block in an animal model of inflammation. ( Ecoffey, C; Estebe, JP; Gentili, ME; Le Corre, P; Leduc, C; Moulinoux, JP, 2004)
"The incisional allodynia and the carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia were intensified by the microinjection of 2% lidocaine into the contralateral, but not ipsilateral APtN, the effect being significantly stronger when a large incision or a higher carrageenan concentration was utilized."	1.32	Involvement of the anterior pretectal nucleus in the control of persistent pain: a behavioral and c-Fos expression study in the rat. ( Del Bel, EA; Prado, WA; Villarreal, CF, 2003)
"Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most devastating myopathies."	1.31	Impaired regeneration of dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers is caused by exhaustion of myogenic cells. ( Luz, MA; Marques, MJ; Santo Neto, H, 2002)
"A myocardial infarction was created in 66 rats by coronary artery ligation."	1.31	Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous myoblasts: can tissue processing be optimized? ( Fiszman, M; Hagège, AA; Menasché, P; Messas, E; Pouzet, B; Schwartz, K; Scorsin, M; Vilquin, JT, 2000)
" Both verapamil and nimodipine pretreatment increased the LD50 and 95% confidence intervals for bupivacaine and increased survival."	1.30	The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. ( Adsan, H; Onaran, O; Tulunay, M, 1998)
"The resulting hyperalgesia to radiant heat and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors was assessed by using a foot-withdrawal test and a spontaneous pain behavior rating method, respectively."	1.28	Intrathecal MK-801 and local nerve anesthesia synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. ( Hayes, RL; Lu, J; Mao, J; Mayer, DJ; Price, DD, 1992)

Research

Studies (114)

Authors

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in IC Symptom Index Questionnaire With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	8 (7.02)	18.2507
2000's	33 (28.95)	29.6817
2010's	64 (56.14)	24.3611
2020's	9 (7.89)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Ye, Y	1
Cai, Y	1
Xia, E	1
Shi, K	2
Jin, Z	3
Chen, H	2
Xia, F	2
Xia, Y	3
Papadimos, TJ	3
Xu, X	3
Liu, L	2
Wang, Q	1
Zaballos, M	2
Fernández, I	1
Rodríguez, L	1
García, S	1
Varela, O	2
Quintela, O	2
Anadón, MJ	1
Almendral, J	2
Cornet, S	2
Carré, D	2
Limana, L	2
Castel, D	2
Meilin, S	2
Horne, R	2
Pons, L	2
Evans, S	2
Lezmi, S	2
Kalinichev, M	2
Lee, S	1
Jo, S	1
Talbot, S	1
Zhang, HB	1
Kotoda, M	1
Andrews, NA	1
Puopolo, M	1
Liu, PW	1
Jacquemont, T	1
Pascal, M	1
Heckman, LM	1
Jain, A	1
Lee, J	1
Woolf, CJ	1
Bean, BP	1
Ferré, F	1
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Empey, PE	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
An Investigation Into the Effects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion (ILE) on the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Metoprolol.[NCT02924454]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
Comparative Study Between Dexamethasone, and Dexmedetomidine as Additives to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Block in Knee Arthroscopy[NCT04631822]		42 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Sensitivity of Electrocardiogram on Detection of Three Different Intravascular Applied Test Doses of Bupivacaine and Epinephrine: a Study in Children of Different Age[NCT01091766]	Phase 4	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study[NCT02246179]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Parameters in Fractional Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: Role of Anesthetic and Application Time[NCT03279757]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-01	Completed
Parameters in Fractional Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: Role of Laser Type and Laser Settings[NCT02938286]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Fractional CO2 Laser Assisted Topical Articaine Anesthesia vs. Topical EMLA Administration: a Randomized Controlled Study[NCT02548533]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Terminated (stopped due to Not enough patients eligible for recruitment.)
Prospective Randomized Trial of Penile Nerve Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine for Hypospadias Repair vs Standard Penile Block With Bupivacaine[NCT04479371]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-07-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Limited funding and resources to complete FDA requirements for enrollment)
Use of Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Prior to Hydrodistension for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (IC/PBS): a Prospective, Double-blinded, Randomized Control Trial[NCT02517996]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to Preliminary results were promising when interim analysis performed but terminated due to primary investigators left recruitment site.)
Liposomal Bupivacaine in Implant Based Breast Reconstruction[NCT02659501]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Terminated
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"To determine the change in interstitial cystitis symptom index at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The IC symptom index questionnaire consists of 4 questions on IC symptoms. 2 of the questions have 6 answer choices ranging from 0-never, to 5-almost always. 1 question has 6 answer choices ranging from 0-never to 5-usually. 1 question has 7 answer choices ranging from 0-never to 6-5 or more times. The numerical score for each question are added together, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 21. A higher score indicates greater severity of IC symptoms." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Pain Level as Assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	12.5	11.43	11.8	10
Normal Saline	10	9	8.67	5

"To determine the change in pain at 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively in patients undergoing hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline) using the visual analog scale (VAS).~VAS consists of a 10cm horizontal line with the minimum endpoint labeled no pain (0) and maximum labeled worst pain ever (10). Patients placed a mark on the point that corresponds to the level of pain severity they felt. The cm distance from the low end of the VAS to the patient's mark is used as the numerical index of the intensity of pain. Pain scores of 3.0-5.4 cm are moderate, over 5.4 indicates severe pain." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Pelvic Urgency, Pain, and Frequency (PUF) Questionnaire With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Pre operative VAS score	Post operative VAS score	2 week post operative VAS scores	6 week post operative VAS score	12 weeks post operative VAS score
1% Lidocaine	3.125	3.75	2.7	3	2.6
Normal Saline	4.5	5	4.8	4.33	2

"To determine the change in pelvic urgency, pain and frequency (PUF) questionnaire at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The Pelvic Urgency, Pain, and Frequency Patient Symptom Scale asks 11 questions, 7 on PUF symptoms, 4 on how bothersome PUF symptoms are. Symptom questions include 3, 4, or 5 ranked answers, with higher answers indicating more voids, or greater frequency of pain. The bother questions each of 4 ranked answers from 0-never, to 3-always. The symptom score is added, the bother score is added, and then the total score is added. The total PUF score is then reported. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 35, and a higher score indicates greater symptoms and higher bother from pelvic pain and frequency." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Problem Index (O'Leary Sant) With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	22.63	18.83	18.2	17.2
Normal Saline	19	17.4	16.7	14

"To determine the change in problem index (O'Leary Sant) at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The IC problem index questionnaire consists of 4 questions on how much of a problem a patient's IC symptoms cause them. Each question has 5 answer choices ranging from 0-no problem, to 4-big problem. The numerical score for each question are added together, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. A higher score indicates that IC symptoms cause more problems for the patient." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

The Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Antiemetic Consumption

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	11.75	9.71	10	9.6
Normal Saline	9.43	8.6	7.33	6

The effect of liposomal bupivacaine on antiemetic consumption was assessed in mg of ondansetron consumed over first 24 hours post-operatively. (NCT02659501)
Timeframe: 24 hours

The Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Average Postoperative Pain Levels on Postoperative Day 1.

Intervention	mg of ondansetron (Mean)
Bupivacaine With Epinephrine Injections	7.33
Liposomal Bupivacaine	5.75

Postoperative pain levels were determined with a numeric rating scale (NRS), rating pain from 0 - 10, where 0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome. Pain levels were determined during routine vital signs every 4 hours post-operatively. (NCT02659501)
Timeframe: Average Pain Scores 24 hours Post-Operatively

The Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Length of Hospital Stay

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine With Epinephrine Injections	3.66
Liposomal Bupivacaine	3.68

Length of hospital stay will be determined for patients in each group, in total hours. (NCT02659501)
Timeframe: 24-60 hours

The Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Postoperative Diazepam Consumption

Intervention	hrs (Mean)
Bupivacaine With Epinephrine Injections	46.7
Liposomal Bupivacaine	29.8

Benzodiazepine consumption, in mg of diazepam, was recorded for all patients and compared over the first 24 hours post-operatively. (NCT02659501)
Timeframe: 24 hours

The Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine on Postoperative Opioid Consumption

Intervention	mg of diazepam/hr (Mean)
Bupivacaine With Epinephrine Injections	0.35
Liposomal Bupivacaine	0.18

Postoperative opioid consumption will be determined in each group. Opioid consumption post-operatively will be determined for patients in each group in standardized units of morphine milligram dosing equivalents per hour. (NCT02659501)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Article	Year
Lipid emulsion improves survival in animal models of local anesthetic toxicity: a meta-analysis. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2017, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; D	2017
The acute toxicity of local anesthetics. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2010, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Central Nervous System Di	2010
Lipid resuscitation: a life-saving antidote for local anesthetic toxicity. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 2011, Feb-01, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Fat Emulsi	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Lipid rescue resuscitation from local anaesthetic cardiac toxicity. Toxicological reviews, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Etidocaine; Fat Emulsions, Intrave	2006
Potential neurotoxicity of spinal anesthesia with lidocaine. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2000, Volume: 75, Issue:9 Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacain	2000
Cardiotoxicity with modern local anaesthetics: is there a safer choice? Drugs, 2001, Volume: 61, Issue:3 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Central Nervous System; Disease Models, Animal; He	2001

Article	Year
Apelin-13 Reverses Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 10-01, Volume: 133, Issue:4 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Cell Line; Disease Models, Anim	2021
Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2022, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Fat Emulsion	2022
Intraoperative abobotulinumtoxinA alleviates pain after surgery and improves general wellness in a translational animal model. Scientific reports, 2022, 12-13, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia,	2022
Intraoperative abobotulinumtoxinA alleviates pain after surgery and improves general wellness in a translational animal model. Scientific reports, 2022, 12-13, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia,	2022
Intraoperative abobotulinumtoxinA alleviates pain after surgery and improves general wellness in a translational animal model. Scientific reports, 2022, 12-13, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia,	2022
Intraoperative abobotulinumtoxinA alleviates pain after surgery and improves general wellness in a translational animal model. Scientific reports, 2022, 12-13, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia,	2022
Novel charged sodium and calcium channel inhibitor active against neurogenic inflammation. eLife, 2019, 11-25, Volume: 8 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, N-Type; Calcium Signaling	2019
Perineural dexamethasone attenuates liposomal bupivacaine-induced delayed neural inflammation in mice in vivo. British journal of anaesthesia, 2020, Volume: 125, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bupivacaine; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, A	2020
Mechanistic study of mtROS-JNK-SOD2 signaling in bupivacaine-induced neuron oxidative stress. Aging, 2020, 07-13, Volume: 12, Issue:13 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Anthracenes; Antioxidants; Bupivacaine; Cell Line, Tumor; Cyclic N-Oxides;	2020
Knockdown of lincRNA PADNA promotes bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity by miR-194/FBXW7 axis. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2020, 08-13, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Cell Line; Cell Surviv	2020
Bupivacaine-eluting soy protein structures for controlled release and localized pain relief: An in vitro and in vivo study. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A, 2021, Volume: 109, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Burns; Cell Death; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Drug L	2021
Osmotically balanced, large unilamellar liposomes that enable sustained bupivacaine release for prolonged pain relief in in vivo rat models. Scientific reports, 2021, 06-08, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Osmosis; Pain, Postoperative; Rats; Rats, Spragu	2021
Acute Visceral Pain in Rats: Vagal Nerve Block Compared to Bupivacaine Administered Intramuscularly. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 11-01, Volume: 133, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Pain; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Carrageenan; CD11b Antigen; Disease Models, An	2021
Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Cardiovascular toxicology, 2018, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardio	2018
Levobuipivacaine-Induced Dissemination of A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Scientific reports, 2017, 08-17, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Bupivacaine;	2017
Recovery From Ropivacaine-Induced or Levobupivacaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest in Rats: Comparison of Lipid Emulsion Effects. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 125, Issue:5 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arterial Pressure; Biomarkers; Bupivacaine; Carbon Dioxide; Car	2017
MicroRNA-137 and its downstream target LSD1 inversely regulate anesthetics-induced neurotoxicity in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain research bulletin, 2017, Volume: 135 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Ganglia, Spinal; Histone	2017
Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine prevent increased pain sensitivity without altering neuroimmune activation following repeated social defeat stress. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2018, Volume: 69 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Pain; Pain	2018
Anti-nociceptive effects of bupivacaine-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles applied to the compressed dorsal root ganglion in mice. Neuroscience letters, 2018, 03-06, Volume: 668 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia, Spinal; Hyperalgesia; Lac	2018
Myoprotective Potential of Creatine Is Greater than Whey Protein after Chemically-Induced Damage in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients, 2018, Apr-30, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Creatine; Cytoprotection; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Isometr	2018
Effect of four local anesthetics (tetracaine, proparacaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine) on intraocular pressure in dogs. International ophthalmology, 2019, Volume: 39, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models	2019
Comparative Regimens of Lipid Rescue From Bupivacaine-Induced Asystole in a Rat Model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 128, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Heart	2019
Beta-adrenergic activation induces cardiac collapse by aggravating cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in bupivacaine intoxication. PloS one, 2018, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Chloral Hydrate; Disease Models, A	2018
Effect of Artemisia Aucheri.L and Bupivacaine Encapsulated Nanoparticles on Nociceptive Pain. Drug research, 2019, Volume: 69, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Artemisia; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Syner	2019
Neurological and histological outcomes after subarachnoid injection of a liposomal bupivacaine suspension in pigs: a pilot study. British journal of anaesthesia, 2019, Volume: 122, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-	2019
Reversing Effect of Insulin on Local Anesthetics-Induced Sciatic Nerve Block in Rats. BioMed research international, 2019, Volume: 2019 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Humans; Insulin;	2019
Effects of Intradiscal Injection of Local Anesthetics on Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Rabbit Degenerated Intervertebral Disc. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2019, Volume: 37, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Intervertebral Disc; Intervertebra	2019
Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Reversing Bupivacaine-Induced Electrophysiological Toxicity in a Porcine Experimental Model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardio	2019
Insulin/glucose infusion successfully resuscitates bupivacaine-induced sudden-onset circulatory collapse in dogs. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Disease Models, Animal;	2013
Diphenhydramine produces local cutaneous analgesia in response to dorsal skin noxious stimuli in the rat. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diphen	2014
Extended release local anesthetic agents in a postoperative arthritic pain model. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2014, Volume: 103, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Castor Oil; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Delaye	2014
Effect of long-chain triglyceride lipid emulsion on bupivacaine-induced changes in electrophysiological parameters of rabbit Purkinje cells. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Disease Models, Animal;	2014
Influence of the peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on the survival and resistance of colonic anastomoses performed under fecal peritonitis in rats. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Colon; Disease Models, Animal; Fece	2013
Resuscitation with lipid emulsion: dose-dependent recovery from cardiac pharmacotoxicity requires a cardiotonic effect. Anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 120, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiotonic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response	2014
Extended duration local anesthetic agent in a rat paw model. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2014, Jul-01, Volume: 468, Issue:1-2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Castor Oil; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D	2014
Selective activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRα7) inhibits muscular degeneration in mdx dystrophic mice. Brain research, 2014, Jul-21, Volume: 1573 Topics: Aconitine; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Benzamides; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds;	2014
Effects of analgesic use on inflammation and hematology in a murine model of venous thrombosis. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2014, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Buprenorphine; Carbazoles; Disease Models, Ani	2014
Efficacy of resuscitation with Intralipid in a levobupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest model. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2014, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Coronary Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy	2014
Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Axons; Bupivacaine; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Dexamethasone; Disease Mode	2015
Heat-Stress effects on the myosin heavy chain phenotype of rat soleus fibers during the early stages of regeneration. Muscle & nerve, 2015, Volume: 52, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Body Weight; Bupivacaine; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Heat Stre	2015
Involvement of Opioid Receptors in the Lipid Rescue of Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2015, Volume: 121, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2015
The Local and Systemic Actions of Duloxetine in Allodynia and Hyperalgesia Using a Rat Skin Incision Pain Model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2015, Volume: 121, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cells, Cultured; De	2015
Electrophysiological, haemodynamic, and mitochondrial alterations induced by levobupivacaine during myocardial ischemia in a pig model: protection by lipid emulsions? Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arterial Pressure; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Calcium	2015
Conditioned place preference and spontaneous dorsal horn neuron activity in chronic constriction injury model in rats. Pain, 2015, Volume: 156, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Conditioning, Psychological; Disease Mod	2015
Insulin Signaling in Bupivacaine-induced Cardiac Toxicity: Sensitization during Recovery and Potentiation by Lipid Emulsion. Anesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 124, Issue:2 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blotting, We	2016
Analgesic Effect of Intra-Articular Injection of Temperature-Responsive Hydrogel Containing Bupivacaine on Osteoarthritic Pain in Rats. BioMed research international, 2015, Volume: 2015 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arthralgia; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Chronic Pain; Di	2015
Comparison of histopathological effects of perineural administration of bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in rat sciatic nerve. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; Disease Models, Animal; Microscopy, Elect	2016
Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2016, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; C	2016
Bupivacaine increases the rate of motoneuron death following peripheral nerve injury. Restorative neurology and neuroscience, 2017, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Axotomy; Bupivacaine; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Lidocaine; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbr	2017
Nociceptive inhibition prevents inflammatory pain induced changes in the blood-brain barrier. Brain research, 2008, Jul-24, Volume: 1221 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Bupivacaine; Carrageenan; Claudin-5;	2008
Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Critical care medicine, 2009, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Epinephrine; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Heart Arrest;	2009
Early blockade of injured primary sensory afferents reduces glial cell activation in two rat neuropathic pain models. Neuroscience, 2009, Jun-02, Volume: 160, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bupivacaine; CD11b Antigen; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia, Spinal; Glial Fibr	2009
Inhibition of prostaglandin D synthase suppresses muscular necrosis. The American journal of pathology, 2009, Volume: 174, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blotting, Western; Bupivacaine; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Huma	2009
The effect of epidural anaesthesia on the reverse-flow fasciocutaneous flap: an experimental study in rabbits. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2010, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Anim	2010
Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 111, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epinephrine; Fat Emulsions,	2009
Comparison of skin incision vs. skin plus deep tissue incision on ongoing pain and spontaneous activity in dorsal horn neurons. Pain, 2009, Volume: 144, Issue:3 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Dermatologic Surgical	2009
Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. Anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 64, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Clinical Protocols; Disease Models, Animal; Electrocardiog	2009
Oxidative stress of intracameral lidocaine and levobupivacaine on ocular tissues. The British journal of ophthalmology, 2010, Volume: 94, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anterior Chamber; Bupivacaine; Cornea; Corneal Opacity; Disease Models,	2010
Electrocardiographic alterations during intravascular application of three different test doses of bupivacaine and epinephrine: experimental study in neonatal pigs. British journal of anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 104, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Re	2010
Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling is involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2010, Volume: 298, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; In	2010
Anesthetic effects and lipid resuscitation protocols. Anesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 112, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Epinephrine; Fa	2010
Effects of a bupivacaine nerve block on the axonal transport of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2010, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Axonal Transport; Bupivacaine; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Ede	2010
Clinically relevant doses of lidocaine and bupivacaine do not impair cutaneous wound healing in mice. British journal of anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 104, Issue:6 Topics: Aging; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Collagen; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Disease	2010
Anti-inflammatory efficiency of levobupivacaine in an experimental colitis model. World journal of gastroenterology, 2010, May-28, Volume: 16, Issue:20 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Budesonide; Bupivacaine; Colitis; Disease Mod	2010
Effect of hypertonic saline on electrocardiography QRS duration in rabbit model of bupivacaine toxicity resuscitated by intravenous lipid. Anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 65, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Coronary Circulation; Disease Models, Anim	2010
Comparison of a bupivacaine peripheral nerve block and systemic ketoprofen on peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bupivacaine; Dinoprostone; Dis	2010
Do local anesthetics have antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus under in vivo conditions? An experimental study. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 2010, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Carticaine; Disease Models, Animal; Lidocaine; Male; Prilo	2010
Concentration-dependent bupivacaine myotoxicity in rabbit extraocular muscle. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2010, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2010
Analgesic and antiallodynic effects of antidepressants after infiltration into the rat. Pharmacology, 2010, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyc	2010
Spinal anesthesia in infant rats: development of a model and assessment of neurologic outcomes. Anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 114, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Gas Analysis; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Anim	2011
The safety and tolerability evaluation of DepoFoam bupivacaine (bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection) administered by incision wound infiltration in rabbits and dogs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs;	2011
The safety and tolerability evaluation of DepoFoam bupivacaine (bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection) administered by incision wound infiltration in rabbits and dogs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs;	2011
The safety and tolerability evaluation of DepoFoam bupivacaine (bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection) administered by incision wound infiltration in rabbits and dogs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs;	2011
The safety and tolerability evaluation of DepoFoam bupivacaine (bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection) administered by incision wound infiltration in rabbits and dogs. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs;	2011
Bupivacaine injection leads to muscle force reduction and histologic changes in a murine model. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2011, Volume: 3, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Isometric Contraction; Male; Muscl	2011
Comparison of actions of systemically and locally administrated local anaesthetics in diabetic rats with painful neuropathy. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Models, Animal; F	2013
Lipid resuscitation of bupivacaine toxicity: long-chain triglyceride emulsion provides benefits over long- and medium-chain triglyceride emulsion. Anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 115, Issue:6 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bronchodilator Agents; Bupivacaine; Disease Model	2011
Repeated microinjections into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) impair extinction of conditioned place preference in mice. Behavioural brain research, 2012, Apr-21, Volume: 230, Issue:1 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bupivaca	2012
Association of sustained cardiovascular recovery with epinephrine in the delayed lipid-based resuscitation from cardiac arrest induced by bupivacaine overdose in rats. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Ad	2012
Assessment of ventricular electrophysiological characteristics at periinfarct zone of postmyocardial infarction in rabbits following stellate ganglion block. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2012, Volume: 23 Suppl 1 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivac	2012
Effect of local anaesthetic infiltration with bupivacaine and ropivacaine on wound healing: a placebo-controlled study. International wound journal, 2014, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Amides; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Male; P	2014
Effect of cervical sympathetic block on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Basilar Artery; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Ani	2013
The effect of local hematoma blocks on early fracture healing. Orthopedics, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:11 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Femoral Fractures; Fracture Fixa	2002
Skeletal muscle regeneration associated with the stroma reaction during tumor invasion in the rat tongue. Journal of submicroscopic cytology and pathology, 2002, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bupivacaine; Carcinogens	2002
Sympathetic blockade in a canine model of gram-negative bacterial peritonitis. Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2003, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Escherichia coli	2003
Involvement of the anterior pretectal nucleus in the control of persistent pain: a behavioral and c-Fos expression study in the rat. Pain, 2003, Volume: 103, Issue:1-2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relatio	2003
Antihyperalgesic effect of simultaneously released hydromorphone and bupivacaine from polymer fibers in the rat chronic constriction injury model. Life sciences, 2003, Nov-14, Volume: 73, Issue:26 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2003
Intrathecal bupivacaine protects against extension of lesions in an acute photochemical spinal cord injury model. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2004, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Evoked Potent	2004
Contralateral effect of amitriptyline and bupivacaine for sciatic nerve block in an animal model of inflammation. British journal of anaesthesia, 2004, Volume: 93, Issue:5 Topics: Amitriptyline; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Hypera	2004
Beneficial effect of trimebutine and N-monodesmethyl trimebutine on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Life sciences, 2004, Dec-03, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Rectal; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Colitis; Colon; Disease Models, An	2004
Neuropathic pain: early spontaneous afferent activity is the trigger. Pain, 2005, Volume: 116, Issue:3 Topics: Action Potentials; Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Axotomy; Behavior, Animal; Bup	2005
Local anaesthetics attenuates spinal nociception and HPA-axis activation during experimental laparotomy in pigs. Research in veterinary science, 2005, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; C-Reactive	2005
Notexin causes greater myotoxic damage and slower functional repair in mouse skeletal muscles than bupivacaine. Muscle & nerve, 2006, Volume: 34, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Death; Cytotoxins; Disease Models, Animal; Elapid Ven	2006
Chondrolysis after continuous intra-articular bupivacaine infusion: an experimental model investigating chondrotoxicity in the rabbit shoulder. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 2006, Volume: 22, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cartilage Diseases; Cartila	2006
Ropivacaine may have advantages compared to bupivacaine in porcine endotoxemic shock. Upsala journal of medical sciences, 2006, Volume: 111, Issue:2 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, A	2006
Rat pain-related responses induced by experimental scorpion BmK sting. European journal of pharmacology, 2006, Dec-15, Volume: 552, Issue:1-3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bupivacain	2006
Nerve conduction blockade in the sciatic nerve prevents but does not reverse the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal microglia in the rat spared nerve injury model. Anesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 107, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blotting, Western; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Anima	2007
Caveat injector. The American journal of sports medicine, 2007, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Death; Chondrocytes; Disease Mo	2007
Cognitive impairment due to surgery or postoperative complications? Anesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 107, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Maze Le	2007
A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Asphyxia; Bupivacaine; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Coronary Circulat	2008
Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. Anesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Overdose; Epinephrine; Heart;	2008
[Role of nitric oxide in the nociceptive information transmission in the spinal cord]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 43 Suppl Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Nitr	1994
A rat model for investigation of spinal mechanisms in detrusor instability associated with infravesical outflow obstruction. Urological research, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hypertrophy; Injections, Spinal; Morphine; Mus	1993
Combined epidural analgesia and general anesthesia induce ischemia distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis in swine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1994, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Coronary Circulatio	1994
Effects of high thoracic epidural anaesthesia on the peripheral airway reactivity in dogs. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylcholine; Airway Resistance; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; An	1998
The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Calcium Channel Bloc	1998
The effect of epidural injection of betamethasone or bupivacaine in a rat model of lumbar radiculopathy. Spine, 1998, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Betamethasone; Bupivacaine; Calcitonin Gene-Related P	1998
[Moderating action of celiac block in experimental pancreatitis in the dog]. Acta gastroenterologica Latinoamericana, 1999, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivacaine; Celiac Plexus; Disea	1999
Lack of pre-emptive analgesic effects of local anaesthetics on neuropathic pain. British journal of anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Lidocaine; Male; Pain Threshold; P	2000
Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous myoblasts: can tissue processing be optimized? Circulation, 2000, Nov-07, Volume: 102, Issue:19 Suppl 3 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cell Count; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Echocardio	2000
Influence of postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaine on intestinal motility, transit time, and anastomotic healing. World journal of surgery, 2002, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anastomosis, Surgical; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Colectomy; Dis	2002
Impaired regeneration of dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers is caused by exhaustion of myogenic cells. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2002, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred mdx; Musc	2002
Intrathecal MK-801 and local nerve anesthesia synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain research, 1992, Apr-03, Volume: 576, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Drug Synergism	1992

bupivacaine and Disease Models, Animal