bupivacaine and Blood Pressure, Low studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Midodrine was effectively used for prophylaxis against hypotensive syndromes such as postural hypotension and intradialytic hypotension, and during the recovery phase of septic shock."	9.51	Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Midodrine in Preventing Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Abdelsalam, TA; Alseoudy, MM; Nasr, MO, 2022)
"A prolonged seated time after intrathecal injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine is related to the incidence of hypotension during Cesarean delivery, but results in a high incidence of pain during peritoneal closure."	9.24	An up-down determination of the required seated duration after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and fentanyl for the prevention of hypotension during Cesarean delivery. ( Derzi, S; El-Bahrawy, A; El-Mouallem, E; Hatzakorzian, R; Kaufman, I; Lipishan, W; Moore, A; Moustafa, M, 2017)
"Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion is an effective method of reducing SA-induced hypotension in the elderly."	9.22	Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for the prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia in the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trial. ( Bataille, B; Bruneteau, L; Ferré, F; Ferrier, A; Fourcade, O; Gris, C; Kurrek, M; Marty, P; Merlet, V; Minville, V; Sommet, A, 2016)
"There exists a seated time after intrathecal injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine where 50% of parturients do not experience hypotension."	9.19	The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. ( Bourrassa-Blanchette, S; El Mouallem, E; El-Bahrawy, A; Hatzakorzian, R; Kaufman, I; Li-Pi-Shan, W; Moore, A, 2014)
"To determine if prophylactic glycopyrrolate prevents bradycardia after spinal anesthesia."	9.15	Prophylactic glycopyrrolate prevents bradycardia after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean section: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective trial with heart rate variability correlation. ( Aronzon, B; Chamchad, D; Gerson, A; Horrow, JC; Medved, M; Nakhamchik, L; Roberts, N; Sauter, J, 2011)
" We studied the incidence of material hypotension with spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine (L-bupivacaine) and the spread after epidural saline injection."	9.14	[Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section]. ( Alsina, E; Díez, J; Gilsanz, F; Guasch, E, 2010)
"Maternal hypotension occurs in 60-94% of Cesarean deliveries with 10-15 mg spinal bupivacaine."	9.12	Small dose spinal bupivacaine for Cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. ( Bryson, GL; Jeyaraj, LM; Macneil, R; Rosaeg, OP, 2007)
" More control group patients than study group patients required ephedrine due to hypotension."	9.11	Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. ( Bjersten, AB; Hessling, A; Nygårds, EB; Olofsson, C, 2004)
"To assess the efficacy of intramuscular ephedrine for prevention of hypotension following subarachnoid block (SB) in the elderly."	9.08	[Prevention of arterial hypotension during spinal anesthesia using intramuscular ephedrine in older people]. ( Bel, JC; Di Roio, C; Hoen, JP; Lansiaux, S; Magnin, C; Motin, J; Védrinne, JM, 1997)
"The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of oral ephedrine in preventing hypotension following subarachnoid block."	9.07	Prophylactic oral ephedrine reduces the incidence of hypotension after subarachnoid block. ( Kafle, SK; Lekhak, BD; Malla, SM, 1994)
"The recovery of 16 infants born by elective caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia, in which either ephedrine or fluid load was used to prevent maternal hypotension, were studied using Scanlon's neurobehavioural tests and a computerized EEG."	9.06	Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? ( Alahuhta, S; Eskelinen, P; Hollmén, AI; Huttunen, P; Jouppila, R; Kangas-Saarela, T; Kivelä, A; Tolonen, U, 1990)
"These findings suggest that 5-ALA-HCl does not affect the antihypertensive agents-induced hypotensive effect, but enhances the bupivacaine-induced hypotensive effect, especially in SHRs, indicating that 5-ALA may contribute to anesthesia-induced hypotension via suppression of sympathetic nerve activity in patients with hypertension."	8.31	5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride enhances bupivacaine-induced hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( Abe, M; Fukuda, N; Hara, T; Ishizuka, M; Ito, H; Katakawa, M; Otsuka, N, 2023)
"Maternal hypotension is a common hemodynamic consequence of spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery, but low-dose spinal anesthesia (<9 mg bupivacaine) ensures stable hemodynamics and reduces motor block."	8.12	The Effects of the Use of Diluted Bupivacaine in Sequential Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Hypotension and Motor Block after Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study. ( Bito, H; Nishii, H; Sato, C; Suzuki, M; Yagi, K, 2022)
"Low-dose (≤8 mg) hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery results in reduced efficacy, yet as a secondary outcome was associated with reduced frequency of spinal-induced hypotension."	8.02	Association Between Hyperbaric Bupivacaine Dose and Maternal Hypotension: Retrospective Database Study of 8226 Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia. ( Avidan, A; Deutsch, F; Heesen, M; Hilber, N; Knigin, D; Weiniger, CF, 2021)
"A 74-year-old woman with an intrathecal bupivacaine/morphine pump developed lower extremity sensory neuropathy followed by obtundation, hypotension, and lower extremity flaccidity after an intrathecal pump refill."	7.96	Intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine toxicity leading to transient hypotension and delayed status epilepticus. ( Lynch, MJ; Sidlak, AM; Yanta, JH, 2020)
"The purpose of this study was to determine, by continual reassessment, the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia."	7.81	Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method. ( Diao, M; Huang, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, H; Ma, Y; Zhou, J, 2015)
"Usage of high dose of heavy bupivacaine and level of blockage higher than T5 were two modifiable risk factors associated with hypotension during spinal anesthesia."	7.74	Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. ( Chinachoti, T; Tritrakarn, T, 2007)
"Spinal neostigmine causes analgesia in animals and humans and abolishes hypotension from spinal bupivacaine in rats."	7.69	Spinal neostigmine diminishes, but does not abolish, hypotension from spinal bupivacaine in sheep. ( Eisenach, JC; Rose, G; Tong, C; Xu, Z, 1996)
" In contrast, ovine pregnancy does not enhance the toxicity of mepivacaine, a drug with properties similar to lidocaine."	7.68	Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO, 1990)
" Whether there is a height-based dosing algorithm of local anaesthetic in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section that can provide sufficient anaesthesia with less hypotension without prophylactic fluid preloading and vasopressors is unclear."	6.90	Height-based dosing algorithm of bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for decreasing maternal hypotension in caesarean section without prophylactic fluid preloading and vasopressors: study protocol for a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. ( Hai, C; Huang, B; Huang, Q; Li, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z, 2019)
"Hypotension was significantly more frequent in C30 group (29 versus 3% and 3% in S5 and S10 groups) (p=0,001)."	6.73	[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. ( Belhadj Amor, M; Dhahri, S; Draief, A; Ferjani, M; Jebali, A; Lamine, K; Ouezini, R, 2007)
"Intraoperative hypotension is a common and potentially deleterious event in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of hip fractures."	6.71	Spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients with hip fracture. A comparison of glucose-free bupivacaine with glucose-free bupivacaine and fentanyl. ( Gillespie, G; Martyr, JW; Stannard, KJ, 2005)
"Hypotension is a common side effect associated with spinal anesthesia."	6.70	Hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. ( Charuluxananan, S; Kyokong, O; Leerapun, R; Pothimamaka, S, 2001)
"Hypotension is a frequent complication during spinal anaesthesia and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative mortality."	6.67	Intravenous ketamine for prevention of severe hypotension during spinal anaesthesia. ( Hemmingsen, C; Nielsen, JE, 1991)
" In this study, the sequential administration of isobaric and hyperbaric bupivacaine (HB) is evaluated regarding the incidence of hypotension during orthogeriatric surgery."	5.51	Sequential Intrathecal Injection of Hyperbaric and Isobaric Bupivacaine in Orthogeriatric Lower Limb Surgery, a Prospective Randomized Study. ( Alrefaey, AK; Bakrey, SA, 2022)
"Midodrine was effectively used for prophylaxis against hypotensive syndromes such as postural hypotension and intradialytic hypotension, and during the recovery phase of septic shock."	5.51	Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Midodrine in Preventing Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Abdelsalam, TA; Alseoudy, MM; Nasr, MO, 2022)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	5.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
"His bradycardia was refractory to atropine."	5.48	Profound Prolonged Bradycardia and Hypotension after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Bupivacaine. ( Lee, D; Nelson, M; Reda, L; Reens, A, 2018)
"Hypotension is an important side effect of spinal anesthesia."	5.29	Intrathecal cholinergic agonists lessen bupivacaine spinal-block-induced hypotension in rats. ( Carp, H; Jayaram, A; Morrow, D, 1994)
"Phenylephrine infusion to prevent spinal-induced hypotension can attenuate cephalic spread of intrathecal bupivacaine."	5.27	Prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine increases the median effective dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine in cesarean section: A prospective randomized study. ( Liu, L; Xiao, F; Xu, WP; Zhang, YF, 2018)
"A prolonged seated time after intrathecal injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine is related to the incidence of hypotension during Cesarean delivery, but results in a high incidence of pain during peritoneal closure."	5.24	An up-down determination of the required seated duration after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and fentanyl for the prevention of hypotension during Cesarean delivery. ( Derzi, S; El-Bahrawy, A; El-Mouallem, E; Hatzakorzian, R; Kaufman, I; Lipishan, W; Moore, A; Moustafa, M, 2017)
"Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion is an effective method of reducing SA-induced hypotension in the elderly."	5.22	Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for the prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia in the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trial. ( Bataille, B; Bruneteau, L; Ferré, F; Ferrier, A; Fourcade, O; Gris, C; Kurrek, M; Marty, P; Merlet, V; Minville, V; Sommet, A, 2016)
"The same dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine 12 mg and morphine 100 μg administered in the sitting position to both PPTL and CS parturients yielded similar maximal sensory blocks, but PPTL exhibited faster block regression and less hypotension/vasopressor requirement."	5.19	Effect of sitting position on equal-dose spinal anaesthetic for caesarean section and post-partum tubal ligation. ( Ithnin, F; Kwok, SC; Teoh, WH, 2014)
"There exists a seated time after intrathecal injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine where 50% of parturients do not experience hypotension."	5.19	The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. ( Bourrassa-Blanchette, S; El Mouallem, E; El-Bahrawy, A; Hatzakorzian, R; Kaufman, I; Li-Pi-Shan, W; Moore, A, 2014)
"Lowering bupivacaine dose for single shot spinal anesthesia for hip fracture repair surgery in elderly patients was effective in decreasing the occurrence of arterial hypotension and vasopressor use, while intraoperative quality remained."	5.19	Single shot spinal anesthesia with very low hyperbaric bupivacaine dose (3.75 mg) for hip fracture repair surgery in the elderly. A randomized, double blinded study. ( Errando, CL; Gimeno, A; Peiró, CM; Soriano, JL, 2014)
"To determine if prophylactic glycopyrrolate prevents bradycardia after spinal anesthesia."	5.15	Prophylactic glycopyrrolate prevents bradycardia after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean section: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective trial with heart rate variability correlation. ( Aronzon, B; Chamchad, D; Gerson, A; Horrow, JC; Medved, M; Nakhamchik, L; Roberts, N; Sauter, J, 2011)
" The incidences of maternal hypotension and nausea and vomiting were similar among groups, although the ephedrine requirements were significantly increased in the isobaric and hypobaric groups by factors of 1."	5.15	Does the baricity of bupivacaine influence intrathecal spread in the prolonged sitting position before elective cesarean delivery? A prospective randomized controlled study. ( Columb, M; Fernando, R; Hallworth, S; Loubert, C; Patel, N; Sarang, K; Sodhi, V, 2011)
" In this randomized, prospective, double-blinded study, we evaluated the incidence of side-effects such as changes in arterial pressure, postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus in patients admitted for thoracic surgery during continuous thoracic epidural infusion using levobupivacaine and sufentanil mixture in three different volumes."	5.14	Thoracic epidural analgesia in post-thoracotomy patients: comparison of three different concentrations of levobupivacaine and sufentanil. ( Cammarota, G; Cecci, G; Della Corte, F; Ferrante, D; Mendola, C; Oldani, E; Vaschetto, R, 2009)
"Prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension at Caesarean section has been shown to decrease the rostral spread of intrathecal plain levobupivacaine and intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine by a median of two dermatomes compared with ephedrine."	5.14	Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. ( Barnes, J; Belavadi, P; Columb, MO; Hennebry, MC; Lyons, G; Stocks, GM; Wray, S, 2009)
" An absolute 6% difference of hypotension-related drug was recorded with levobupivacaine (19%) as compared with ropivacaine (13%) (P=0."	5.14	Regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. ( Arlati, S; Bettinelli, L; Bracconaro, G; Cristalli, A; Marconi, G; Zerbi, S, 2009)
"The development of hypotension after spinal block in subjects undergoing cesarean section was not prevented despite low-dose (4 mg) bupivacaine plus 25 microg fentanyl, but the severity of maternal hypotension, and the number of ephedrine treatments and the total dose of ephedrine were decreased."	5.14	Is there an advantage in using low-dose intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean section? ( Erdogan, H; Kaya, S; Turhanoglu, S, 2009)
"The aim of our study was to investigate the block characteristics of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 7, 8, or 9 mg administered during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery and to elucidate the dose that produces adequate sensory blockade for surgery while minimizing the incidence of hypotension, high neuroblockade, and the need for intraoperative epidural supplementation."	5.14	A randomized comparison of low doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. ( Leo, S; Lim, Y; Sia, AT; Sng, BL, 2009)
" We studied the incidence of material hypotension with spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine (L-bupivacaine) and the spread after epidural saline injection."	5.14	[Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section]. ( Alsina, E; Díez, J; Gilsanz, F; Guasch, E, 2010)
"5 mg of isobaric bupivacaine reduced incidence of hypotension, nausea and vomiting and improved patient satisfaction."	5.14	Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. ( Ben Ammar, MS; Ben Cheikh, M; Ben Meftah, R; Mebazaa, MS; Mestiri, T; Ouerghi, S, 2010)
" Midazolam with bupivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia when administered intrathecally but does not prevent hypotension."	5.13	Combination of low doses of intrathecal ketamine and midazolam with bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia in orthopaedic surgery. ( Batra, YK; Murali Krishna, T; Panda, NB; Rajeev, S, 2008)
" Compared to hyperbaric bupivacaine, the combination of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provided a marked decrease in the incidence of hypotension (13."	5.13	Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. ( Alici, HA; Borekci, B; Cesur, M; Erdem, AF; Silbir, F, 2008)
"Result of the present study suggests that a slow rate of injection would induce lower incidence of hypotension induced by spinal bupivacaine for Caesarean section."	5.12	[Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: dose injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension?]. ( Azaiez, W; Belhadj, N; Bouchnak, M; Chaaoua, T; Hamdi, M; Maghrebi, H, 2006)
" Eight patients required ephedrine after anaesthesia induction and a further 11 patients required ephedrine for correction of hypotension during surgery."	5.12	Isobaric bupivacaine via spinal catheter for hip replacement surgery: ED50 and ED95 dose determination. ( Aantaa, R; Jalonen, J; Olkkola, KT; Sell, A, 2006)
"Acceptable operative conditions with a low incidence of hypotension are provided with an 11 mg dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine."	5.12	[Hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized double-blind trial of different doses with or without fentanyl for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia]. ( Abengochea Cotaina, A; Bernat García, J; Gallego García, J, 2007)
"Maternal hypotension occurs in 60-94% of Cesarean deliveries with 10-15 mg spinal bupivacaine."	5.12	Small dose spinal bupivacaine for Cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. ( Bryson, GL; Jeyaraj, LM; Macneil, R; Rosaeg, OP, 2007)
" The addition of clonidine 2 microg/kg to bupivacaine provides a prolonged anesthetic action but may be associated with hypotension."	5.12	Clonidine 1 microg/kg is a safe and effective adjuvant to plain bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in adolescents. ( Abdelaziz, AB; Chattaoui, O; Kaabachi, O; Kokki, H; Ouezini, R; Zarghouni, A, 2007)
"Injection of 8 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine is preferable than 10 mg in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section to obtain adequate analgesic efficacy and to avoid maternal hypotension."	5.11	[Comparison of 8 mg and 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in Japanese parturients]. ( Kawaguchi, Y; Minoda, Y; Nagata, E; Sakamoto, M; Takehara, A; Yoshimine, K, 2004)
"In 60 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair, we compared the clinical profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with either 8 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0."	5.11	A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine, ropivacaine, or levobupivacaine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Casati, A; Marchetti, C; Moizo, E; Vinciguerra, F, 2004)
" More control group patients than study group patients required ephedrine due to hypotension."	5.11	Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. ( Bjersten, AB; Hessling, A; Nygårds, EB; Olofsson, C, 2004)
" Data collection included sensory level, motor block, episodes of hypotension, and ephedrine use."	5.11	The effect of posture and baricity on the spread of intrathecal bupivacaine for elective cesarean delivery. ( Columb, MO; Fernando, R; Hallworth, SP; Stocks, GM, 2005)
") sufentanil and bupivacaine reduced the incidence of systemic hypotension while providing adequate analgesia with minimal lower limb motor block."	5.09	Combination of intrathecal sufentanil 10 mug plus bupivacaine 2.5 mg for labor analgesia: is half the dose enough? ( Chiu, JW; Chong, JL; Sia, AT, 1999)
"5 mg bupivacaine given intrathecally via combined spinal epidural (CSE) for labour pain relief in the first stage."	5.09	Combined spinal epidural for labour analgesia--duration, efficacy and side effects of adding sufentanil or fentanyl to bupivacaine intrathecally vs plain bupivacaine. ( Chen, LH; Chong, JL; Lo, WK, 1999)
" We recorded pain as assessed on a visual analog scale, extension of sensory and motor block, maternal hemodynamic constants, number of boluses of bupivacaine used, total doses of bupivacaine and oxytocin, instruments needed for childbirth, and side effects (pruritus, nausea and vomiting)."	5.09	[The efficacy and safety of continuous epidural analgesia versus intradural-epidural analgesia during labor]. ( Caba, F; Calderón, J; Echevarría, M; Gómez, P; Martínez, A; Rodríguez, R, 2001)
"Intrathecal administration of bupivacaine and clonidine results in a significant prolongation of both motor and sensitive blocks but side effects-hypotension and bradycardia-are observed."	5.08	[Hemodynamic effect of intrathecal clonidine]. ( Bachour, K; Barale, F; Bettinger, G; Koeberlé, P; Rubin, L, 1995)
"To determine whether intraoperative administration of bupivacaine reduces the incidence of hypotension after carotid endarterectomy (CEA)."	5.08	The effects of carotid sinus nerve blockade on hemodynamic stability after carotid endarterectomy. ( Gottlieb, A; Piedmonte, M; Ryckman, J; Satariano-Hayden, P; Schoenwald, P, 1997)
"We aimed to determine the usefulness of intrathecal pethidine as the sole anaesthetic for transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) while comparing the incidence of hypotension with intrathecal bupivacaine."	5.08	Intrathecal pethidine: an alternative anaesthetic for transurethral resection of prostate? ( Chong, JL; Chow, MY; Koay, CK; Sia, AT, 1997)
"To assess the efficacy of intramuscular ephedrine for prevention of hypotension following subarachnoid block (SB) in the elderly."	5.08	[Prevention of arterial hypotension during spinal anesthesia using intramuscular ephedrine in older people]. ( Bel, JC; Di Roio, C; Hoen, JP; Lansiaux, S; Magnin, C; Motin, J; Védrinne, JM, 1997)
" Forty-three patients with coronary artery disease were allocated to receive either incremental spinal anaesthesia (bupivacaine 0."	5.08	Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. ( Brink, O; Carlsson, PS; Dalsgaard, J; Felsby, S; Jakobsen, KB; Juelsgaard, P; Sand, NP; Thygesen, K, 1998)
"The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of oral ephedrine in preventing hypotension following subarachnoid block."	5.07	Prophylactic oral ephedrine reduces the incidence of hypotension after subarachnoid block. ( Kafle, SK; Lekhak, BD; Malla, SM, 1994)
"The recovery of 16 infants born by elective caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia, in which either ephedrine or fluid load was used to prevent maternal hypotension, were studied using Scanlon's neurobehavioural tests and a computerized EEG."	5.06	Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? ( Alahuhta, S; Eskelinen, P; Hollmén, AI; Huttunen, P; Jouppila, R; Kangas-Saarela, T; Kivelä, A; Tolonen, U, 1990)
" In spinal anaesthesia hypotension of clinical importance was observed coincidentally with the use of methylmethacrylate, while the levels of plasma cortisol remained unchanged."	5.06	The effect of anaesthesia on changes in blood pressure and plasma cortisol levels induced by cementation with methylmethacrylate. ( Lehtinen, AM; Svartling, N; Tarkkanen, L, 1986)
" Outcome variables potentially related to the use of EA included dose of inhalational anesthetics, incidence of hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mm Hg), intraoperative and postoperative administration of morphine, and time to first meal after surgery."	4.31	Low-dose epidural anesthesia decreases the use of intraoperative systemic analgesics in goats undergoing lower urinary tract surgery. ( Araos, J; Boesch, JM; Campoy, L; Gleed, RD; Martin-Flores, M; McOnie, RC; Nugen, SA, 2023)
"These findings suggest that 5-ALA-HCl does not affect the antihypertensive agents-induced hypotensive effect, but enhances the bupivacaine-induced hypotensive effect, especially in SHRs, indicating that 5-ALA may contribute to anesthesia-induced hypotension via suppression of sympathetic nerve activity in patients with hypertension."	4.31	5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride enhances bupivacaine-induced hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( Abe, M; Fukuda, N; Hara, T; Ishizuka, M; Ito, H; Katakawa, M; Otsuka, N, 2023)
"An algorithm of bupivacaine dose based on height is applied to reduce maternal hypotension in caesarean section under spinal anesthesia."	4.31	Anesthesia characteristic of an algorithm of bupivacaine dose based on height in caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a retrospective cohort study. ( Huang, B; Huang, J; Huang, Q; Wen, G, 2023)
"Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine has side effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, vomiting, and shivering."	4.12	Hemodynamic and analgesic effect of intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective cesarean section; a prospective cohort study. ( Abafita, BJ; Ali, SA; Ashebir, Z; Ebrie, AM; Mohammed, S; Woldeyohanis, M; Yimer, Y; Zemedkun, A, 2022)
"Maternal hypotension is a common hemodynamic consequence of spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery, but low-dose spinal anesthesia (<9 mg bupivacaine) ensures stable hemodynamics and reduces motor block."	4.12	The Effects of the Use of Diluted Bupivacaine in Sequential Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Hypotension and Motor Block after Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study. ( Bito, H; Nishii, H; Sato, C; Suzuki, M; Yagi, K, 2022)
"Low-dose (≤8 mg) hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery results in reduced efficacy, yet as a secondary outcome was associated with reduced frequency of spinal-induced hypotension."	4.02	Association Between Hyperbaric Bupivacaine Dose and Maternal Hypotension: Retrospective Database Study of 8226 Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia. ( Avidan, A; Deutsch, F; Heesen, M; Hilber, N; Knigin, D; Weiniger, CF, 2021)
"A 74-year-old woman with an intrathecal bupivacaine/morphine pump developed lower extremity sensory neuropathy followed by obtundation, hypotension, and lower extremity flaccidity after an intrathecal pump refill."	3.96	Intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine toxicity leading to transient hypotension and delayed status epilepticus. ( Lynch, MJ; Sidlak, AM; Yanta, JH, 2020)
" Isobaric bupivacaine produces greater change in blood pressure and incidence of hypotension and entails a greater vasopressor requirement than hyperbaric bupivacaine after spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section."	3.91	The effects of isobaric and hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamic changes post spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: A prospective cohort study. ( Abdo, RA; Halil, HM; Helill, SE; Sahile, WA; Wolde, GD, 2019)
"After a retro-bulbar block for glaucoma surgery, a 60-year-old man developed loss of consciousness, apnea with hypotension and bradycardia-features of brainstem anesthesia."	3.83	Brainstem Anesthesia after Retrobulbar Block: A Case Report and Review of Literature. ( Gebreal, GW; Tolesa, K, 2016)
" For treatment of hypotension, we performed volume loading and administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine."	3.83	[Spinal Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section in a Spinocerebellar Degeneration Patient]. ( Kazuo, S; Ryosuke, K; Yasutomo, T, 2016)
" Reductions in rCBV and rCBO may be associated with the severity of hypotension induced by subarachnoid sympathetic block with bupivacaine."	3.83	Relationship between regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section. ( Hirose, N; Kondo, Y; Maeda, T; Suzuki, T; Yoshino, A, 2016)
"The purpose of this study was to determine, by continual reassessment, the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia."	3.81	Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method. ( Diao, M; Huang, Y; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, H; Ma, Y; Zhou, J, 2015)
"Given the hemodynamic stability and lower incidence of intraoperative hypotension observed, levobupivacaine could be the agent of choice for subarachnoid anesthesia in elderly patients."	3.80	Hemodynamic impact of isobaric levobupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid anesthesia in patients aged 65 and older undergoing hip surgery. ( De Andrés, J; Estañ, L; Herrera, R; Martínez-Mir, I; Olivas, FJ; Steinfeldt, T, 2014)
" Hypotension was treated by standardized protocol (fluid bolus and ephedrine or phenylephrine depending on maternal heart rate)."	3.78	Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. ( Abu-Lil, M; Eidelman, LA; Elliston, J; Fadon, C; Ginosar, Y; Goshen-Gottstein, Y; Orbach-Zinger, S; Raz, A, 2012)
"Although preventive epidural morphine administration with bupivacaine is effective in producing long-lasting analgesia, neuraxial anaesthesia can cause cardiovascular depression and pruritus."	3.78	Hypotension and pruritus induced by neuraxial anaesthesia in a cat. ( Bauquier, SH, 2012)
" The incidence of hypotension was 30% and the mean total dose of ephedrine was 4+/-7 mg."	3.75	Observational study of continuous spinal anesthesia with the catheter-over-needle technique for cesarean delivery. ( Alonso, E; Alsina, E; Canser, E; Gilsanz, F; Gredilla, E; Martínez, B, 2009)
"Usage of high dose of heavy bupivacaine and level of blockage higher than T5 were two modifiable risk factors associated with hypotension during spinal anesthesia."	3.74	Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. ( Chinachoti, T; Tritrakarn, T, 2007)
"Labor epidural analgesia techniques using lower concentrations of bupivacaine are designed to maintain pain control with fewer side effects such as hypotension and motor block."	3.73	An analysis of the need for anesthetic interventions with differing concentrations of labor epidural bupivacaine: an observational study. ( Hess, PE; Oriol, NE; Pratt, SD, 2006)
"5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with sequential epidural block induced by 5-10 ml of 2% mepivacaine caused no hypotension during cesarean section."	3.72	[Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a retrospective study with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine]. ( Iwasaki, T; Kasaba, T; Maruta, T; Miura, H; Takasaki, M; Tamura, R, 2004)
" This study was undertaken to determine whether pregnancy affects the systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine and to compare the systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine with that of bupivacaine and ropivacaine."	3.71	Systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine during continuous intravenous infusion to nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. ( DeArmas, PI; Santos, AC, 2001)
" Hypotension was treated with ephedrine."	3.69	Anaesthesia for caesarean delivery of a malignant hyperthermia susceptible parturient. ( Lucy, SJ, 1994)
" Arterial blood samples were obtained before infusion and at the onset of toxic manifestations, which appeared in the following sequence: convulsions, hypotension, apnea, and circulatory collapse."	3.69	Comparative systemic toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. ( Arthur, GR; De Armas, P; Finster, M; Morishima, HO; Santos, AC; Wlody, D, 1995)
"Spinal neostigmine causes analgesia in animals and humans and abolishes hypotension from spinal bupivacaine in rats."	3.69	Spinal neostigmine diminishes, but does not abolish, hypotension from spinal bupivacaine in sheep. ( Eisenach, JC; Rose, G; Tong, C; Xu, Z, 1996)
" This patient developed severe perioperative hypotension after administration of 10 mg of bupivacaine through an epidural catheter, which was corrected only after potent vasopressor therapy."	3.69	Cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia in a patient with preoperatively discontinued chronic MAO inhibitor therapy. ( Bloomfield, EL; Distel, D; Grass, J; Lavery, IC; Sprung, J, 1996)
"In this model, clonidine given prophylactically delays the toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension."	3.68	Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. ( De Kock, M; Henin, D; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Vandewalle, F, 1993)
" Seizures were abolished by 10 mg/kg of intravenous thiamylal."	3.68	Treatment of acute systemic toxicity after the rapid intravenous injection of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the conscious dog. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Doucette, AM; Feldman, HS; Hurley, R; Pitkanen, M, 1991)
" In contrast, ovine pregnancy does not enhance the toxicity of mepivacaine, a drug with properties similar to lidocaine."	3.68	Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO, 1990)
"The influence of hyperkalemia on the central nervous system and cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine was studied in open-chested mechanically ventilated dogs."	3.67	The influence of serum potassium on the cerebral and cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine. ( Avery, P; Redon, D; Rusy, B; Schaenzer, G, 1984)
"A case is described where a small dose of bupivacaine was accidentally injected into the subdural, extra-arachnoid space resulting in extensive unilateral block and hypotension."	3.67	Extensive spread of local anaesthetic solution following subdural insertion of an epidural catheter during labour. ( Barton, FL; Smith, GB; Watt, JH, 1984)
"Bradycardia and hypotension were the first major signs of toxicity from a 250 mg bupivacaine axillary brachial plexus block experienced by a patient with chronic renal failure, who had an anion gap acidosis and hyperkalaemia."	3.66	Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in a patient with renal failure. ( Aldrete, JA; Gould, DB, 1983)
"The incidence and degree of hypotension, time to establish surgical analgesia, and several other maternal and fetal variables were studied when 2-chloroprocaine, 3 per cent, and bupivacaine, 0."	3.66	Chloroprocaine vs. bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section. ( Dewan, DM; Floyd, HM; Grant, WM; James, FM; Rhyne, L; Westmoreland, RT; Wheeler, AS, 1980)
"Hypotension was treated with a bolus of ephedrine and then a continuous intravenous of norepinephrine to obtain a MAP ≥65 mm Hg."	3.11	Hypobaric Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Abraham, P; Bidon, C; Caruso, L; Deleat-Besson, R; Delsuc, C; Giai, J; Huriaux, L; Lamblin, A; Meuret, P; Riche, B; Rimmelé, T; Simonin, M, 2022)
" Whether there is a height-based dosing algorithm of local anaesthetic in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section that can provide sufficient anaesthesia with less hypotension without prophylactic fluid preloading and vasopressors is unclear."	2.90	Height-based dosing algorithm of bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for decreasing maternal hypotension in caesarean section without prophylactic fluid preloading and vasopressors: study protocol for a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. ( Hai, C; Huang, B; Huang, Q; Li, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z, 2019)
"The dosage of 5mg of hypobaric bupivacaine in unilateral spinal anesthesia is as effective as the dosage of 7."	2.84	Comparison of two doses of hypobaric bupivacaine in unilateral spinal anesthesia for hip fracture surgery: 5 mg versus 7.5 mg. ( Chebbi, N; Chouchene, A; Kahloul, M; Mhamdi, S; Naija, W; Nakhli, MS, 2017)
"The need for treatment of hypotension is higher in Group B than Group A (p = 0."	2.82	The timing of administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine during lower limb surgery: a randomized controlled trial. ( Jeon, SY; Jung, JW; Kang, E; Kim, H; Kim, YH; Ko, MJ; Lee, KH; Lee, KW, 2016)
"Chloroprocaine was comparable with plain 0."	2.79	Intrathecal 1% 2-chloroprocaine vs. 0.5% bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: a prospective, observer-blinded, randomised, controlled trial. ( Camponovo, C; Cristina, D; Fanelli, A; Fanelli, G; Ghisi, D; Leschka, K; Riva, T; Vassiliou, T; Wulf, H, 2014)
"Propofol was infused at a dose determined by a modified Dixon's up-and-down method."	2.79	Intrathecal fentanyl decreases the optimal effect site concentration of propofol during spinal anaesthesia. ( Kim, JS; Kim, JY; Kim, MK; Kim, SH; Lee, JS, 2014)
"The incidence of postoperative vomiting occurred in 2 patients (3."	2.79	Comparative hemodynamic advantages of subarachnoid administration of atypical and non-atypical opioids. ( Afolayan, JM; Amadasun, FE; Areo, PO; Fadare, JO; Olajumoke, TO, 2014)
"Hypotension is more common with articaine."	2.77	Randomised comparison of hyperbaric articaine and hyperbaric low-dose bupivacaine along with fentanyl in spinal anaesthesia for day-case inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Bachmann, M; Kairaluoma, P; Kallio, H; Pere, P; Rosenberg, PH, 2012)
"Hypotension was significantly more frequent in C30 group (29 versus 3% and 3% in S5 and S10 groups) (p=0,001)."	2.73	[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. ( Belhadj Amor, M; Dhahri, S; Draief, A; Ferjani, M; Jebali, A; Lamine, K; Ouezini, R, 2007)
"As clonidine was the most effective drug in terms of preservation of pre-operative lung function, it may be clinically advantageous in post-thoracotomy patients."	2.71	Epidural clonidine, bupivacaine and methadone as the sole analgesic agent after thoracotomy for lung resection. ( Drenger, B; Gozal, Y; Matot, I; Shauli, A; Weissman, C, 2004)
"In this prospective, randomised, double-blind study, we compared the effects of two dosage regimens."	2.71	Effects of a height and weight adjusted dose of local anaesthetic for spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section. ( Boyne, I; Brown, A; Hannah, P; Harten, JM; Varveris, D, 2005)
"Intraoperative hypotension is a common and potentially deleterious event in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of hip fractures."	2.71	Spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients with hip fracture. A comparison of glucose-free bupivacaine with glucose-free bupivacaine and fentanyl. ( Gillespie, G; Martyr, JW; Stannard, KJ, 2005)
"Hypotension is a common side effect associated with spinal anesthesia."	2.70	Hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. ( Charuluxananan, S; Kyokong, O; Leerapun, R; Pothimamaka, S, 2001)
"Intraoperative hypotension is a common and sometimes deleterious event in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of hip fractures."	2.70	Hypotension in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of fractured neck of femur. A comparison of two different spinal solutions. ( Clark, MX; Martyr, JW, 2001)
"Ephedrine 6 mg was given every minute that the systolic blood pressure decreased below 90 mmHg."	2.70	The effect of 10 degrees head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for Caesarean section. ( Chan, EH; Loke, GP; Sia, AT, 2002)
"Hypotension was defined as a systolic pressure of < 90 mmHg or a 25% decrease in mean arterial pressure from baseline."	2.69	Minidose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the aged. ( Arzumonov, T; Ben-David, B; Frankel, R; Marchevsky, Y; Volpin, G, 2000)
"Hypotension was not observed in the sufentanil group but occurred transiently in the other two groups (P = 0."	2.68	The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia. ( Camann, WR; Campbell, DC; Datta, S, 1995)
"ephedrine."	2.68	Prophylactic i.m. ephedrine in bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia. ( Rettrup, A; Sandin, R; Sternlo, JE, 1995)
"Nausea was noted in 61% of the parturients in the lateral group and in 22% (P < 0."	2.67	Posture and the spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine in parturients using the combined spinal epidural technique. ( Morgan, B; Patel, M; Samsoon, G; Swami, A, 1993)
"Hypotension is a frequent complication during spinal anaesthesia and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative mortality."	2.67	Intravenous ketamine for prevention of severe hypotension during spinal anaesthesia. ( Hemmingsen, C; Nielsen, JE, 1991)
"But pruritus was more frequentely reported in the group with sufentanil added (RR = 7."	2.53	Sufentanil and Bupivacaine Combination versus Bupivacaine Alone for Spinal Anesthesia during Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. ( Hu, J; Wang, R; Wang, Y; Xu, M; Yan, J; Zhang, C, 2016)
"We report the first case of temporary Horner's syndrome in a patient who received such treatment and postulate an anatomical explanation."	2.43	Horner's syndrome following tonsillectomy. ( Hobson, JC; Kay, NJ; Malla, JV, 2006)
"Bupivacaine has been called the local anesthetic of choice for epidural infusion."	2.37	Epidural catheter analgesia for the management of postoperative pain. ( Cullen, ML; Staren, ED, 1986)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	1.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
"His bradycardia was refractory to atropine."	1.48	Profound Prolonged Bradycardia and Hypotension after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Bupivacaine. ( Lee, D; Nelson, M; Reda, L; Reens, A, 2018)
"Central obesity is related to a more extensive spread of spinal anesthesia in female patients."	1.46	Relationship Between Central Obesity and Spread of Spinal Anesthesia in Female Patients. ( Chang, JE; Hwang, JY; Kim, H; Lee, JM; Ryu, JH, 2017)
" However, the optimal dosing regimen remains unclear."	1.38	Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a preliminary study. ( Sia, AT; Sng, BL; Tan, HS, 2012)
"Hypotension and arrhythmias were treated with epinephrine, open-chest massage, and advanced cardiac life support protocols, respectively."	1.31	Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. ( Butterworth, J; Deal, DD; Groban, L; James, RL; Vernon, JC, 2001)
"The case of cardiopulmonary arrest we report is rare in the literature."	1.31	[Cardiorespiratory arrest: a rare complication of subdural block]. ( Bermejo, S; Escolano, F; Montes, A; Sánchez, JC; Silva Costa-Gomes, T, 2002)
"Hypotension is an important side effect of spinal anesthesia."	1.29	Intrathecal cholinergic agonists lessen bupivacaine spinal-block-induced hypotension in rats. ( Carp, H; Jayaram, A; Morrow, D, 1994)
"We prospectively studied surgical cancer patients who received epidural bupivacaine-morphine to determine perioperative morphine use, side effects, and complications."	1.29	Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients. ( de Leon-Casasola, OA; Harrison, P; Lema, MJ; Massey, J; Parker, B, 1994)
"Hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic pressure to less than 100 mmHg and to less than 80% of baseline value, and the study was designed to detect a 20% difference in the incidence of hypotension between the groups, with statistical significance at the 10% (alpha = 0."	1.29	A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. ( Gouws, E; Levin, J; Reddy, D; Rocke, DA; Rout, CC, 1993)
"Sensitivity and specificity were 50% and 97%, respectively."	1.29	Factors associated with hypotension and bradycardia after epidural blockade. ( Curatolo, M; Orlando, A; Scaramozzino, P; Venuti, FS; Zbinden, AM, 1996)
"Two patients with mitral valve prolapse in whom a cesarean section was carried out are presented: case 1, a 22-year-old woman, ASA II, 72 kg, with mitral valve prolapse associated with the Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and an episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia."	1.29	[Anesthesia for cesarean section in patients with mitral valve prolapse]. ( Infante, B; Palma, MA; Ruiz-Castro, M; Sanz, M; Vidal, A, 1996)
"Hypotension was correlated with the level of analgesia, and was more likely when spinal analgesia was higher than T5."	1.28	Vagal and sympathetic activity during spinal analgesia. ( Bengtsson, M; Cook, PR; Löfström, JB; Malmqvist, LA; Tryggvason, B, 1990)
"The use of thoracic epidurals for postoperative pain relief in 58 patients following thoracic surgery is reviewed."	1.27	Epidural analgesia following thoracic surgery. A review of two years' experience. ( Conacher, ID; Heaviside, DW; Jacobson, L; Paes, ML; Phillips, PD, 1983)
" The toxic dose was significantly less in the six-week-old group than younger or older animals."	1.27	The influence of age on the cardiovascular toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in young dogs. ( Bell, B; Brown, TC; Edwards, J; Riquelme, CM, 1987)
"In all animals in whom ventricular arrhythmias were associated with lidocaine, the arrhythmias spontaneously reverted to normal sinus rhythm."	1.27	Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. ( Behbehani, MM; Coyle, DE; Denson, DD; Thomas, RD, 1986)
" It is concluded that adding epinephrine to bupivacaine during epidural anesthesia in the normal parturient has no adverse effects on either mother, fetus, neonate, or the progress of labor; and that it significantly prolongs the duration of anesthesia and decreases the incidence of maternal hypotension."	1.27	Safety and efficacy of epinephrine added to bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia in obstetrics. ( Abboud, TK; Costandi, J; Haroutunian, S; Hoffman, D; Murakawa, K; Sheik-ol-Eslam, A; Yanagi, T; Zakarian, M, 1985)
"Arterial hypotension was a troublesome complication with all techniques although stability of arterial pressure was more easily achieved with a continuous infusion technique."	1.25	Postoperative extradural analgesia following thoracic surgery: a feasibility study. ( Cameron, JD; Diamond, AW; Griffiths, DP, 1975)

Research

Studies (294)

Authors

Clinical Trials (42)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Time to Ambulate

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	57 (19.39)	18.7374
1990's	73 (24.83)	18.2507
2000's	83 (28.23)	29.6817
2010's	67 (22.79)	24.3611
2020's	14 (4.76)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Alrefaey, AK	1
Bakrey, SA	1
Ebrie, AM	1
Woldeyohanis, M	1
Abafita, BJ	1
Ali, SA	1
Zemedkun, A	1
Yimer, Y	1
Ashebir, Z	1
Mohammed, S	1
Alseoudy, MM	1
Nasr, MO	1
Abdelsalam, TA	1
Simonin, M	1
Delsuc, C	1
Meuret, P	1
Caruso, L	1
Deleat-Besson, R	1
Lamblin, A	1
Huriaux, L	1
Abraham, P	1
Bidon, C	1
Giai, J	1
Riche, B	1
Rimmelé, T	1
Suzuki, M	1
Sato, C	1
Nishii, H	1
Yagi, K	1
Bito, H	1
Hyuga, S	1
Parry, R	1
Dan, W	1
Onishi, Y	1
Gallos, G	1
Okutomi, T	1
Martin-Flores, M	1
Nugen, SA	1
Boesch, JM	1
McOnie, RC	1
Araos, J	1
Campoy, L	1
Gleed, RD	1
Fukuda, N	1
Katakawa, M	1
Ito, H	1
Hara, T	1
Otsuka, N	1
Ishizuka, M	1
Abe, M	1
Huang, J	1
Wen, G	1
Huang, Q	2
Huang, B	2
Kondo, Y	3
Hirose, N	3
Maeda, T	3
Yoshino, A	2
Suzuki, T	2
Salama, ER	1
Helill, SE	1
Sahile, WA	1
Abdo, RA	1
Wolde, GD	1
Halil, HM	1
Sidlak, AM	2
Yanta, JH	2
Lynch, MJ	2
Mégarbane, B	1
Weinberg, GL	1
Weiniger, CF	1
Heesen, M	1
Knigin, D	1
Deutsch, F	1
Hilber, N	1
Avidan, A	1
Tolesa, K	1
Gebreal, GW	1
Dumans-Nizard, V	1
Le Guen, M	1
Sage, E	1
Chazot, T	1
Fischler, M	1
Liu, N	1
Pişkin, Ö	1
Ayoğlu, H	1
Zhang, N	1
He, L	1
Ni, JX	1
Moore, A	2
El-Mouallem, E	1
El-Bahrawy, A	2
Kaufman, I	2
Moustafa, M	1
Derzi, S	1
Hatzakorzian, R	2
Lipishan, W	1
Jakobsson, J	1
Kalman, SH	1
Lindeberg-Lindvet, M	1
Bartha, E	1
Nelson, M	2
Reens, A	1
Reda, L	1
Lee, D	1
Kahloul, M	1
Nakhli, MS	1
Chouchene, A	1
Chebbi, N	1
Mhamdi, S	1
Naija, W	1
Sahin, L	1
Cesur, M	2
Sahin, M	1
Kilic, E	1
Sen, E	1
Zhang, YF	1
Xiao, F	1
Xu, WP	1
Liu, L	1
Juri, T	1
Suehiro, K	1
Kimura, A	1
Mukai, A	1
Tanaka, K	1
Yamada, T	1
Mori, T	1
Nishikawa, K	1
Slagt, C	1
Ketelaars, R	1
Swenne, M	1
Jan van Geffen, G	1
Yasutomo, T	1
Ryosuke, K	1
Kazuo, S	1
Van de Velde, M	3
Hai, C	1
Zheng, Z	1
Li, Y	1
Zhang, Z	1
Otiobanda, GF	1
Ossou-Nguiet, PM	1
Itoua, C	1
Ndinga, H	1
Chobli, M	1
Toyama, S	1
Kakumoto, M	1
Morioka, M	1
Matsuoka, K	1
Omatsu, H	1
Tagaito, Y	1
Numai, T	1
Shimoyama, M	1
Clivatti, J	1
Siddiqui, N	1
Goel, A	1
Shaw, M	1
Crisan, I	1
Carvalho, JC	3
Fabris, LK	1
Belci, D	1
Zdravčević, KŠ	1
Hrgović, Z	1
Šakić, L	1
Camponovo, C	1
Wulf, H	1
Ghisi, D	1
Fanelli, A	1
Riva, T	1
Cristina, D	1
Vassiliou, T	1
Leschka, K	1
Fanelli, G	1
Lee, JS	1
Kim, JS	1
Kim, MK	1
Kim, SH	1
Kim, JY	1
Kwok, SC	1
Teoh, WH	1
Ithnin, F	1
Afolayan, JM	1
Olajumoke, TO	1
Amadasun, FE	1
Fadare, JO	1
Areo, PO	1
Bourrassa-Blanchette, S	1
El Mouallem, E	1
Li-Pi-Shan, W	1
Errando, CL	1
Peiró, CM	1
Gimeno, A	1
Soriano, JL	1
Sundarathiti, P	1
Sangdee, N	1
Sangasilpa, I	1
Prayoonhong, W	1
Papoun, S	1
Herrera, R	1
De Andrés, J	1
Estañ, L	1
Olivas, FJ	1
Martínez-Mir, I	1
Steinfeldt, T	1
Sen, I	1
Thomas, S	1
Arya, VK	1
Minz, M	1
Yousef, AA	2
Salem, HA	1
Moustafa, MZ	1
Mung'ayi, V	1
Mbaya, K	1
Sharif, T	1
Kamya, D	1
Liu, H	1
Huang, Y	1
Diao, M	1
Li, H	1
Ma, Y	1
Lin, X	1
Zhou, J	1
Okitsu, K	1
Iritakenishi, T	1
Iwasaki, M	1
Imada, T	1
Kamibayashi, T	1
Fujino, Y	1
Tomak, Y	1
Erdivanli, B	1
Sen, A	1
Bostan, H	1
Budak, ET	1
Pergel, A	1
Sakamoto, S	1
Hasegawa, Y	1
Takata, K	1
Ueno, M	1
Takazawa, T	1
Saito, S	1
Hu, J	1
Zhang, C	1
Yan, J	1
Wang, R	1
Wang, Y	1
Xu, M	1
Uppal, V	1
Shanthanna, H	1
Prabhakar, C	1
McKeen, DM	1
Prashanth, A	1
Chakravarthy, M	1
George, A	1
Mayur, R	1
Hosur, R	1
Pargaonkar, S	1
Epsztein Kanczuk, M	1
Barrett, NM	1
Arzola, C	1
Downey, K	1
Ye, XY	1
Luggya, TS	1
Kabuye, RN	1
Mijumbi, C	1
Tindimwebwa, JB	1
Kintu, A	1
Kang, E	1
Lee, KH	1
Jeon, SY	1
Lee, KW	1
Ko, MJ	1
Kim, H	2
Kim, YH	1
Jung, JW	1
Ferré, F	1
Marty, P	1
Bruneteau, L	1
Merlet, V	1
Bataille, B	1
Ferrier, A	1
Gris, C	1
Kurrek, M	1
Fourcade, O	3
Minville, V	3
Sommet, A	1
Chang, JE	1
Ryu, JH	1
Lee, JM	1
Hwang, JY	1
Bhosale, G	1
Shah, V	1
Asehnoune, K	2
Delussy, A	1
Colombani, A	1
Rabinowitz, A	1
Samii, K	1
Pirat, A	1
Camkiran, A	1
Balci, ST	1
Zeyneloglu, P	1
Kayhan, Z	1
Mendola, C	1
Ferrante, D	1
Oldani, E	1
Cammarota, G	1
Cecci, G	1
Vaschetto, R	1
Della Corte, F	1
Alonso, E	1
Gilsanz, F	3
Gredilla, E	1
Martínez, B	1
Canser, E	1
Alsina, E	2
Meyhoff, CS	1
Haarmark, C	1
Kanters, JK	1
Rasmussen, LS	1
Salau, S	1
Bourdet, B	1
Tissot, B	1
Lubrano, V	1
Hennebry, MC	1
Stocks, GM	2
Belavadi, P	1
Barnes, J	1
Wray, S	1
Columb, MO	2
Lyons, G	1
Cristalli, A	1
Arlati, S	1
Bettinelli, L	1
Bracconaro, G	1
Marconi, G	1
Zerbi, S	1
Turhanoglu, S	1
Kaya, S	1
Erdogan, H	1
Erdil, F	1
Bulut, S	1
Demirbilek, S	1
Gedik, E	1
Gulhas, N	1
Ersoy, MO	1
Nozaka, K	1
Matsumoto, S	1
Yamamoto, N	1
Komatsu, H	1
Lenkutis, T	1
Benetis, R	1
Sirvinskas, E	1
Raliene, L	1
Judickaite, L	1
Benhamou, D	2
Wong, C	1
Leo, S	1
Sng, BL	2
Lim, Y	1
Sia, AT	6
Burns, SM	3
Malvasi, A	1
Tinelli, A	1
Stark, M	1
Pontrelli, G	1
Brizzi, A	1
Wetzl, RG	1
Sudani, T	1
Inoue, C	1
Nishimura, K	1
Takada, M	1
Suzuki, A	1
Dohi, S	1
Guasch, E	1
Díez, J	1
Mebazaa, MS	2
Ouerghi, S	2
Ben Meftah, R	1
Ben Cheikh, M	1
Mestiri, T	2
Ben Ammar, MS	2
Bougacha, MA	1
Frikha, N	1
Amr, YM	1
Chamchad, D	1
Horrow, JC	1
Nakhamchik, L	1
Sauter, J	1
Roberts, N	1
Aronzon, B	1
Gerson, A	1
Medved, M	1
Bachmann, M	1
Pere, P	1
Kairaluoma, P	1
Rosenberg, PH	1
Kallio, H	1
Loubert, C	1
Hallworth, S	2
Fernando, R	2
Columb, M	1
Patel, N	1
Sarang, K	1
Sodhi, V	1
Mgbakor, AC	1
Adou, BE	1
Rafaniello, C	1
Ianniello, B	1
De Vizia, M	1
Mercogliano, A	1
Lettieri, B	1
Rinaldi, B	1
Rossi, F	1
Capuano, A	1
Jain, K	1
Makkar, JK	1
Yadanappudi, S	1
Anbarasan, I	1
Gander, S	1
Rucklidge, MW	1
Paech, MJ	1
Nakasuji, M	1
Suh, SH	1
Nomura, M	1
Nakamura, M	1
Imanaka, N	1
Tanaka, M	1
Nakasuji, K	1
Kim, WH	1
Lee, JH	1
Ko, JS	2
Ahn, HJ	1
Park, SK	1
Gwak, MS	1
Kim, GS	1
Sarić, JP	1
Mikulandra, S	1
Gustin, D	1
Matasić, H	1
Tomulić, K	1
Dokoza, KP	1
Sakatani, K	1
Kato, J	1
Ogawa, S	1
Katayama, Y	1
Orbach-Zinger, S	1
Ginosar, Y	1
Elliston, J	1
Fadon, C	1
Abu-Lil, M	1
Raz, A	1
Goshen-Gottstein, Y	1
Eidelman, LA	1
Bauquier, SH	1
Tan, HS	1
Akhtar, MN	1
Tariq, S	1
Abbas, N	1
Murtaza, G	1
Nadeem Naqvi, SM	1
Danelli, G	1
Berti, M	1
Casati, A	4
Albertin, A	1
Deni, F	1
Nobili, F	1
Torri, G	2
Iwama, H	1
Ohmizo, H	1
Furuta, S	1
Ohmori, S	1
Watanabe, K	1
Kaneko, T	1
Fernández, C	1
Sala, X	1
Plaza, A	1
López, A	2
Celemín, M	1
Gomar, C	1
Cook, TM	1
Walsh, KH	1
Murphy, C	1
Iohom, G	1
Cooney, C	1
McAdoo, J	1
Aldegheri, G	1
Vinciguerra, E	1
Marsan, A	1
Fraschini, G	1
Borghi, B	1
Stagni, F	1
Bugamelli, S	1
Paini, MB	1
Nepoti, ML	1
Montebugnoli, M	1
Nagata, E	1
Yoshimine, K	1
Minoda, Y	1
Kawaguchi, Y	1
Sakamoto, M	1
Takehara, A	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Preoperative Midodrine for Improving Hemodynamics in Orthopedic Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia[NCT04396548]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-08	Completed
Hypobaric Lateral Spinal Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia: Hemodynamic Stability and Short Term Cardiovascular Complications in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery.[NCT03373864]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-11	Completed
The Time Required to Remain Sitting After Spinal Anesthesia With Fentanyl for 50% of Patients to Not Experience Hypotension.[NCT01896960]	Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Recruiting
Fractional Spinal Anesthesia and Systemic Hemodynamics in Frail Elderly Hip Fracture Patients.[NCT05101291]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-15	Completed
Prospective, Observational and Bicentric Study of the Management of Arterial Hypotension During Planned Caesarean Section. Practice Comparison Between a Referral Center Using According to Service Protocol, an Intravenous Ephedrine/Phenylephrine Mixture at[NCT05513066]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-09-02	Recruiting
Noninvasive Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring for Preventing Post-spinal Hypotension During Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04752904]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-27	Completed
Improving Combined Spinal-epidural Anesthesia for Decreasing Hypotension in Pregnant Women Without Prophylactical Prehydration and Vasopressors[NCT03497364]		930 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Recruiting
Chloroprocaine Versus Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia for Cervical Cerclage[NCT02862912]	Phase 4	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-08	Completed
The Time Required to Remain Sitting After Spinal Anesthesia for 50% of Patients to Not Experience Hypotension[NCT01561274]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Comparative Study Between Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine for Post-operative Epidural Analgesia in Abdominal Surgeries[NCT05323214]	Phase 4	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
Neural Damage and Anesthetic Treatment in the Preeclamptic Parturient; a Prospective Observational Cohort Study.[NCT03551223]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-08-01	Recruiting
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Versus Continuous Infusion When Added to Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia on Bupivacaine Consumption in Labour Analgesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03730753]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Recruiting
Comparative Study of the Combination of Different Modes of Administration of Local Anesthetics in Labor Analgesia[NCT03839056]		151 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-08-02	Completed
Hemodynamic Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Heavy Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia[NCT02155010]		74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Comparison Between Quadratus Lumborum Block and Epidural on Stress Response and Perioperative Cellular Immunological Function of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy Kidney Donor[NCT03520205]		62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Three-point Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Compared With Continuous Epidural Infusion for Post-laparoscopic Nephrectomy[NCT03154463]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Completed
Effect of Thoracic Epidural Analgesia for Thoracic Surgery on Arrhythiogenesis[NCT01718717]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Sugammadex ED90 Dose to Reverse the Rocuronium Blockade in the Obese Patients[NCT02568345]	Phase 4	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
How Low Can we go: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Bupivacaine 5 mg and Bupivacaine 7.5 mg for Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarian Delivery in Indonesian Population[NCT03834454]		112 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-01	Completed
Is the Application of Scopolamine Patch With or Without Intra-operative Acupressure Point P6 Stimulation More Effective Than Intra-operative Acupressure Point P6 Stimulation Alone?[NCT02960113]	Phase 4	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Vasopressors Requirement for Non-elective Caesarean Section Under Spinal Anaesthesia[NCT04401345]	Phase 4	258 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Completed
Low Dose, Low Concentration Different Baricity Bupivacaine for Transuretral Prostatectomy.[NCT01861041]	Phase 4	52 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Hemodynamic Effects During Fast vs Slow Injection Time of Spinal Anaesthesia in Elderly Patients With Acute Hip Fracture .[NCT05564741]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Hypotension in Spinal Anesthesia for Total Knee Joint Arthroplasty: a Comparison of Taylor's Approach With Paramedian Lumbar Approach[NCT02302378]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Effects of Sedation on Spinal Anesthesia-induced Maternal Hypotension in Preoperatively Anxious Parturients Undergoing Urgent Category-1 Cesarean Section: A Historical Cohort Study[NCT02732197]		102 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-08-31	Completed
Association Between Preoperative Shock Index and Hypotension After Spinal Anaesthesia for Non-elective Caesarean Section: A Prospective Observational Study[NCT04692870]		337 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-01-06	Completed
The Effect of Preoperative Anxiety on Phenylephrine Dosage During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia, A Prospective Observational Study.[NCT03696732]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-10-20	Recruiting
A Randomized Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Lavender Aromatherapy on Preoperative Anxiety in Breast Surgery Patients[NCT01837966]		93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Closed-loop Double-vasopressor Automated System vs Manual Bolus Vasopressor to Treat Hypotension During Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section[NCT04025918]	Phase 2/Phase 3	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Spinal Anesthesia in Day Case Procedures: Difference in Block Characteristics, Micturition Quality and Discharge Time[NCT01877356]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Terminated (stopped due to intermittent evaluation of results: high incendence of complications)
A Dose-response Study of Spinally Administered Ropivacaine Combined With a Fix Dose of Fentanyl for Elective Caesarean Section in Tall Parturients Under Combined Spinal-epidural Anaesthesia[NCT03936790]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-02	Enrolling by invitation
A Comparative Study of Fractionated Vs Single Dose Injection for Spinal Anesthesia During Caesarean Section in Patients With Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension[NCT03693638]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Can Vena Cava Ultrasound Guided Volume Repletion Prevent Spinal Induced Significant Hypotension in Elective Surgical Patients? A Randomized, Case Control, Prospective Trial.[NCT02271477]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Inferior Venacava Ultrasound to Guide Fluid Management for Prevention of Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia.[NCT04736498]		92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-12	Completed
A Comparison of Ultrasound-assisted Paravertebral Block and General Anesthesia for Outpatient Breast Cancer Surgery, a Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT00645138]	Phase 3	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Comparison Of Ultrasound-Assisted Paravertebral Block And Traditional Paravertebral Block For Pain Control After Thoracic Surgery, A Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT01949480]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-01	Completed
Spinal Sufentanil for Relief of Labor Pain in Primi- and Multiparous Parturients[NCT04141527]		164 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-15	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Levobupivacaine 0.125% vs Ropivacaine 0.2%, in Hemodynamic Alterations in Pregnant Women in Labor and Their Fetal Repercussions[NCT05877131]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Pulse Pressure-guided IV Fluid Preload to Prevent Post-epidural Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Changes: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02565485]		276 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-01	Completed
Plasmatic Catecholamines After Neuraxial Labor Analgesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Epidural Versus Combined Spinal-epidural[NCT02666794]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-12	Completed
A Retrospective, Observational, Single-centre, Cohort Database Analysis of the Haemodynamic Effects of Low-dose Spinal Anaesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery.[NCT05799300]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2017-03-03	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Manipulation of the Programmed Intermittent Bolus Time Interval and Injection Volume on Total Drug Use for Labor Epidural Analgesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT00417027]		190 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Time from spinal anesthesia placement to ability to ambulate. (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 5 hours

Time to Resolution of Motor Block

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Chloroprocaine (CP)	158
Bupivacaine (BUP)	229

"The mean difference between groups in time between the end of spinal injection (t IT) to time for no motor block (t motor), i.e. tIT - T motor. Motor block will be assessed using the Bromage scale:~Bromage Scale I = free movement of the legs and feet = no block II = able to flex knees, with free movement of feet = partial (33%) block III = unable to flex knees, but with free movement of the feet = almost complete (66%) block IV = unable to move legs or feet = complete block (100%)" (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 3 hours

Time to Void

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Chloroprocaine (CP)	109
Bupivacaine (BUP)	112

Time from spinal anesthesia injection to ability to void spontaneously. (NCT02862912)
Timeframe: 5 hours

Incidence of Hypotension

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Bupivacaine (BUP)	229
Chloroprocaine (CP)	158

We compare incidence rate of hypotension during infusion of dexmedetomidine (NCT02155010)
Timeframe: up to 3 hours

Patient's Anxiety

Intervention	participants (Number)
Before Spinal Anesthesia	15
After Spinal Anesthesia	5

We compared patient's anxiety using spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory before and after surgery. This consists of two self-evaluation scales designed to assess state-anxiety and trait-anxiety. Each scale contains 20 items, each of which is rated from 1 to 4. Clinically significant levels of state or trait-anxiety were defined as scores >50 on the state- or trait-anxiety scale. State or trait-anxiety inventory's minimal score is 20 and maximal score is 80. We analyzed State Anxiety Inventory scale before and after surgery. (NCT02155010)
Timeframe: up to 3 days

Sugammadex ED90

Intervention	points (Mean)
	State Anxiety Inventory (Preoperative)	State Anxiety Inventory (discharge from PACU)	State Anxiety Inventory (postoperative first day)
After Spinal Anesthesia	45.52	38.55	34.55
Before Spinal Anesthesia	43.65	37.03	34.90

"Complete reversal of neuromuscular blockade occured when the patient had a TOF T4/T1 ≥ 0.9 within eight minutes of sugammadex infusion.~The sequencial design method of up-and-down was applied to determine the minimum effective dose in 90% of patients (ED90). An effective dose is one that achieves complete reversal of neuromuscular blockade that is defined as a measure of TOF equal or higher than 0.9, or a relationship between T4 an T1 measure ≥ 0.9, within eight minutes of sugammadex infusion." (NCT02568345)
Timeframe: 8 minutes

Level of Nausea After Eversion of the Uterus

Intervention	mg/kg (Number)
Sugammadex ED90	2.40

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after eversion of the uterus. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After eversion of the uterus until replacement of the uterus

Level of Nausea After Replacement of the Uterus

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	1.28
Acupressure Point P6	1.09
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	1.40

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after replacement of the uterus. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After replacement of the uterus and to the next 15 minutes

Level of Nausea After the Administration of the Regional Anesthesia Medications

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	2.19
Acupressure Point P6	2.19
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	2.51

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after the administration of the regional anesthesia medications. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: From administration of anaesthesia until eversion of uterus

Level of Nausea Upon Arrival to the Post-operative Recovery Room

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	2.71
Acupressure Point P6	2.57
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	2.84

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) upon arrival to the post-operative recovery room. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after replacement of the uterus to arrival at post-anaesthesia care unit

Number of Patients With Nausea

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	0.18
Acupressure Point P6	0.25
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	0.23

The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea at any point during the surgical procedure in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the entire surgical procedure

Number of Patients With Vomiting

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	40
Acupressure Point P6	39
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	46

The investigators will perform objective assessments of whether or not the patients have vomited during the procedure. The investigators will then analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that vomit in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the surgical procedure

Number of Patients With Vomiting After Eversion of the Uterus

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	24
Acupressure Point P6	25
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	31

Objective assessments of whether or not the patients have vomited at this point in the surgical procedure will be done. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that vomit in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After eversion of to replacement of the uterus

Number of Patients With Vomiting After Replacement of the Uterus

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	8
Acupressure Point P6	6
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	9

Number of Patients With Vomiting After the Administration of the Regional Anesthesia Medications

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	10
Acupressure Point P6	15
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	12

Number of Patients With Vomiting Upon Arrival to the Post-operative Recovery Room

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	20
Acupressure Point P6	15
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	20

Satisfaction With Intraoperative Antiemetic Treatment

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Scopolamine Patch	1
Acupressure Point P6	1
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	4

Patients are asked their nausea and vomiting treatment satisfaction (0 = Not Satisfied, 10 = Extremely Satisfied). Patients are also asked their overall satisfaction with the procedure (0 = Not Satisfied, 10 = Extremely Satisfied). (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the surgical procedure

Anxiety Reduction

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	9.29
Acupressure Point P6	8.96
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	9.59

We hoped to show that lavender aroma therapy reduces preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing breast. The Trait subscale (STAI-TRAID) of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before and after 10 minutes of aromatherapy treatment pre-surgery. The TRAIT subscale contains 20 questions scored on a Likert scale from 1-4; item scores are summed for a total score ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher anxiety. Change in anxiety was calculated as the score pre-aromatherapy minus the score post-aromatherapy. Higher positive change scores indicate greater reductions in anxiety. (NCT01837966)
Timeframe: 20 minutes before surgery (pre aromatherapy) and 10 minutes before surgery (post aromatherapy)

Percentage of Participants Administered Vasoactive Drug

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lavender Oil	0.89
Placebo	.74

"Total amount of vasoactive drug administered for each group; for vasoactive drug we intended the use both of atropine than vascular amine" (NCT02271477)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia

Rate of Arterial Hypotension

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Wild-Type	13.51
Echocardiography	6.49

To compare rates of arterial hypotension (previously define by international standard) after spinal anesthesia in patients who have undergone volemic optimization according to Trans-thoracic Echocardiography with patients who have been treated according to the current standard on the intention to treat population. (NCT02271477)
Timeframe: 30 minute after spinal anesthesia

Time of Procedures

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Wild-Type	42.5
Echocardiography	27.5

Time employed to execute all procedure from the start of the study till 30 minutes after the end of the procedure (NCT02271477)
Timeframe: From time 0 to 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia

Total Amount of IV Fluid at the End of the Procedure

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Wild-Type	22
Echocardiography	24

To assess if there is a difference between all treatments in the total quantity of fluids amount (NCT02271477)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Sec (FEV1)

Intervention	milliliters (mL) (Median)
Wild-Type	350
Echocardiography	665

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) preoperatively and at 24 - hour interval. Then the values were analyzed as percentage in change from per-surgery measurement (post-surgery/pre-surgery). (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: Preoperatively and postoperatively

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Intervention	percentage in change from per-surgery (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.561
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.571

Forced vital capacity (FVC) measured preoperatively and at 24 - hour interval. Then values were analyzed as percentage in change from per-surgery measurement (post-surgery/pre-surgery). (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: Preoperatively and postoperatively

Incentive Spirometry

Intervention	percentage in change from per-surgery (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.551
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.504

Inspiratory Volume as measured by incentive spirometer preoperatively and at 24 hours post PCA initiation. The data is reported as a percentage in change from per-surgery measurements (post-surgery/pre-surgery). (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: Preoperatively and Postoperatively

Inspired Oxygen Concentration and Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)

Intervention	percentage in change from per-surgery (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.658
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.716

Inspired oxygen concentration and SpO2 preoperatively and at 24 - hour interval. Value reported is an average of the preoperative and the 24-hour postoperative SpO2 measurements. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: Pre-operatively and at 24 hour post-operative

Number of Local Anesthetic Boluses Requested by PCA

Intervention	Percentage of SpO2 (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	95
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	94

The number of local anesthetic boluses over 24- hour period post PCA initiation will also be recorded. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively

Opioid Consumption at 24 Hours Postoperatively

Intervention	Number of boluses requested (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	27.5
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	48

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) consumption or opiate equivalent at 24-hour interval post PCA initiation at the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 24 hours after patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was initiated

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEF)

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	5.75
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	6.38

Peak expiratory flow rate preoperatively (PEF) and at 24 - hour interval. Then values were analyzed as percentage in change from per-surgery measurement (post-surgery/pre-surgery). (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: Preoperatively and postoperatively

Respiratory Rate

Intervention	percentage in change from per-surgery (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.568
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	0.542

Respiratory rate (RR) per minute after surgery. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively

Sensory Level

Intervention	breaths per one minute (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	17
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	17.7

Sensory level as assessed by temperature and pin prick test assessed every 5 min for 30 min after nerve block as defined as the patient returning to their bed. Data below are in number of patients who didn't have any change during the ice and pin prik test. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 6 assessments starting 5 minutes after nerve block and ending 30 minutes after nerve block.

Total Local Anesthetic Infusions Over 24- Hour Period

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	3
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	1

The total local anesthetic infusions over 24- hour period. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively

Total Number of Local Anesthetic Boluses in 24 Hours

Intervention	mL (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	173
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	186

Total Number of Local Anesthetic bolus doses given within the 24-hours post-operatively. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: postoperatively, up to 24 hours

Pain 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)at Rest and With Deep Breathing

Intervention	number of boluses (Mean)
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	1
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	2

The pain level assessed using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating the worst pain possible with deep breathing and rest at 24 hours post PCA initiation. (NCT01949480)
Timeframe: 24 hours post PCA initiation

Adverse Events (Pulmonary Edema)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	NRS at rest after 24 hrs	NRS during deep inspiration at 24 hrs
Traditional Approach Paravertebral Nerve Block	1.73	4
Ultrasound Assisted Paravertebral Nerve Block	2.92	4.77

Pulmonary edema occurring after preload bolus through delivery was considered an adverse event. (NCT02565485)
Timeframe: Duration of intrapartum course

Incidence of New-onset Category II or III Fetal Heart Rate Tracings

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard IV Preload	0
Volume Replacement IV Preload	0

Each fetal heart rate tracing was evaluated in 15 min increments from the completion of epidural placement and initial dose administration. ACOG Category I, II, and III was assigned to each 15 min increment. (NCT02565485)
Timeframe: First 60 minutes following epidural placement

Interventions to Correct Maternal Hypotension or Fetal Heart Rate Abnormalities (Position Change, Supplemental Oxygen, Vasopressor Support, Emergent Operative Delivery)

New Onset Hypotension (>20% Decrease in Systolic and/or Diastolic Blood Pressure)

Area Under the Visual Analog Pain Scores (0 to 100mm) Per Hour of Labor Analgesia Curve

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard IV Preload	72
Volume Replacement IV Preload	52

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard IV Preload	61
Volume Replacement IV Preload	25

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard IV Preload	48
Volume Replacement IV Preload	14

The pain burden calculated as the area under the visual analog pain scale (0 to 100 mm) patient self reported assessment of pain. Pain assessment were made at regular intervals during labor and the area under the pain score per time curve was calculated as the pain burden during labor. Greater pain would be indicated by a larger area. Possible range would be 0 for no pain to 100 for severe pain. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: Duration of labor analgesia

Number of Patient Controlled Bolus Doses of Bupivacaine/Fentanyl Administered

Intervention	0 to 100 mm per hour (Median)
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	15
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	13
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	14

Patient controlled bolus of analgesic solution could be requested by activating a button. Bolus were 5ml of the epidural solution (bupivacaine 6.25mg/ml and fentanyl 1.96mgml). Patient requested administrations were allowed every 10 minutes to a maximum of 30 ml of epidural solution per hour. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: Duration of labor analgesia

Overall Satisfaction Scores. Higher Scores Represent Greater Satisfaction With Analgesia During Labor and Delivery.

Intervention	participants (Mean)
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	7
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	6
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	6

Patient satisfaction with analgesia management during labor and delivery. Scores are 0 to 100 with 0 complete dissatisfaction and 100 complete satisfaction with labor analgesia. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: 24 hours following labor analgesia

Patient Controlled Bolus Attempts

Intervention	Scores on a scale (0 toi 100) (Median)
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	90
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	94
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	93

The number of attempted self administered bolus doses of epidural analgesia solution for control of pain. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: Duration of labor analgesia

Total Bupivicaine in Milligrams Administered Per Hour of Labor for Analgesia.

Intervention	number of bolus attempts (Mean)
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	10
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	10
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	8

Total bupivacaine from epidural solution administered for labor analgesia normalized per hour of labor. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: From initiation of labor analgesia until delivery less than 24 hours

Highest Thoracic Dermatome Sensory Level to Ice. Higher Levels Are Given by Lower Thoracic Vertebral Number.

Intervention	mg bupivacaine per hour (Median)
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	11.3
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	11.1
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	10.3

Highest level of sensory loss to ice 3 hours after initiation of epidural analgesia. Thoracic dermatomes specify the level at which the nerves exit the spinal column. Higher thoracic spread of analgesia suggests greater dispersion of the epidural solution and may correlate with better analgesia. Higher levels are given by lower thoracic vertebral number. For example dermatome 4 has greater spread than dermatome 5. (NCT00417027)
Timeframe: 3 hours after initiation of labor analgesia

Article	Year
Low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section to prevent spinal-induced hypotension. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Catheters; Cesarean	2019
Sufentanil and Bupivacaine Combination versus Bupivacaine Alone for Spinal Anesthesia during Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Databases, Factual; Female; H	2016
Unintended subdural injection: a complication of epidural anesthesia--a case report. AANA journal, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bup	2006
Horner's syndrome following tonsillectomy. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2006, Volume: 120, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Horner Syndrome; Humans; Hypotension; Injections; Pain, Pos	2006
Low-dose spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section to prevent spinal-induced hypotension. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dose	2008
[Extradural anesthesia in cesarean operations]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1982, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Ep	1982
Toxic systemic reactions of bupivacaine and etidocaine. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 1995, Volume: 79, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Sy	1995
Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: current clinical practice. Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998), 2000, Volume: 61, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Fema	2000
Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), 2001, Volume: 161, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cats; Dogs; Epidu	2001
Epidural catheter analgesia for the management of postoperative pain. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1986, Volume: 162, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Catheters, Indwelli	1986

Article	Year
Sequential Intrathecal Injection of Hyperbaric and Isobaric Bupivacaine in Orthogeriatric Lower Limb Surgery, a Prospective Randomized Study. Asian journal of anesthesiology, 2022, 06-01, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension; Injections, Spinal; Lower Extr	2022
Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Midodrine in Preventing Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2022, 11-01, Volume: 135, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Ephedrine; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension; Mido	2022
Hypobaric Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2022, 12-01, Volume: 135, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Hip Fractures; Humans; Hypotension; Pros	2022
Thoracic Epidural Analgesia With Levobupivacaine Reduces Remifentanil and Propofol Consumption Evaluated by Closed-Loop Titration Guided by the Bispectral Index: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 125, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Intravenou	2017
An up-down determination of the required seated duration after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and fentanyl for the prevention of hypotension during Cesarean delivery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2017, Volume: 64, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2017
Comparison of two doses of hypobaric bupivacaine in unilateral spinal anesthesia for hip fracture surgery: 5 mg versus 7.5 mg. The Pan African medical journal, 2017, Volume: 28 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relation	2017
Maintenance of the parturient in the left lateral position after spinal anesthesia with plain levobupivacaine for cesarean section reduces hypotension: a randomized study. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology, 2017, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Hypote	2017
Prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine increases the median effective dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine in cesarean section: A prospective randomized study. Medicine, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:32 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method;	2018
Impact of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring on maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized-controlled study. Journal of anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bu	2018
Impact of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring on maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized-controlled study. Journal of anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bu	2018
Impact of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring on maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized-controlled study. Journal of anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bu	2018
Impact of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring on maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery: a randomized-controlled study. Journal of anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bu	2018
Height-based dosing algorithm of bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for decreasing maternal hypotension in caesarean section without prophylactic fluid preloading and vasopressors: study protocol for a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. BMJ open, 2019, 05-16, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Ces	2019
Do we need cephalic spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? A different approach to CSE-EVE for reducing hypotension. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie, 2013, Volume: 217, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Breakthrough Pain; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dru	2013
Intrathecal 1% 2-chloroprocaine vs. 0.5% bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: a prospective, observer-blinded, randomised, controlled trial. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal	2014
Intrathecal fentanyl decreases the optimal effect site concentration of propofol during spinal anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiv	2014
Effect of sitting position on equal-dose spinal anaesthetic for caesarean section and post-partum tubal ligation. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local;	2014
Comparative hemodynamic advantages of subarachnoid administration of atypical and non-atypical opioids. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Appendectomy; Bupivacaine; Female	2014
The median effective seated time for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia at Cesarean delivery with two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized up-down sequential allocation study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2014
Single shot spinal anesthesia with very low hyperbaric bupivacaine dose (3.75 mg) for hip fracture repair surgery in the elderly. A randomized, double blinded study. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relation	2014
Comparison of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine for cesarean section. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2014, Volume: 97, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; F	2014
Preinduction hemodynamic fluctuations in renal transplant recipients--comparison of two combined anesthesia regimens. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2014, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allografts; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiva	2014
Effect of mini-dose epidural dexmedetomidine in elective cesarean section using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia: a randomized double-blinded controlled study. Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar	2015
A randomized controlled trial comparing haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia at L5, S1 versus spinal anaesthesia at L3, 4 at a tertiary African hospital. African health sciences, 2015, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Antihypertensive Agents; Blo	2015
Effect of cooled hyperbaric bupivacaine on unilateral spinal anesthesia success rate and hemodynamic complications in inguinal hernia surgery. Journal of anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Elective Surgic	2016
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labor Analgesia During First Stage of Labor: A Biased-Coin Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Optimum Interval Time Between Boluses of a Fixed Volume of 10 mL of Bupivacaine 0.0625% With Fen Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2017
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labor Analgesia During First Stage of Labor: A Biased-Coin Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Optimum Interval Time Between Boluses of a Fixed Volume of 10 mL of Bupivacaine 0.0625% With Fen Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2017
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labor Analgesia During First Stage of Labor: A Biased-Coin Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Optimum Interval Time Between Boluses of a Fixed Volume of 10 mL of Bupivacaine 0.0625% With Fen Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2017
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labor Analgesia During First Stage of Labor: A Biased-Coin Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Optimum Interval Time Between Boluses of a Fixed Volume of 10 mL of Bupivacaine 0.0625% With Fen Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2017
The timing of administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine during lower limb surgery: a randomized controlled trial. BMC anesthesiology, 2016, 11-21, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomi	2016
Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for the prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia in the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 35 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Sp	2016
Thoracic epidural analgesia in post-thoracotomy patients: comparison of three different concentrations of levobupivacaine and sufentanil. British journal of anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 102, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivac	2009
Is it possible to predict hypotension during onset of spinal anesthesia in elderly patients? Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure D	2009
Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 102, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Meth	2009
Regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Minerva anestesiologica, 2009, Volume: 75, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Carotid Stenosis; Cervical Plexus;	2009
Is there an advantage in using low-dose intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean section? Journal of anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bl	2009
The effects of intrathecal levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in the elderly. Anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 64, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Fentanyl; Heart Rate; Hum	2009
Effects of epidural anesthesia on intrathoracic blood volume and extravascular lung water during on-pump cardiac surgery. Perfusion, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; B	2009
A randomized comparison of low doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesth	2009
[Maternal hypotension with low doses of spinal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine and epidural volume expansion with saline for cesarean section]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2010, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Acidosis; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Loc	2010
Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal satisfaction by reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	2010
Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Crystalloid Solut	2010
The effect of adding magnesium sulphate to epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl in elective caesarean section using combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia: a prospective double blind randomised study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Ane	2010
Prophylactic glycopyrrolate prevents bradycardia after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean section: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective trial with heart rate variability correlation. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2011, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Cesa	2011
Randomised comparison of hyperbaric articaine and hyperbaric low-dose bupivacaine along with fentanyl in spinal anaesthesia for day-case inguinal herniorrhaphy. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2012, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; A	2012
Does the baricity of bupivacaine influence intrathecal spread in the prolonged sitting position before elective cesarean delivery? A prospective randomized controlled study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2011, Volume: 113, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	2011
Two doses of spinal bupivacaine for caesarean delivery in severe preeclampsia: a pilot study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
The effect of body mass index on spinal anaesthesia for total knee replacement arthroplasty: a dose-response study. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2012, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Body Mass Index; Bupi	2012
Spinal anesthesia at the L2-3 and L3-4 levels: comparison of analgesia and hemodynamic response. Collegium antropologicum, 2012, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Hemodynamics; Hernia,	2012
Comparison of haemodynamic changes in patients undergoing unilateral and bilateral spinal anaesthesia. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2012, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressur	2012
Spinal block or total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil for gynaecological outpatient procedures. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 19, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics,	2002
Spinal anesthesia hypotension in elective cesarean section in parturients wearing extra-strong compression stockings. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2002, Volume: 267, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bandages; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dibucaine; E	2002
[Epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine vs. bupivacaine in continuous perfusion for the treatment of labor pains]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2003, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; A	2003
Comparison of the effects of two intrathecal anaesthetic techniques for transurethral prostatectomy on haemodynamic and pulmonary function. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 20, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Press	2003
Randomized comparison between sevoflurane anaesthesia and unilateral spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Inhalation; An	2003
Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2003, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics,	2003
[Comparison of 8 mg and 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in Japanese parturients]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	2004
Perispinal analgesia for labour followed by patient-controlled infusion with bupivacaine and sufentanil: combined spinal-epidural vs. epidural analgesia alone. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioi	2004
Epidural clonidine, bupivacaine and methadone as the sole analgesic agent after thoracotomy for lung resection. Anaesthesia, 2004, Volume: 59, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; H	2004
A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine, ropivacaine, or levobupivacaine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 99, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Air Pressure; Amides; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Digestive System Su	2004
Low-dose bupivacaine with sufentanil prevents hypotension after spinal anesthesia for hip repair in elderly patients. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2004
Effects of a height and weight adjusted dose of local anaesthetic for spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Body Height; Body Weight; Bu	2005
The effect of posture and baricity on the spread of intrathecal bupivacaine for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Score; Atmospheric Pre	2005
Spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients with hip fracture. A comparison of glucose-free bupivacaine with glucose-free bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Drug I	2005
Haemodynamic changes induced by hyperbaric bupivacaine during lateral decubitus or supine spinal anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Ephedr	2005
[Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: dose injection speed have an effect on the incidence of hypotension?]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; C	2006
Isobaric bupivacaine via spinal catheter for hip replacement surgery: ED50 and ED95 dose determination. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bupivacaine; Ca	2006
Minimum local anaesthetic dose (MLAD) of intrathecal levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 2006, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2006
Similar incidence of hypotension with combined spinal-epidural or epidural alone for knee arthroplasty. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthro	2006
[Low-dose 0.25% spinal levobupivacaine with epidural extension for cesarean section: comparison with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local	2006
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: dose-dependent effects of hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 103, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arteri	2006
High volume and low concentration of anaesthetic solution in the perivascular interscalene sheath determines quality of block and incidence of complications. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Epi	2006
Levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for transurethral endoscopic surgery. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2006, Volume: 89, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Me	2006
A randomized trial of crystalloid versus colloid solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal or low-dose combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Bupiva	2007
[Hyperbaric bupivacaine: a randomized double-blind trial of different doses with or without fentanyl for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2007, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dose-Response Relation	2007
Small dose spinal bupivacaine for Cesarean delivery does not reduce hypotension but accelerates motor recovery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2007, Volume: 54, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local;	2007
Clonidine 1 microg/kg is a safe and effective adjuvant to plain bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in adolescents. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2007, Volume: 105, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Adolescent; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Child; Clonidine; Double-Blind	2007
Combination of low doses of intrathecal ketamine and midazolam with bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia in orthopaedic surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Doubl	2008
[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2007, Volume: 26, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; He	2007
Spinal anesthesia with sequential administration of plain and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia with hemodynamic stability in cesarean section. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Adult; Analgesia; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local;	2008
[Cardio-circulatory changes following peridural anaesthesia with and without adrenaline-containing local anaesthetics in elderly patients (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1980, Volume: 29, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Aging; Anesthesia, Epidural; Brain Ischemia; Bupivacaine; Coronary Disease; Epinephrine; Heart	1980
[Hemodynamic effect of intrathecal clonidine]. Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, 1995, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cloni	1995
The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1995, Volume: 81, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinati	1995
Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. A comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia, 1995, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; H	1995
Prophylactic i.m. ephedrine in bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 1995, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Ephedrine; Fem	1995
Prophylactic oral ephedrine reduces the incidence of hypotension after subarachnoid block. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: Abdomen; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiotonic A	1994
Thoracic epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl for postoperative thoracotomy pain. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 1994, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Carbon Dioxide; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Fem	1994
Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of morphine/bupivacaine with fentanyl/bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1994, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Drug Combinations; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension;	1994
Posture and the spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine in parturients using the combined spinal epidural technique. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1993, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; A	1993
Comparison of the 25-gauge Whitacre with the 24-gauge Sprotte spinal needle for elective caesarean section: cost implications. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1993, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Costs and Cost An	1993
Maternal positioning affects fetal heart rate changes after epidural analgesia for labour. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1993, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Female; Fetal Distr	1993
Increased haemodilution in hypotension induced by epidural anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1993, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Bl	1993
Postoperative pulmonary complications. Epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and opioids versus parenteral opioids. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 78, Issue:4 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Bupivacaine; D	1993
Intrathecal fentanyl prolongs sensory bupivacaine spinal block. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupi	1995
Fetal heart rate changes after intrathecal sufentanil or epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: incidence and clinical significance. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycar	1996
Fetal heart rate changes after intrathecal sufentanil or epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: incidence and clinical significance. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycar	1996
Fetal heart rate changes after intrathecal sufentanil or epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: incidence and clinical significance. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycar	1996
Fetal heart rate changes after intrathecal sufentanil or epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia: incidence and clinical significance. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycar	1996
Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. British journal of anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	1996
A comparison of opioid solutions for patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Bupivacaine; Double-Bl	1996
The effects of carotid sinus nerve blockade on hemodynamic stability after carotid endarterectomy. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 1997, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Carotid Sinus; Endarterectomy, Carotid; Femal	1997
Bupivacaine decreases epidural meperidine requirements after abdominal surgery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1997, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacai	1997
Epidural infusion of bupivacaine 0.0625% plus fentanyl 3.3 micrograms/ml provides better postoperative analgesia than patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine after gynaecological laparotomy. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	1997
Intrathecal pethidine: an alternative anaesthetic for transurethral resection of prostate? Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Do	1997
Intrathecal sufentanil as the sole agent in combined spinal-epidural analgesia for the ambulatory parturient. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics,	1998
[Prevention of arterial hypotension during spinal anesthesia using intramuscular ephedrine in older people]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1997, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; E	1997
Perioperative myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip randomized to incremental spinal, single-dose spinal or general anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 15, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; C	1998
Combination of intrathecal sufentanil 10 mug plus bupivacaine 2.5 mg for labor analgesia: is half the dose enough? Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	1999
Comparison of epidural anaesthesia with ropivacaine 0.5% and bupivacaine 0.5% for caesarean section. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar	1998
Subarachnoid fentanyl with diluted small-dose bupivacaine for cesarean section delivery. Acta anaesthesiologica Sinica, 1998, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	1998
Thoracic epidural infusions for post-thoracotomy pain: a comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine mixtures vs. fentanyl alone. Anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 54, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind	1999
Minidose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the aged. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anestheti	2000
Combined spinal epidural for labour analgesia--duration, efficacy and side effects of adding sufentanil or fentanyl to bupivacaine intrathecally vs plain bupivacaine. Singapore medical journal, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Fentany	1999
The influence of baricity on the haemodynamic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5%. Anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine;	1999
Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2000, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; H	2000
[Comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for epidural analgesia during labor]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Sc	2001
[The efficacy and safety of continuous epidural analgesia versus intradural-epidural analgesia during labor]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Bupivacaine; Cesarea	2001
Intrathecal anaesthesia for the elderly patient: the influence of the induction position on perioperative haemodynamic stability and patient comfort. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Ephedr	2001
Hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001, Volume: 84 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure Determination; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Chi-Square D	2001
Hypotension in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of fractured neck of femur. A comparison of two different spinal solutions. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacai	2001
The effect of 10 degrees head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 57, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2002
Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2002, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2002
Intrathecal pethidine as sole anaesthetic agent for operative procedures of the lower limb, inguinal area and perineum. The West Indian medical journal, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Lo	2001
[Hyperbaric subarachnoid ropivacaine in ambulatory surgery: comparative study with hyperbaric bupivacaine]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2002, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Amides; Anesthesia Recov	2002
Extradural analgesia in obstetrics: a controlled trial of carbonated lignocaine and bupivacaine hydrochloride with or without adrenaline. British journal of anaesthesia, 1976, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Back Pain; Bupivacaine; Epinephrine; Female; Headache	1976
[Clinical trial of bupivacaine-CO2 (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1978, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Carbon Dioxide; Clinical Trials as Topic	1978
A double-blind trial of bupivacaine (Marcain) and etidocaine (Duranest) in extradural block for surgical induction of labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1975, Volume: 47, Issue:12 Topics: Acetanilides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Etidocaine; Female; Humans	1975
Postoperative analgesia for major abdominal surgery with continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine with sufentanil, versus bupivacaine with morphine. A randomized double blind study. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, 1992, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therap	1992
Comparison of ephedrine and etilefrine for the treatment of arterial hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1991, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cent	1991
Sympathetic blockade by thoracic epidural anaesthesia suppresses renin release in response to hypotension, but activates the vasopressin system. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1992, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Renin;	1992
Intravenous ketamine for prevention of severe hypotension during spinal anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1991, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Diaze	1991
Thoracolumbar epidural anaesthesia and isoflurane to prevent hypertension and tachycardia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Aorta, Abdominal; Blood	1991
Does ephedrine influence newborn neurobehavioural responses and spectral EEG when used to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean section? Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1990, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Child Behavior; D	1990
A comparative study of continuous and intermittent epidural analgesia for labour and delivery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1988, Volume: 35, Issue:3 ( Pt 1) Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Clinical T	1988
Extradural bupivacaine or lignocaine anaesthesia for elective caesarean section: the role of maternal posture. British journal of anaesthesia, 1988, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans;	1988
Hypotension in spinal anesthesia: a comparison of isobaric tetracaine with epinephrine and isobaric bupivacaine without epinephrine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1987, Volume: 66, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Epinephrine;	1987
The effect of anaesthesia on changes in blood pressure and plasma cortisol levels induced by cementation with methylmethacrylate. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1986, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Female; Femoral Neck Fractures; Hip	1986
Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in obstetrics. A comparison of 0.08% and 0.25% bupivacaine. Anaesthesia, 1986, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Huma	1986

Article	Year
Hemodynamic and analgesic effect of intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective cesarean section; a prospective cohort study. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Doub	2022
The Effects of the Use of Diluted Bupivacaine in Sequential Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Hypotension and Motor Block after Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi, 2022, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotensi	2022
Maternal heart rate variability patterns associated with maternal hypotension and non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns following initiation of combined spinal-epidural labor analgesia: a prospective observational trial. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2023, Volume: 54 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Hypoten	2023
Low-dose epidural anesthesia decreases the use of intraoperative systemic analgesics in goats undergoing lower urinary tract surgery. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2023, 08-01, Volume: 261, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Inhalation;	2023
5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride enhances bupivacaine-induced hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2023, Volume: 152, Issue:1 Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Amlodipine; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Hype	2023
Anesthesia characteristic of an algorithm of bupivacaine dose based on height in caesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC anesthesiology, 2023, 05-02, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Algorithms; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean S	2023
Relationship between changes in regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section. Journal of anesthesia, 2019, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Output; Cerebral	2019
Reply to: caval aorta index as a predictor of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2020, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Aorta; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension	2020
The effects of isobaric and hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamic changes post spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: A prospective cohort study. PloS one, 2019, Volume: 14, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; C	2019
Intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine toxicity leading to transient hypotension and delayed status epilepticus. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2020, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Bup	2020
Hypotension and status epilepticus in relation to intrathecal morphine administration. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2020, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension; Morphine; Status Epilepticus	2020
Intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine toxicity leading to transient hypotension and delayed status epilepticus. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2020, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension; Morphine; Status Epileptic	2020
Association Between Hyperbaric Bupivacaine Dose and Maternal Hypotension: Retrospective Database Study of 8226 Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 10-01, Volume: 133, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2021
Brainstem Anesthesia after Retrobulbar Block: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2016, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Brain Stem; Bupivacaine; Glaucoma; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged	2016
Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Cardiovascular toxicology, 2018, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardio	2018
Level of sensory block after spinal anesthesia as a predictor of hypotension in parturient. Medicine, 2017, Volume: 96, Issue:25 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Area Under Curve; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Fema	2017
Is postspinal hypotension a sign of impaired cardiac performance in the elderly? An observational mechanistic study. British journal of anaesthesia, 2017, Dec-01, Volume: 119, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Female	2017
Profound Prolonged Bradycardia and Hypotension after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Bupivacaine. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2018, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Atropine; Brachial Plexus Block; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Emergency Servi	2018
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST), Needs Treatment. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2019, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus Block; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension	2019
[Spinal Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section in a Spinocerebellar Degeneration Patient]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	2016
[Bilateral border zone infarct during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2013, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Aphasia; Bupivacaine; Cesare	2013
Perfusion index derived from a pulse oximeter can predict the incidence of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 111, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bl	2013
Quality of labour neuraxial analgesia and maternal satisfaction at a tertiary care teaching hospital: a prospective observational study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Contro	2013
Hemodynamic impact of isobaric levobupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid anesthesia in patients aged 65 and older undergoing hip surgery. BMC anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 14 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Atmospheric Pressure; Bupivacaine; F	2014
Determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of phenylephrine for hypotension during elective cesarean delivery using a continual reassessment method. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2015, Volume: 194 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar	2015
Paravertebral block decreases opioid administration without causing hypotension during transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Heart and vessels, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Aortic Valve; Blood Pressure; Bupiv	2016
[Abnormal Low Blood Pressure after Induction of General Anesthesia in a Patient on Medication for Depression]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2015
Relationship between regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section. Journal of anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cerebral Blood Volume; C	2016
Intrathecal hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for adult non-caesarean-section surgery: systematic review protocol. BMJ open, 2016, 05-18, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Databases, Bibliographic; Humans; Hypot	2016
Sympatho-vagal balance, as quantified by ANSindex, predicts post spinal hypotension and vasopressor requirement in parturients undergoing lower segmental cesarean section: a single blinded prospective observational study. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, 2017, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Body Mass Index; Bupivacaine	2017
Prevalence, associated factors and treatment of post spinal shivering in a Sub-Saharan tertiary hospital: a prospective observational study. BMC anesthesiology, 2016, 10-18, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spina	2016
Relationship Between Central Obesity and Spread of Spinal Anesthesia in Female Patients. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension;	2017
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for renal transplantation. Transplantation proceedings, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bra	2008
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for renal transplantation. Transplantation proceedings, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bra	2008
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for renal transplantation. Transplantation proceedings, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bra	2008
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for renal transplantation. Transplantation proceedings, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bra	2008
Hypotension during surgery for femoral neck fracture in elderly patients: effect of anaesthetic techniques. A retrospective study. Minerva anestesiologica, 2008, Volume: 74, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; F	2008
Bilateral submandibular salivary gland swelling following regional anesthesia for hip replacement. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2009, Volume: 53, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bupivacaine; Ephedri	2009
Observational study of continuous spinal anesthesia with the catheter-over-needle technique for cesarean delivery. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Patch, Epidural; Bupiv	2009
The effects of spinal anesthesia on cerebral blood flow in the very elderly. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Flow Velocity; B	2009
[Anesthetic management of a patient before the onset and during the healing stages of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 58, Issue:8 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Female; Femoral Fractures; Humans; Hypotension;	2009
Neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean delivery: what criteria define the "optimal" technique? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine;	2009
Local anesthetic toxicity. Nursing, 2010, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Confusion; Emergencies; Humans; Hypotension; Mal	2010
Low-dose sequential combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia in elective Stark caesarean section: a preliminary cohort study. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2010, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia	2010
[Evaluation of urine specific gravity as an index of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 59, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Ephedrine; Female; Forec	2010
Plea for greater use of spinal anaesthesia in developing countries. Tropical doctor, 2012, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cot	2012
Cardiorespiratory effects of change in posture after spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Minerva medica, 2011, Volume: 102, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dyspne	2011
Limiting the dose of local anaesthetic for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia--has the limbo bar been set too low? Anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 67, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dose-Respo	2012
Hypotension from spinal anesthesia in patients aged greater than 80 years is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bone Screws; Bupivacaine; Ca	2012
Hypotension from spinal anesthesia in patients aged greater than 80 years is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bone Screws; Bupivacaine; Ca	2012
Hypotension from spinal anesthesia in patients aged greater than 80 years is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bone Screws; Bupivacaine; Ca	2012
Hypotension from spinal anesthesia in patients aged greater than 80 years is due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bone Screws; Bupivacaine; Ca	2012
Effect of spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section on cerebral blood oxygenation changes: comparison of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2013, Volume: 765 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cerebrovascular Circu	2013
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Influence of preoperative anxiety on hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Int	2012
Hypotension and pruritus induced by neuraxial anaesthesia in a cat. Australian veterinary journal, 2012, Volume: 90, Issue:10 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cat Diseases; Cat	2012
Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a preliminary study. Anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 67, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2012
Spinal anaesthesia: a comparison of plain ropivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) with bupivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) for major orthopaedic surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2003, Volume: 91, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hyp	2003
[Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a retrospective study with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiva	2004
Weight adjusted spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Body Weight; Bupivacaine; Cesarean	2005
[Randomized controlled trial comparing a low dose to a conventional dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine for scheduled cesarean section. Reflections]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; A	2005
[Combined spinal-epidural block for knee arthroplasty in a patient with a transplanted heart]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, General; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplas	2006
An analysis of the need for anesthetic interventions with differing concentrations of labor epidural bupivacaine: an observational study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthetics, Comb	2006
Thoracic epidural analgesia and antihypertensive therapy: a matter of timing? European journal of anaesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Antihypertensive Agents; Bupivaca	2006
Incidence and risk factors of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section at Siriraj Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2006, Volume: 89, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Body Height; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Se	2006
Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the dose-dependent effects of hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal hemodynamics. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2007, Volume: 104, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dose-Respon	2007
Complications of neuraxial anesthesia in an extreme morbidly obese patient for Cesarean section. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical;	2007
Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2007, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypot	2007
Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2007, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypot	2007
Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2007, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypot	2007
Prospective study of hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine: incidence and risk factors, part two. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2007, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypot	2007
Spinal anesthesia in neonates and infants - a single-center experience of 505 cases. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Body Weight; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Gestat	2007
Ultra-low dose combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Ane	2007
Two cases of bradyarrhythmia and hypotension after extradural injections in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hypotension; Injections,	2008
Perioperative myocardial infarction after cesarean section in a young woman with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local;	2008
Many recipes for the same dish: can minor modification cause major improvement? International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Crystalloid Soluti	2008
Hydroxyethyl starches, dextran and balanced salt solution in correction of hypotension during epidural anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1984, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Blood Proteins; Bupivacaine; Dextrans; Electrolytes;	1984
Accidental intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and dextran. Anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Dextrans; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Hypotension; Injection	1981
Accidental intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and dextran. Anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Dextrans; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Hypotension; Injection	1981
Accidental intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and dextran. Anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Dextrans; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Hypotension; Injection	1981
Accidental intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and dextran. Anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Dextrans; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Hypotension; Injection	1981
Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine: effects of volume. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1982, Volume: 26, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Headache; Humans; Hypotensi	1982
The influence of serum potassium on the cerebral and cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine and lidocaine. Anesthesiology, 1984, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Female; Hea	1984
Subarachnoid bupivacaine 0.5% for caesarean section. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1984, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesa	1984
Extensive spread of local anaesthetic solution following subdural insertion of an epidural catheter during labour. Anaesthesia, 1984, Volume: 39, Issue:4 Topics: Accidents; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Dura Mater; Female; Hu	1984
Isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in acute war injuries. Anaesthesia, 1984, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cambodia; Fever;	1984
Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in a patient with renal failure. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1983, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Acidosis; Brachial Plexus; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Heart; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Hypotension; Kidne	1983
Epidural analgesia following thoracic surgery. A review of two years' experience. Anaesthesia, 1983, Volume: 38, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Hu	1983
Maternal, fetal, and neonatal responses after epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or lidocaine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1982, Volume: 61, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Behavior; Bupi	1982
Continuous peridural anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, 1981, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section;	1981
Chloroprocaine vs. bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1980, Volume: 52, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Apgar Score; Blood Gas Analysis; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Eph	1980
Epidural analgesia for elective Caesarean section. Technique and its assessment. Anaesthesia, 1980, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; H	1980
Convulsion following spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1995, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cerebral Infarction; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clon	1995
Subdural injection of a local anesthetic with steroids: complication of epidural anesthesia. Southern medical journal, 1995, Volume: 88, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Injections	1995
[Combined epidural and spinal anesthesia for cesarean section]. Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, 1994, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sect	1994
Anaesthesia for caesarean delivery of a malignant hyperthermia susceptible parturient. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Se	1994
Comparative systemic toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:3 Topics: Amides; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind	1995
Intrathecal cholinergic agonists lessen bupivacaine spinal-block-induced hypotension in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1994, Volume: 79, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Drug Interactions; Hypotension; Injections	1994
Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients. Anesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 81, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Catheters, Indwelling; Drug Combinations; Female; Hum	1994
A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; C	1993
Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in the Solomon Islands. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1994, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Fem	1994
Epidural analgesia and fetal heart rate abnormalities. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1993, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Fetal Distress; Fetal Monitoring;	1993
Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Electroencephalography;	1993
A continuous subdural block. British journal of anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Cesarean	1993
[Intradural anesthesia in cesarean sections]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Cesarean	1995
Factors associated with hypotension and bradycardia after epidural blockade. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; B	1996
Spinal neostigmine diminishes, but does not abolish, hypotension from spinal bupivacaine in sheep. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Hypotension	1996
Intravascular migration of epidural catheter during cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Catheterizati	1996
Cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia in a patient with preoperatively discontinued chronic MAO inhibitor therapy. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1996, Volume: 8, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Colectomy; Down-Reg	1996
[Anesthesia for cesarean section in patients with mitral valve prolapse]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1996, Volume: 43, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sect	1996
Complications of super-selective subarachnoid anesthesia (SSA) with hyperbaric bupivacaine: experiences with 355 patients in general and orthopaedic surgery. Panminerva medica, 1997, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Back Pain; Bupivacaine; Female; Head	1997
Severe maternal hypotension and fetal bradycardia after a combined spinal epidural anesthetic. Anesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Combined; Bradycardia; Bupivacain	1997
Maternal respiratory arrests, severe hypotension, and fetal distress after administration of intrathecal, sufentanil, and bupivacaine after intravenous fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	1997
Is epidural morphine and bupivacaine safe on surgical wards? Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Gene	1998
Does anesthesiology, like history, repeat itself? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; Heart Rate, Fe	1998
Spinal block caesarean section in parturients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. East African medical journal, 1998, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	1998
Spinal anesthesia for elective lumbar spine surgery. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Body Height; Body Weight; Bupivacaine;	1998
[Horner syndrome during labor]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1999, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Female; Horner	1999
Ten milligrams intrathecal bupivacaine is too high for spinal anesthesia for hip surgery in the geriatric population. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 93, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bupivacaine; Dose-Resp	2000
Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 92, Issue:1 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Anilides; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Ca	2001
Prevention and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section: a survey of practice. Anaesthesia, 2001, Volume: 56, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Attitude of	2001
Systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine during continuous intravenous infusion to nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Female; Hemodynamics; Hypotension; Infusions, Intr	2001
[Cardiorespiratory arrest: a rare complication of subdural block]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2002, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Bradycardia;	2002
Haemodynamic effects of unilateral spinal anesthesia in high risk patients. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2002, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Autonomic Nerve Block; Blood Pressu	2002
The use of ephedrine for prevention of arterial hypotension during epidural blockade. A study of the central circulation after subcutaneous premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1978, Volume: 66, Issue:66 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Ephedri	1978
The circulatory effects of intravenously administered ephedrine during epidural blockade. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1978, Volume: 66, Issue:66 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Ephedrine; Epinephrine; Eti	1978
Central neural blockade and caesarian section. Part 1: Review and case series. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1979, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Cesarean	1979
[Physiology and pathophysiology of subarachnoid and epidural block (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1978, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Circulation; Brain Stem; Bupivacaine; Cerebrovascula	1978
[Notes on the paper by J. Owusu-afram and R. Schiffter: Bulbar brain syndrome during epidrual anesthesia with bupivaccaine]. Der Anaesthesist, 1978, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dyspnea; Humans; Hypotension	1978
Selective lumbar epidural block in labour. A clinical analysis. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1977, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Female; Fetal Heart; Humans	1977
[Trieffortil in the prevention of arterial hypotension in peridural and subarachnoid anesthesia]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1975, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Inject	1975
Letter: The strange case of the inadvertent spinal. British journal of anaesthesia, 1975, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Female; Fetal Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypot	1975
Postoperative extradural analgesia following thoracic surgery: a feasibility study. British journal of anaesthesia, 1975, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Epinephrine; Female; Fentanyl; Halothane; Humans; Hypotensi	1975
Letter: Unilateral extradural analgesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 1976, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension; Male	1976
Inadvertent extra-arachnoid (subdural) injection of a local anaesthetic agent during epidural anaesthesia. A case report. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1992, Mar-21, Volume: 81, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypotension; Iatrogenic Disease; Injections, Epidu	1992
Morbidity and mortality with outpatient anesthesia: the Massachusetts experience. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1992, Volume: 50, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intraveno	1992
[Epidural blockade for analgesia and treatment of acute pancreatitis]. Regional-Anaesthesie, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Cholangiopancreatog	1991
Treatment of acute systemic toxicity after the rapid intravenous injection of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the conscious dog. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1991, Volume: 73, Issue:4 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Epinephrine; Heart Rate; Hyp	1991
Endogenous vasopressin supports blood pressure and prevents severe hypotension during epidural anesthesia in conscious dogs. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Heart Rate; Hypotension; Renin; Va	1990
Epidural analgesia and hypotension. Anaesthesia, 1990, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Labor, Obste	1990
Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1990, Volume: 162, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Female; Heart Rate; Hypotension; Lidocaine; Mepivacaine; Pregn	1990
Vagal and sympathetic activity during spinal analgesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1990, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Electrocardiography; Galvanic Skin Response;	1990
[Epidural anesthesia in pediatrics. Apropos of 30 cases]. Agressologie: revue internationale de physio-biologie et de pharmacologie appliquees aux effets de l'agression, 1990, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Co	1990
Effect of umbilical perfusate pH and controlled maternal hypotension on placental drug transfer in the rabbit. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1990, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Antipyrine; Bupivacaine; Chromatography, Gas; Female; Hydrogen-Ion	1990
Effect of uterine contractility and maternal hypotension on prolonged decelerations after bupivacaine epidural anesthesia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1990, Volume: 163, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Apgar Score; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Case-Control Studies; Female;	1990
When in doubt, take it out ... the epidural catheter. Anaesthesia, 1989, Volume: 44, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Labor	1989
Haemodynamic decompensation during caesarean section. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apnea; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sect	1989
Transient maternal hypotension following epidural anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1989, Volume: 69, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal B	1989
Ventricular tachycardia and hypotension with amniotic fluid embolism during cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Diazepam; Electrocard	1986
Epidural anaesthesia for obstetrics: where are we? The New Zealand medical journal, 1988, Oct-26, Volume: 101, Issue:856 Pt 1 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hyp	1988
The influence of age on the cardiovascular toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in young dogs. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1987, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ele	1987
[Cardiovascular collapse following intercostal blockade with bupivacaine]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 1987, Oct-26, Volume: 149, Issue:44 Topics: Bupivacaine; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Hypotension; Intercostal Nerves; Male; Middle Aged	1987
[Complications of spinal anesthesia with 1% hyperbaric bupivacaine]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1987, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Child; Female; Glucose Solution, Hy	1987
Total spinal anesthesia--a complication of intercostal nerve block. Kansas medicine : the journal of the Kansas Medical Society, 1987, Volume: 88, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Middle Aged; Nerve Block	1987
The loading dose for continuous infusion epidural analgesia. A technique to reduce the incidence of hypotension. Anaesthesia, 1987, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Pregnancy;	1987
Postpartum tubal ligation requires more bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia than does cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Dose-Response Rel	1986
Some aspects of epidural block provided for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 1986, Volume: 41, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blood Transfusion; Bupivacaine;	1986
Treatment of tetanus-induced autonomic nervous system dysfunction with continuous epidural blockade. Critical care medicine, 1986, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Autonomic Nerve Block; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bupivacaine; Epidural Space; Hemodynamics;	1986
Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Brain; Bupivacaine; Electric Stimulation	1986
Safety and efficacy of epinephrine added to bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1985, Volume: 64, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Drug	1985
Thoracic epidural in the management of chest trauma. A study of 161 cases. Intensive care medicine, 1985, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Epinephrine; Female; Heart Arrest; Human	1985
[Complications of regional anaesthesia and their treatment (author's transl)]. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1973, Oct-12, Volume: 115, Issue:41 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anesthesia, Local; Apnea; Barbiturates; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Diagnosis	1973
Continuous lumbar epidural analgesia during labor and delivery. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, 1974, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Back Pain; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Female; F	1974
Etidocaine (Duranest): a clinical and laboratory evaluation. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1974, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Acetanilides; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Brachial Plexus; Bupivacaine; Chromat	1974
Continuous caudal block with the use of marcaine adrenaline 0.5 per cent for painless labour. Journal of postgraduate medicine, 1972, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypotension; La	1972
The use of marcaine for epidural anaesthesia. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1973, Jun-30, Volume: 47, Issue:25 Topics: Abdomen; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesar	1973
The use of lumbar epidural analgesia during the first stage of labour in high-risk pregnancies. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1974, Apr-17, Volume: 48, Issue:18 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Delivery, Obste	1974
[Contraindications and complications of regional anaesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1972, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Abscess; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Spinal;	1972

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Thoracic dermatome 4	Thoracic dermatome 5	Thoracic dermatome 6	Thoracic dermatome 7	Thoracic dermatome 8	Thoracic dermatome 9	Sensory level not tested
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	5	9	8	16	6	10	0
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	6	11	9	17	10	6	1
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	5	12	7	14	8	14	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
	0 doses	1 dose	2 doses	3 doses	4 doses
10ml Bolused Every 60 Minutes	27	17	7	1	2
2.5 mL Bolused Every 15 Minutes	24	23	12	3	4
5ml Bolused Every 30 Minutes	30	17	11	1	1

bupivacaine and Blood Pressure, Low