bupivacaine and Arrhythmia studies

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" However, to our knowledge, it remains unknown whether EA could alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	7.83	Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. ( Gao, JL; Han, FF; Li, XX; Li, YL; Wang, XM; Zhang, DH; Zhang, HJ; Zhao, QL, 2016)
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats."	7.69	Sevoflurane is equivalent to isoflurane for attenuating bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats. ( Fukuda, H; Hirabayashi, Y; Mitsuhata, H; Saitoh, K; Shimizu, R, 1996)
"Toxic systemic reactions to bupivacaine usually involve a number of factors, including hypoxia and acidosis."	7.68	Severe hypoxia enhances central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine in lightly anesthetized pigs. ( Badgwell, JM; Bessire, A; Dryden, CF; Heavner, JE; Huemer, G; Sanghani, V, 1992)
"Intraventricular conduction disorders and reentrant arrhythmias in dogs can be produced by high plasma bupivacaine concentrations."	7.68	Enhancement by hyponatremia and hyperkalemia of ventricular conduction and rhythm disorders caused by bupivacaine. ( Bertix, L; Couzon, P; Faucon, G; Freysz, M; Mazze, R; Timour, Q, 1990)
" To investigate the mechanisms by which bupivacaine may act within the CNS to produce cardiovascular toxicity, we studied four groups of halothane-anesthetized rabbits in which infusion of intracerebroventricular (icv) bupivacaine or intravenous (iv) phenylephrine resulted in dysrhythmias and hypertension."	7.68	Hexamethonium and midazolam terminate dysrhythmias and hypertension caused by intracerebroventricular bupivacaine in rabbits. ( Artu, AA; Bernards, CM, 1991)
"We studied the effects of pretreatment with hypertonic solutions on the conduction disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias caused by iv injection of bupivacaine in anesthetized mongrel dogs."	7.67	Hypertonic NaCl antagonizes cardiac arrhythmia induced by bupivacaine. ( Rocha-e-Silva, M; Scalabrini, A; Simonetti, MP; Velasco, IT, 1989)
"High concentrations of bupivacaine and profound hypothermia individually cause intraventricular conduction disturbances and reentrant arrhythmias."	7.67	Potentiation by mild hypothermia of ventricular conduction disturbances and reentrant arrhythmias induced by bupivacaine in dogs. ( Bertrix, L; Cohen, S; Faucon, G; Freysz, M; Mazze, RI; Samii, K; Timour, Q, 1989)
"Time of arrhythmia, 50% mean arterial pressure- and 50% heart rate-reduction, and asystole were recorded, and ropivacaine doses were calculated."	5.72	Effects of nalbuphine on the cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine in rats. ( Huang, S; Jiao, J; Sun, S; Wang, C; Yu, X, 2022)
"However, several reports of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) due to ropivacaine toxicity have been documented."	5.72	Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. ( Almendral, J; Anadón, MJ; Fernández, I; García, S; Quintela, O; Rodríguez, L; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2022)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	5.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
"The incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias was decreased at all concentrations."	5.30	Proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects of bupivacaine in an in vitro model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. ( Babatasi, G; Bricard, H; Ducouret, P; Flais, F; Gérard, JL; Khayat, A; Picard, S; Potier, JC; Rouet, R, 1998)
"Although Volatile Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia (VIMA) with sevoflurane might prolong the QTc interval and did not result in arrhythmia, selective spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine was not associated with alterations in the QT interval or arrhythmia."	5.14	The effects of volatile induction and maintenance of anesthesia and selective spinal anesthesia on QT interval, QT dispersion, and arrhythmia incidence. ( Alkent, ZP; Basaran, M; Dikmen, B; Ekin, A; Ornek, D; Ornek, E, 2010)
"To determine if epinephrine (EPI) added to a solution of bupivacaine (BUP) injected for use in superficial cervical plexus blockade (SCPB) lowers plasma BUP concentrations after injection and whether this addition of EPI resulted in tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, or both."	5.09	Plasma bupivacaine concentrations and effects of epinephrine after superficial cervical plexus blockade in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. ( Butterworth, JF; Colonna, DM; Harwood, TN; Samuel, M, 1999)
"Our data illustrate differences in calcium dynamics between anesthetics and how calcium may mitigate bupivacaine cardiotoxicity."	4.12	Local Anesthetic Cardiac Toxicity Is Mediated by Cardiomyocyte Calcium Dynamics. ( Coles, JG; Estrada, M; Lonnqvist, PA; Maynes, JT; Plakhotnik, J; Zhang, L, 2022)
"The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of bupivacaine and its S (-)-enantiomer, levobupivacaine, on cardiac arrhythmias in patients."	4.02	Comparison Between the Effects of Bupivacaine and Levobupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia on QT Dispersion. ( Akçay, M; Göğüş, N; İkeda, ÖC; Pehlivan, VF, 2021)
"Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity mainly manifests as inhibition of the cardiac sodium channel, which slows conduction, particularly at the ventricular level."	3.91	Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Reversing Bupivacaine-Induced Electrophysiological Toxicity in a Porcine Experimental Model. ( Almendral, J; Anadón Baselga, MJ; Callejo, D; López-Menchaca, R; Melone, A; Quintela, O; Sevilla, R; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2019)
" However, to our knowledge, it remains unknown whether EA could alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity."	3.83	Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. ( Gao, JL; Han, FF; Li, XX; Li, YL; Wang, XM; Zhang, DH; Zhang, HJ; Zhao, QL, 2016)
" Cardiotoxicity is an ominous complication of cocaine and cocaethylene overdose for which no specific antidote exists."	3.81	Cardiac depression induced by cocaine or cocaethylene is alleviated by lipid emulsion more effectively than by sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. ( Feinstein, DL; Fettiplace, MR; Kowal, K; Lin, B; Lis, K; Pichurko, A; Ripper, R; Rubinstein, I; Schwartz, D; Weinberg, G, 2015)
" Fatal cardiac arrhythmias occurred in, respectively, 3 of 11, 2 of 12, and 2 of 13 conscious sheep infused with bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine; in 1 of 9 with prilocaine, electromechanical dissociation (followed by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) caused death."	3.74	The effects of general anesthesia on the central nervous and cardiovascular system toxicity of local anesthetics. ( Copeland, SE; Gu, XQ; Ladd, LA; Mather, LE, 2008)
"The effects of various hypertonic solutions on the intraventricular conduction, ventricular repolarization and the arrhythmias caused by the intravenous (iv) injection of bupivacaine (6."	3.72	Effects of hypertonic sodium chloride solution on the electrophysiologic alterations caused by bupivacaine in the dog heart. ( Corregiari, F; Rocha e Silva, M; Scalabrini, A, 2003)
" Fifteen minutes later, each group was randomly subdivided into two equal groups and an infusion of bupivacaine or ropivacaine, 3 mg kg(-1) min(-1), was given until cardiac arrest (asystole) occurred."	3.72	Effects of clonidine pre-treatment on bupivacaine and ropivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. ( Aydin, Y; Gulec, S; Senturk, Y; Uzuner, K; Yelken, B, 2004)
"5-2% sevoflurane anesthesia, 0."	3.69	Amrinone is superior to epinephrine in reversing bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular depression in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. ( Fukuda, H; Hirabayashi, Y; Saitoh, K; Shimizu, R, 1995)
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats."	3.69	Sevoflurane is equivalent to isoflurane for attenuating bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats. ( Fukuda, H; Hirabayashi, Y; Mitsuhata, H; Saitoh, K; Shimizu, R, 1996)
"Intraventricular conduction disorders and reentrant arrhythmias in dogs can be produced by high plasma bupivacaine concentrations."	3.68	Enhancement by hyponatremia and hyperkalemia of ventricular conduction and rhythm disorders caused by bupivacaine. ( Bertix, L; Couzon, P; Faucon, G; Freysz, M; Mazze, R; Timour, Q, 1990)
" To investigate the mechanisms by which bupivacaine may act within the CNS to produce cardiovascular toxicity, we studied four groups of halothane-anesthetized rabbits in which infusion of intracerebroventricular (icv) bupivacaine or intravenous (iv) phenylephrine resulted in dysrhythmias and hypertension."	3.68	Hexamethonium and midazolam terminate dysrhythmias and hypertension caused by intracerebroventricular bupivacaine in rabbits. ( Artu, AA; Bernards, CM, 1991)
"Toxic systemic reactions to bupivacaine usually involve a number of factors, including hypoxia and acidosis."	3.68	Severe hypoxia enhances central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine in lightly anesthetized pigs. ( Badgwell, JM; Bessire, A; Dryden, CF; Heavner, JE; Huemer, G; Sanghani, V, 1992)
"In this model, clonidine given prophylactically delays the toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension."	3.68	Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. ( De Kock, M; Henin, D; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Vandewalle, F, 1993)
" Four percent bupivacaine produced arrhythmias in 5 of 10 cats in two groups and apnea in 4 of 6 cats."	3.67	Duration and toxicity of bupivacaine for topical anesthesia of the airway in the cat. ( Ford, DJ; Raj, PP; Singh, P; Watters, C, 1984)
"We studied the effects of pretreatment with hypertonic solutions on the conduction disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias caused by iv injection of bupivacaine in anesthetized mongrel dogs."	3.67	Hypertonic NaCl antagonizes cardiac arrhythmia induced by bupivacaine. ( Rocha-e-Silva, M; Scalabrini, A; Simonetti, MP; Velasco, IT, 1989)
"High concentrations of bupivacaine and profound hypothermia individually cause intraventricular conduction disturbances and reentrant arrhythmias."	3.67	Potentiation by mild hypothermia of ventricular conduction disturbances and reentrant arrhythmias induced by bupivacaine in dogs. ( Bertrix, L; Cohen, S; Faucon, G; Freysz, M; Mazze, RI; Samii, K; Timour, Q, 1989)
"Comparative study of antiarrhythmic properties of marcaine and lidocaine was made on aconitine- and strophanthine-induced experimental arrhythmias and in rhythm disorders induced by electrical stimulation of the ventricles."	3.66	[Anti-arrhythmia properties of marcaine]. ( Berdiaev, SIu; Darinskiĭ, NV; Dzhaparidze, MM; Liubushkina, TE; Senova, ZP, 1983)
"BACKGROUND Cardiac arrhythmia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality."	2.84	Effects on QTc Interval of 2 Different Doses of Spinal Anesthesia in Inguinal Hernia Operations. ( Hanbeyoglu, O; Ozcan, S; Urfalioglu, A; Yazar, FM, 2017)
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored for up to 36 days after administration."	2.79	The safety of liposome bupivacaine, a novel local analgesic formulation. ( Onel, E; Ramamoorthy, SL; Sinatra, R; Viscusi, ER, 2014)
"However, several reports of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) due to ropivacaine toxicity have been documented."	1.72	Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. ( Almendral, J; Anadón, MJ; Fernández, I; García, S; Quintela, O; Rodríguez, L; Varela, O; Zaballos, M, 2022)
"Time of arrhythmia, 50% mean arterial pressure- and 50% heart rate-reduction, and asystole were recorded, and ropivacaine doses were calculated."	1.72	Effects of nalbuphine on the cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine in rats. ( Huang, S; Jiao, J; Sun, S; Wang, C; Yu, X, 2022)
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."	1.48	Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ( Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)
" Labour analgesia and surgical anesthesia were provided with a lumbar epidural dosed with varying concentrations of bupivacaine."	1.33	Cesarean section in a patient with familial cardiomyopathy and a cardioverter-defibrillator. ( Dolak, JA; Frost, DA, 2006)
"Phenytoin also has been used to treat bupivacaine cardiotoxicity."	1.31	Bupivacaine-induced QRS prolongation is enhanced by lidocaine and by phenytoin in rabbit hearts. ( Kariya, N; Mazoit, JX; Pelle-Lancien, E; Simon, L, 2002)
"Levobupivacaine was found to cause smaller changes in indices of cardiac contractility and the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram and also to have less depressant effect on the electroencephalogram."	1.31	Cardiac and CNS toxicity of levobupivacaine: strengths of evidence for advantage over bupivacaine. ( Gristwood, RW, 2002)
"Bupivacaine seizure doses in 7-NI and L-NAME pretreated animals were similar to control but significantly different from each other."	1.31	Nitric oxide modulation affects the tissue distribution and toxicity of bupivacaine. ( Heavner, JE; Shi, B, 2000)
" The timing of the occurrence of local anesthetic-induced toxic events (defined as the first QRS modification, dysrhythmia, seizures, moderate and severe bradycardia and hypotension, final systole) was recorded and the dose calculated."	1.31	The comparative toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine at equipotent doses in rats. ( Cuignet, O; De Kock, M; Dewinde, V; Dony, P; Gautier, P; Lavand'homme, P; Legrand, E; Vanderick, B, 2000)
"Hypotension and arrhythmias were treated with epinephrine, open-chest massage, and advanced cardiac life support protocols, respectively."	1.31	Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. ( Butterworth, J; Deal, DD; Groban, L; James, RL; Vernon, JC, 2001)
"Bupivacaine was infused at a constant rate of 2 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) while electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and invasive arterial pressure were continuously monitored."	1.30	A comparison of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. ( Kobayashi, T; Ohmura, S; Ohta, T; Yamamoto, K, 1999)
"The incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias was decreased at all concentrations."	1.30	Proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects of bupivacaine in an in vitro model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. ( Babatasi, G; Bricard, H; Ducouret, P; Flais, F; Gérard, JL; Khayat, A; Picard, S; Potier, JC; Rouet, R, 1998)
" In the in vivo study, the dose-response curve for the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of bupivacaine was determined for rats."	1.30	The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. ( Adsan, H; Onaran, O; Tulunay, M, 1998)
"Doses for arrhythmias and asystole as well as plasma bupivacaine concentrations at arrhythmia onset were dramatically smaller in L-NAME-pretreated rats than in the other two groups."	1.30	Modification of bupivacaine toxicity by nonselective versus neuronal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition. ( Heavner, JE; Shi, B, 1997)
"Doses were chosen to avoid convulsions (smaller dose 6."	1.30	Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep. ( Huang, YF; Mather, LE; Pryor, ME; Veering, BT, 1998)
"Bupivacaine is a potent local anesthetic widely used for prolonged local and regional anesthesia."	1.29	Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. ( Bennett, PB; Hondeghem, LM; Snyders, DJ; Tamargo, J; Valenzuela, C, 1995)
" In this rat model, desbutylbupivacaine was about half as toxic as bupivacaine judged by cardiac parameters, and clearly less toxic to the central nervous system than bupivacaine."	1.28	Acute cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity of bupivacaine and desbutylbupivacaine in the rat. ( Heavner, JE; Rosenberg, PH, 1992)
" Three minutes after pretreatment, group 1 (n = 11), group 3 (n = 10), and their respective control groups (n = 11 and n = 9) received intravenous bupivacaine LD50 (median lethal dose)."	1.28	Nimodipine reduces the toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. ( Horn, JL; Hyman, SA; Kambam, JR; Kinney, WW; Skelley, CC, 1992)
"Bupivacaine was injected in 2 doses: 3."	1.28	Hypertonic NaCl solution prevents bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity. ( Rocha e Silva, M; Scalabrini, A; Simonetti, Mdos P; Velasco, IT, 1992)
"The influence of age and volatile anesthetic agents on plasma concentrations and toxic effects of bupivacaine were studied in 2-day-old, 2-week-old, and 2-month-old pigs."	1.28	Bupivacaine toxicity in young pigs is age-dependent and is affected by volatile anesthetics. ( Badgwell, JM; Heavner, JE; Kytta, J, 1990)
"No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in this group."	1.28	Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Feldman, HS, 1989)
"Potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmia in myocyte cultures suggests that this effect is at least partly mediated at the myocyte level."	1.28	Progesterone potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats and beating rat heart cell cultures. ( Baum, VC; Curran, MA; Miletich, DJ, 1992)
"To determine what effect the addition of epinephrine has on bupivacaine toxicity, toxic doses of bupivacaine were administered to awake spontaneously breathing pigs."	1.28	Effect of epinephrine on central nervous system and cardiovascular system toxicity of bupivacaine in pigs. ( Bernards, CM; Brown, DL; Carpenter, RL; Kenter, ME; Rupp, SM; Thompson, GE, 1989)
" These results suggest that the CNS is the primary target organ for the toxic effects of both highly lipid-soluble and highly protein-bound local anesthetics (i."	1.27	Comparative CNS toxicity of lidocaine, etidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine in awake dogs following rapid intravenous administration. ( Covino, BG; Feldman, HS; Giasi, R; Liu, PL; Patterson, MK, 1983)
"Serious arrhythmias (ventricular or supraventricular tachycardia) were noted in all groups, but the incidence was significantly higher in the group of rats given diazepam pretreatment than in the other three groups."	1.27	Does diazepam really reduce the cardiotoxic effects of intravenous bupivacaine? ( Denson, DD; Forsberg, T; Gregg, RV; Sehlhorst, CS; Stuebing, RC; Turner, PA, 1988)
"In the absence of arrhythmias, the spontaneous rate decreased less than 30% with lidocaine up to 50 micrograms/ml, and with bupivacaine up to 5 micrograms/ml."	1.27	The electrophysiologic actions of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the isolated, perfused canine heart. ( Bradley, EL; Wheeler, DM; Woods, WT, 1988)
" The toxic dose was significantly less in the six-week-old group than younger or older animals."	1.27	The influence of age on the cardiovascular toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in young dogs. ( Bell, B; Brown, TC; Edwards, J; Riquelme, CM, 1987)
"No ventricular arrhythmias were observed after the ICV infusion of saline or with intravenous doses of bupivacaine as large as 1."	1.27	Cardiac dysrhythmias induced by infusion of local anesthetics into the lateral cerebral ventricle of cats. ( Heavner, JE, 1986)
"In all animals in whom ventricular arrhythmias were associated with lidocaine, the arrhythmias spontaneously reverted to normal sinus rhythm."	1.27	Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. ( Behbehani, MM; Coyle, DE; Denson, DD; Thomas, RD, 1986)
"min-1 decreased the seizure dosage of etidocaine but had no effect on that of bupivacaine."	1.26	Relation of etidocaine and bupivacaine toxicity to rate of infusion in rhesus monkeys. ( Embro, WJ; Malagodi, MH; Munson, ES, 1977)
"Diazepam pretreatment raised the seizure threshold of bupivacaine."	1.25	Central nervous system effects of bupivacaine. ( Jenkins, LC; Robinson, WM, 1975)

Research

Studies (92)

Authors

Clinical Trials (4)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Frequency of Postoperative Opioid Related Adverse Effects

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	30 (32.61)	18.7374
1990's	30 (32.61)	18.2507
2000's	16 (17.39)	29.6817
2010's	12 (13.04)	24.3611
2020's	4 (4.35)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kalinin, DV	1
Pantsurkin, VI	1
Syropyatov, BY	1
Kalinina, SA	1
Rudakova, IP	1
Vakhrin, MI	1
Dolzhenko, AV	1
Wang, C	1
Sun, S	1
Jiao, J	1
Yu, X	1
Huang, S	1
Zaballos, M	2
Fernández, I	1
Rodríguez, L	1
García, S	1
Varela, O	2
Quintela, O	2
Anadón, MJ	1
Almendral, J	2
Plakhotnik, J	1
Zhang, L	1
Estrada, M	1
Coles, JG	1
Lonnqvist, PA	1
Maynes, JT	1
Pehlivan, VF	1
Akçay, M	1
İkeda, ÖC	1
Göğüş, N	1
Pişkin, Ö	1
Ayoğlu, H	1
Callejo, D	1
Sevilla, R	1
López-Menchaca, R	1
Melone, A	1
Anadón Baselga, MJ	1
Viscusi, ER	1
Sinatra, R	1
Onel, E	1
Ramamoorthy, SL	1
Admani, B	1
Essajee, F	1
Fettiplace, MR	1
Pichurko, A	1
Ripper, R	1
Lin, B	1
Kowal, K	1
Lis, K	1
Schwartz, D	1
Feinstein, DL	1
Rubinstein, I	1
Weinberg, G	1
Gao, JL	1
Li, YL	1
Wang, XM	1
Zhao, QL	1
Zhang, HJ	1
Han, FF	1
Li, XX	1
Zhang, DH	1
Hanbeyoglu, O	1
Urfalioglu, A	1
Yazar, FM	1
Ozcan, S	1
Ngeow, WC	1
Owczuk, R	1
Steffek, M	1
Wujtewicz, MA	1
Szymanowicz, W	1
Twardowski, P	1
Marjanski, T	1
Wojciechowski, J	1
Zienciuk, A	1
Rzyman, W	1
Wujtewicz, M	1
Garneau, SY	1
Deschamps, A	1
Couture, P	1
Levesque, S	1
Babin, D	1
Lambert, J	1
Tardif, JC	1
Perrault, LP	1
Denault, AY	1
Ornek, E	1
Ornek, D	1
Alkent, ZP	1
Ekin, A	1
Basaran, M	1
Dikmen, B	1
Sintra Grilo, L	1
Carrupt, PA	1
Abriel, H	1
Daina, A	1
Gu, Y	1
Wang, L	1
Wang, X	1
Tang, Y	1
Cao, F	1
Fang, Y	1
Bozkurt, P	1
Süzer, O	1
Ekici, E	1
Demirci, O	1
Kaya, G	1
Hacibekiroğlu, M	1
Scalabrini, A	3
Corregiari, F	1
Rocha e Silva, M	2
Phillips, N	1
Priestley, M	1
Denniss, AR	1
Uther, JB	1
Belyamani, L	1
Kriet, M	1
Laktaoui, A	1
Azendour, H	1
Drissi, M	1
Haimeur, CH	1
Drissi, NK	1
Terhazaz, A	1
Atmani, M	1
Gulec, S	1
Aydin, Y	1
Uzuner, K	1
Yelken, B	1
Senturk, Y	1
Frost, DA	1
Dolak, JA	1
Copeland, SE	1
Ladd, LA	1
Gu, XQ	1
Mather, LE	2
Ford, DJ	1
Singh, P	1
Watters, C	1
Raj, PP	1
Dzhaparidze, MM	1
Berdiaev, SIu	1
Darinskiĭ, NV	1
Senova, ZP	1
Liubushkina, TE	1
Kotelko, DM	1
Shnider, SM	2
Dailey, PA	1
Brizgys, RV	1
Levinson, G	2
Shapiro, WA	1
Koike, M	2
Rosen, MA	2
Liu, PL	1
Feldman, HS	2
Giasi, R	1
Patterson, MK	1
Covino, BG	4
Chapin, JC	1
Kushins, LG	1
Munson, ES	2
Schick, LM	1
Valenzuela, C	1
Snyders, DJ	1
Bennett, PB	1
Tamargo, J	1
Hondeghem, LM	1
Saitoh, K	2
Hirabayashi, Y	2
Shimizu, R	2
Fukuda, H	2
Bacsik, CJ	1
Swift, JQ	1
Hargreaves, KM	1
Bernards, CM	3
Artru, AA	1
De Kock, M	2
Le Polain, B	1
Henin, D	1
Vandewalle, F	1
Scholtes, JL	1
Mitsuhata, H	1
Shi, B	2
Heavner, JE	6
Huang, YF	1
Pryor, ME	1
Veering, BT	1
Adsan, H	1
Tulunay, M	1
Onaran, O	1
Picard, S	1
Rouet, R	1
Flais, F	1
Ducouret, P	1
Babatasi, G	1
Khayat, A	1
Potier, JC	1
Bricard, H	1
Gérard, JL	1
Lenfant, F	1
Volot, F	1
Freysz, M	4
Wilkening, M	1
Ohmura, S	2
Ohta, T	2
Yamamoto, K	2
Kobayashi, T	2
Harwood, TN	1
Butterworth, JF	1
Colonna, DM	1
Samuel, M	1
Alsarraf, R	1
Sie, KC	1
Dony, P	1
Dewinde, V	1
Vanderick, B	1
Cuignet, O	1
Gautier, P	1
Legrand, E	1
Lavand'homme, P	1
Groban, L	1
Deal, DD	1
Vernon, JC	1
James, RL	1
Butterworth, J	1
Kawada, M	1
Simon, L	1
Kariya, N	1
Pelle-Lancien, E	1
Mazoit, JX	1
Gristwood, RW	1
Malagodi, MH	1
Embro, WJ	1
Stratmann, D	1
Götte, A	1
Meyer-Hamme, K	1
Watermann, WF	1
Robinson, WM	1
Jenkins, LC	1
Baum, VC	1
Miletich, DJ	1
Curran, MA	1
McCloskey, JJ	1
Haun, SE	1
Deshpande, JK	1
Rosenberg, PH	1
Hyman, SA	1
Kinney, WW	3
Horn, JL	1
Skelley, CC	1
Kambam, JR	3
Dryden, CF	1
Sanghani, V	1
Huemer, G	1
Bessire, A	1
Badgwell, JM	2
Simonetti, Mdos P	1
Velasco, IT	2
Artu, AA	1
Moore, DC	1
Kopacz, DJ	1
Wright, W	2
Kashimoto, S	1
Kume, M	1
Kumazawa, T	1
Matsuda, F	1
Solomon, D	1
Bunegin, L	1
Albin, M	1
Clyburn, PA	1
Rosen, M	1
Vickers, MD	1
Timour, Q	3
Mazze, R	1
Couzon, P	2
Bertix, L	1
Faucon, G	3
Lacombe, P	1
Blaise, G	1
Plante, F	1
Hollmann, C	1
Kytta, J	1
Wilson, IH	1
Richmond, MN	1
Strike, PW	1
Arthur, GR	1
Bertrix, L	2
Loufoua-Moundanga, J	1
Mazze, RI	1
Cohen, S	1
Samii, K	1
Simonetti, MP	1
Rocha-e-Silva, M	1
Carpenter, RL	1
Kenter, ME	1
Brown, DL	1
Rupp, SM	1
Thompson, GE	1
Reiz, S	1
Häggmark, S	1
Johansson, G	1
Nath, S	1
Gregg, RV	1
Turner, PA	1
Denson, DD	2
Stuebing, RC	1
Sehlhorst, CS	1
Forsberg, T	1
Moller, RA	1
Wheeler, DM	1
Bradley, EL	1
Woods, WT	1
Eledjam, JJ	1
de la Coussaye, JE	1
Brugada, J	1
Masse, C	1
Desh, G	1
Sassine, A	1
d'Athis, F	1
Riquelme, CM	1
Bell, B	1
Edwards, J	1
Brown, TC	1
Emperaire-Le Pouleuf, N	1
Ottomani, A	1
Kasten, GW	2
Thomas, RD	1
Behbehani, MM	1
Coyle, DE	1
Martin, ST	1
Thigpen, JW	1
Foutz, SE	1
Ikeogu, MO	1
Virneberg, H	1
Nolte, H	1
Sakio, H	1
Yoshida, Y	1
Shimamura, K	1
Boettner, RB	1
Dunbar, RW	1
Haley, JV	1
Morrow, DH	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine for Pain Control Following Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction[NCT03722927]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-14	Completed
Study for the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Blockade in Preventing Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation[NCT03269383]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Lack of funding and other logistical issues)
Efficiency of Intravenous Lidocaine to Reduce Coughing and the Hemodynamic Changes Associated to Tracheal Extubation[NCT03731429]	Phase 4	144 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-05	Recruiting
Red Blood Cell Validation of Magnesium Deficiency as Determined by a Muscle Stretch Test[NCT04130620]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-10-15	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Frequency of postoperative opioid related adverse effects within the first week of surgery will be recorded. This includes nausea, vomiting, pruritus, allergy, respiratory depression. (NCT03722927)
Timeframe: Postoperatively, 1 week

Length of Stay for Hospitalization

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Bupivacaine Group	0
Liposomal Bupivacaine Group	0

The length of stay for hospitalization after mastectomy and breast reconstruction will be recorded. (NCT03722927)
Timeframe: up to 47 Hours

Number of Morphine Doses Across All Subjects

Intervention	days (Mean)
Bupivacaine Group	1
Liposomal Bupivacaine Group	1

This will be measured by the number of doses within the first month postoperatively and recorded on pain medication daily diary kept by subject. (NCT03722927)
Timeframe: 1 Month

Readmission Rates to the Hospital

Intervention	Number of morphine doses (Number)
Bupivacaine Group	0
Liposomal Bupivacaine Group	20

Readmission rates to the hospital within 2 months after mastectomy and breast reconstruction will be recorded (NCT03722927)
Timeframe: Month 2

Mean Visual Analog Scores

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Bupivacaine Group	0
Liposomal Bupivacaine Group	0

This will be measured every 12 hours for the first 48 hours postoperatively by the level of breast pain associated with arm movements while eating on a scale of 0-10 with higher scores denoting worse outcomes. (NCT03722927)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Mean Visual Analog Scores

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	12 hours	24 hours	36 hours	48 hours
Liposomal Bupivacaine Group	3.5	4	3.5	2

Article	Year
Toxic systemic reactions of bupivacaine and etidocaine. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 1995, Volume: 79, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Sy	1995
Recent advances in local anaesthesia. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1986, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Pt 2 Topics: Acidosis; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiov	1986

Article	Year
The safety of liposome bupivacaine, a novel local analgesic formulation. The Clinical journal of pain, 2014, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine;	2014
Effects on QTc Interval of 2 Different Doses of Spinal Anesthesia in Inguinal Hernia Operations. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2017, Mar-12, Volume: 23 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2017
The effects of volatile induction and maintenance of anesthesia and selective spinal anesthesia on QT interval, QT dispersion, and arrhythmia incidence. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2010, Volume: 65, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivaca	2010
[Peribulbar anesthesia: comparing 1% ropivacaine and a mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine--2% lidocaine]. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie, 2003, Volume: 26, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Amides; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cataract	2003
Plasma bupivacaine concentrations and effects of epinephrine after superficial cervical plexus blockade in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 1999, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arteries; Bupivacaine; Cervical P	1999
Comparison of the respiratory effects of i.v. infusions of morphine and regional analgesia by extradural block. British journal of anaesthesia, 1990, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Female; Humans; Infusi	1990
Regional analgesia with bupivacaine in dental anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 1986, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Arrhythmias, Car	1986

Article	Year
Synthesis, local anaesthetic and antiarrhythmic activities of N-alkyl derivatives of proline anilides. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2013, Volume: 63 Topics: Alkanes; Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Anilides; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac	2013
Effects of nalbuphine on the cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine in rats. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Heart Arrest	2022
Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on the reversal of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias and electrophysiological alterations in an animal model of ropivacaine toxicity. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2022, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Disease Models, Animal; Fat Emulsion	2022
Local Anesthetic Cardiac Toxicity Is Mediated by Cardiomyocyte Calcium Dynamics. Anesthesiology, 2022, 12-01, Volume: 137, Issue:6 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Calcium; Cardiotoxicity; Fem	2022
Comparison Between the Effects of Bupivacaine and Levobupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia on QT Dispersion. Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets, 2021, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Female; Heart Rate	2021
Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Cardiovascular toxicology, 2018, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardio	2018
Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Reversing Bupivacaine-Induced Electrophysiological Toxicity in a Porcine Experimental Model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:1 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardio	2019
Successful resuscitation of a three month old child with intralipid infusion, presumed to have bupivacaine induced seizures and cardiovascular complications: case report. East African medical journal, 2010, Volume: 87, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Humans; Infant; M	2010
Cardiac depression induced by cocaine or cocaethylene is alleviated by lipid emulsion more effectively than by sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2015, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; beta-Cyclodextrins; Bupivacaine; Cardiotoxicity; Cocaine; Coronary Ci	2015
Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2016, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arterial Pressure; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; C	2016
Contemporary periodontal surgery. Dental update, 2008, Volume: 35, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Centra	2008
Effects of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on cardiac repolarization. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 2009, Volume: 36, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic Fibers; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Auto	2009
Preliminary experience in the use of preoperative echo-guided left stellate ganglion block in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2011, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Nerve Block; Blood Pr	2011
Block of the hERG channel by bupivacaine: Electrophysiological and modeling insights towards stereochemical optimization. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2011, Volume: 46, Issue:8 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Allergic Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Binding Sites; Bu	2011
Assessment of ventricular electrophysiological characteristics at periinfarct zone of postmyocardial infarction in rabbits following stellate ganglion block. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2012, Volume: 23 Suppl 1 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivac	2012
Effects of bupivacaine used with sevoflurane on the rhythm and contractility in the isolated rat heart. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrioventricular Node; B	2003
Effects of hypertonic sodium chloride solution on the electrophysiologic alterations caused by bupivacaine in the dog heart. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2003, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrophysiology; Female; Hea	2003
Brugada-type electrocardiographic pattern induced by epidural bupivacaine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bundle-Branch	2003
Effects of clonidine pre-treatment on bupivacaine and ropivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure	2004
Cesarean section in a patient with familial cardiomyopathy and a cardioverter-defibrillator. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthesia, Epidu	2006
The effects of general anesthesia on the central nervous and cardiovascular system toxicity of local anesthetics. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:5 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Amides; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Ca	2008
Duration and toxicity of bupivacaine for topical anesthesia of the airway in the cat. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1984, Volume: 63, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cats; Cough; Female; Lidocaine	1984
[Anti-arrhythmia properties of marcaine]. Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny, 1983, Volume: 96, Issue:9 Topics: Aconitine; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cats; Electric Stimul	1983
Bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in sheep. Anesthesiology, 1984, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Electrocardiography; Fem	1984
Comparative CNS toxicity of lidocaine, etidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine in awake dogs following rapid intravenous administration. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1983, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Acetanilides; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular System; Cats; Central Nervo	1983
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, and epinephrine-induced arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia in dogs. Anesthesiology, 1980, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Acetanilides; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Epinephrine;	1980
Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation, 1995, Nov-15, Volume: 92, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Electrophysiology; Female; Guinea Pi	1995
Amrinone is superior to epinephrine in reversing bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular depression in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Amrinone; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Epinephrine; Et	1995
Effect of intracerebroventricular picrotoxin and muscimol on intravenous bupivacaine toxicity. Evidence supporting central nervous system involvement in bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 78, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Central Nervous	1993
Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Electroencephalography;	1993
Sevoflurane is equivalent to isoflurane for attenuating bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivaca	1996
Modification of bupivacaine toxicity by nonselective versus neuronal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 84, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brain; Bupivacaine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Ne	1997
Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Outpu	1998
The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Calcium Channel Bloc	1998
Proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects of bupivacaine in an in vitro model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 88, Issue:5 Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Rel	1998
[Does flumazenil correct disorders of intracardiac conduction induced by accidental intravenous injection of bupivacaine?]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1996, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Female; Flumazenil; Heart Conducti	1996
A comparison of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 88, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac	1999
Brain stem stroke associated with bupivacaine injection for adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2000, Volume: 122, Issue:4 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Anesthetics, Local; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brain Stem; Bupivacaine; Female	2000
Nitric oxide modulation affects the tissue distribution and toxicity of bupivacaine. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2000, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors	2000
The comparative toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine at equipotent doses in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2000, Volume: 91, Issue:6 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Electrocardi	2000
Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 92, Issue:1 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Anilides; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Ca	2001
Systemic toxicity and resuscitation in bupivacaine-, levobupivacaine-, or ropivacaine-infused rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 93, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Amides; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bl	2001
Bupivacaine-induced QRS prolongation is enhanced by lidocaine and by phenytoin in rabbit hearts. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 94, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Drug Synergism; Electrocardiography;	2002
Cardiac and CNS toxicity of levobupivacaine: strengths of evidence for advantage over bupivacaine. Drug safety, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Calcium Channels; Central Nervous Sy	2002
Relation of etidocaine and bupivacaine toxicity to rate of infusion in rhesus monkeys. British journal of anaesthesia, 1977, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Acetanilides; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Central Nervous System; Etidocaine; Haplor	1977
[Spinal anaesthesia using bupivacain--clinical experience of more than 6000 cases (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1979, Volume: 28, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Bupivacaine; Dyspnea; Epinephrine; Fema	1979
Central nervous system effects of bupivacaine. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1975, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Amygdala; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Bupivacaine; Ca	1975
Progesterone potentiation of bupivacaine arrhythmogenicity in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats and beating rat heart cell cultures. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cells, Cultured; Drug Synergism; Epinephrine	1992
Bupivacaine toxicity secondary to continuous caudal epidural infusion in children. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 75, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Caudal; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infa	1992
Acute cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity of bupivacaine and desbutylbupivacaine in the rat. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Depression, Chemical; Electroencephalogr	1992
Nimodipine reduces the toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 74, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Body Weight; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular System; Drug Interact	1992
Severe hypoxia enhances central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine in lightly anesthetized pigs. Anesthesiology, 1992, Volume: 77, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Electroencephalo	1992
Hypertonic NaCl solution prevents bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity. Circulatory shock, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Female; Heart Conduction System; Heart Ventricles;	1992
Hexamethonium and midazolam terminate dysrhythmias and hypertension caused by intracerebroventricular bupivacaine in rabbits. Anesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 74, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Brain; Bupivacaine; Halotha	1991
If ventricular conduction and rhythm disorders are caused by bupivacaine, it is doubtful that intraoperative hyponatremia and hyperkalemia enhance them. Anesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 74, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Hyponatremia; Intraoperative Perio	1991
Continuous spinal anaesthesia for abdominal surgery in a patient receiving amiodarone. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1991, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Amiodarone; Anesthesia, Spinal; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Colon; Colonic Ne	1991
Propranolol pretreatment reduces cardiorespiratory toxicity due to plain, but not epinephrine-containing, intravenous bupivacaine in rats. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1991, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Electrocardiography; Epinephrine; Heart; Injectio	1991
Functional and metabolic effects of bupivacaine and lignocaine in the rat heart-lung preparation. British journal of anaesthesia, 1990, Volume: 65, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Glycogen; Heart;	1990
Nicardipine reduces the cardio-respiratory toxicity of intravenously administered bupivacaine in rats. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, Conduction; Animals; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Hea	1990
The effect of magnesium sulfate administration on cerebral and cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine in dogs. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 72, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brain; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography	1990
Enhancement by hyponatremia and hyperkalemia of ventricular conduction and rhythm disorders caused by bupivacaine. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 72, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Glycine; Heart Conduc	1990
Treatment with isoproterenol of bupivacaine toxicity. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Pt 2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electr	1990
Bupivacaine toxicity in young pigs is age-dependent and is affected by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Drug Interactions	1990
Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1989, Volume: 69, Issue:6 Topics: Amides; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Carbon Dioxide; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship	1989
[Effects of hypo- and hypernatremia on depression of ventricular conduction and arrhythmia induced by bupivacaine]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Heart Conduction System; Hypernatremia; Hyponatrem	1989
Potentiation by mild hypothermia of ventricular conduction disturbances and reentrant arrhythmias induced by bupivacaine in dogs. Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 70, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Conduction Syst	1989
Hypertonic NaCl antagonizes cardiac arrhythmia induced by bupivacaine. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 1989, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Female; Male; Preanesthetic Medica	1989
Effect of epinephrine on central nervous system and cardiovascular system toxicity of bupivacaine in pigs. Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular System; Central Nervous System; Dose-Resp	1989
Cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine--a new amide local anaesthetic agent. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1989, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Depression, Chemical; Electr	1989
Does diazepam really reduce the cardiotoxic effects of intravenous bupivacaine? Anesthesia and analgesia, 1988, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Bupivacain	1988
Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1988, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hea	1988
The electrophysiologic actions of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the isolated, perfused canine heart. Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Heart; Heart Rate; In Vitro Tec	1988
[Cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine and diazepam. Experimental study in the anesthetized dog]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1988, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Diazepam; Dogs; Drug Interactio	1988
The influence of age on the cardiovascular toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in young dogs. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1987, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ele	1987
[Neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine on the Papio papio baboon]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1987, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Diazepam; Drug Interactions; Hypertension; Papio; Seizur	1987
Amide local anesthetic alterations of effective refractory period temporal dispersion: relationship to ventricular arrhythmias. Anesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; E	1986
Cardiac dysrhythmias induced by infusion of local anesthetics into the lateral cerebral ventricle of cats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Bupivacaine; Cats; Heart R	1986
Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Brain; Bupivacaine; Electric Stimulation	1986
Bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity: comparison of treatment with bretylium and lidocaine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1985, Volume: 64, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bretylium Compounds; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Heart Ve	1985
Bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in hypoxic and acidotic sheep. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1985, Volume: 64, Issue:11 Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Rel	1985
[The behaviour of the cardiac rhythm during general and regional anaesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1973, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Local; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atropine; Bupiva	1973
[Clinical experience in the use of bupivacaine as an anti-arrhythmia agent]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1973, Volume: 22, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Li	1973
A comparison of the antiarrhythmic effects of bupivacaine and lidocaine. Southern medical journal, 1972, Volume: 65, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Dogs; Lidocaine	1972

bupivacaine and Arrhythmia

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