bromochloroacetic-acid and Kidney-Diseases

We investigated the expression of early and late phase BK virus (BKV) proteins and their interactions with host cell proteins in renal allografts, with ongoing polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN), and correlated this with the nuclear and cell morphology.. Frozen sections from three patients with renal allografts (two biopsies, one explant) with PVAN were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence using BKV specific anti-polyoma large T-antigen and anti-VP-1 antibodies, as well as anti-p53, anti-Ki67, anti-caspase-3, anti-bcl2 and anti-cytokeratin 22 antibodies. Nuclear morphology and size were estimated by DNA Hoechst staining.. In infected tubular cells the early and late phases of infection could be distinguished according to expression of large T-antigen or VP-1. The early phase revealed almost normal nuclear proportions, whereas in later phases nuclear size increased about 2 to 3 fold. Expression of large T-antigen was strongly associated with accumulation of p53 in the nucleus, accompanied by the activation of the cell cycle associated cell protein Ki67. In contrast, expression of BKV VP1 correlated only weakly with p53. Virus dependent cell lysis was due to necrosis, since neither caspase 3 nor nuclear nor cytoskeleton changes indicated apoptosis.. In our selected patients with PVAN a clear distinction between early and late phases was possible, according to the protein expression patterns of BKV markers. Striking nuclear enlargement is only present in the late phase of infection. In the inflammatory setting of PVAN, BKV dependent effects appear to be mediated by the inhibition of p53, resulting in the activation of the cell cycle. We assume that in PVAN similar BKV mechanisms are operative as in certain in vitro systems.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antigens, Viral, Tumor; Apoptosis; BK Virus; Caspase 3; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Keratins; Ki-67 Antigen; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Middle Aged; Polyomavirus Infections; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Structural Proteins

We report a late recurrence of a cholesteatoma of the left kidney after 15 years. Both the initial case and the recurrence were treated by endourologic and percutaneous approaches.

Topics: Cholesteatoma; Female; Flank Pain; Hematuria; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; Recurrence; Time Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography

We report a case of keratinizing desquamative squamous metaplasia (KDSM) of the kidney pelvis. The etiopathogenic and diagnostic aspects of this rare pathology are discussed. Absence of relationship between KDSM and the carcinoma of Upper Urinary Tract, allows to suggest a conservative management.

Topics: Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged

Presentation of 6 cases of renal cholesteatoma in 4 male and 2 female patients ranging between 30 and 67 years of age. The most consistent clinical data was a history of relapsing nephritic colic of long-evolution. The average time to diagnose was 19 years. In 50% cases an association to malignant neoplastic pathology was found. The clinical diagnosis was based on the urography and the histopathological examination of the material passed with the urine. Renal exeresis was performed in 5 cases. One was treated in a conservative fashion. Also the etiology causes, diagnostic procedure and other therapeutic possibilities were reviewed.

Topics: Adult; Cholesteatoma; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged

2-(4-morpholinoethyl)- 1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate hydrochloride (PRE-084) is a selective sigma 1 receptor agonist. It has been shown that PRE-084 protected various tissues from experimental injury. However, no reports are available on its effect on renal fibrosis. Rat model of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease was chosen to study this. Adenine feeding in rats caused renal dysfunction as shown by increased serum creatinine and reduced creatinine clearance along with increased high molecular weight (HMW) urine protein excretion. Further, adenine feeding induced profibrotic changes in the kidney as reflected by increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity; reduced cytokeratin expression. Further, there was excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the kidney, a striking character of fibrosis. However, administration of PRE-084 to adenine fed rats led to reduction in creatinine and proteinuria parameters partly. This was accompanied by reduced expression of α-SMA, FSP-1 and MMP-2 activity and slight restoration of cytokeratin levels leading to reduced extracellular matrix deposition in the kidney. These data demonstrate that PRE-084 partly ameliorated renal dysfunction and exhibited anti-fibrotic potential in the kidney of adenine fed rats.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Creatinine; Fibrosis; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Morpholines; Rats

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a rare cutaneous condition associated with the TSPyV and characterized by skin-colored, folliculocentric papules with keratin spicule formation. TS is seen almost exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals, often presenting in patients with a history of solid organ transplantation or chemotherapy for a lymphoreticular malignancy. We report a case of widespread TS in a 9-year-old girl with a history of renal transplantation complicated by BK viremia, which is also caused by a polyomavirus, BKPyV. The clinical presentation of TS in this case morphologically resembled the more common, harmless skin condition known as "lichen nitidus," and was more extensive than expected for TS, creating a diagnostic challenge. This case illustrates an important presentation of severe TS of which transplant teams, oncologists, primary care providers, and dermatologists should be aware.

Topics: BK Virus; Child; Congenital Abnormalities; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Lichen Nitidus; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Postoperative Complications; Skin; Skin Diseases; Tumor Virus Infections

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between urinary WT1-positive cells (podocytes and active parietal epithelial cells) and WT1-positive cells in renal biopsy to investigate whether urinary WT1-positive cells are useful for detection of crescent formation.. Fifty-two patients with kidney disease were investigated (15 cases with crescentic lesions and 37 cases with non-crescentic lesions) for immunoenzyme staining using anti-WT1 antibody for urine cytology and renal biopsy. Numbers of WT1-positive cells in urine and renal biopsy were counted.. There was no correlation between urinary WT1-positive cells and WT1-positive cells in renal biopsy. However, the number of urinary WT1-positive cells in patients with crescentic lesions was significantly higher than in patients with non-crescentic lesions. In addition, the best cut-off value to detect patients with crescentic lesions using urinary was 5 cells/10-mL (area under the concentration-time curve=0.735).. The results of our study suggest urinary WT1-positive cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation using 5 cells/10-mL cutoff value. WT1-positive glomerular podocytes and parietal epithelial cells may be shed into urine in active glomerular disease. This study, investigating the relationship between WT1-positive cells in urine and in the renal biopsy found no correlation; however, the results do suggest that, using a cutoff value of 5 cells/10 mL, WT1 positive urinary cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation.

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Podocytes; WT1 Proteins

Keratins, the intermediate filaments of the epithelial cell cytoskeleton, are up-regulated and post-translationally modified in stress situations. Renal tubular epithelial cell stress is a common finding in progressive kidney diseases, but little is known about keratin expression and phosphorylation. Here, we comprehensively describe keratin expression in healthy and diseased kidneys. In healthy mice, the major renal keratins, K7, K8, K18, and K19, were expressed in the collecting ducts and K8, K18 in the glomerular parietal epithelial cells. Tubular expression of all 4 keratins increased by 20- to 40-fold in 5 different models of renal tubular injury as assessed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The up-regulation became significant early after disease induction, increased with disease progression, was found de novo in distal tubules and was accompanied by altered subcellular localization. Phosphorylation of K8 and K18 increased under stress. In humans, injured tubules also exhibited increased keratin expression. Urinary K18 was only detected in mice and patients with tubular cell injury. Keratins labeled glomerular parietal epithelial cells forming crescents in patients and animals. Thus, all 4 major renal keratins are significantly, early, and progressively up-regulated upon tubular injury regardless of the underlying disease and may be novel sensitive markers of renal tubular cell stress.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Keratin-18; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phosphorylation; Ureteral Obstruction

Congenital obstructive nephropathy (CON) is a leading cause of pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite optimal surgical and medical care, there is a high rate of CKD progression. Better understanding of molecular and cellular changes is needed to facilitate development of improved biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches in CON.. The megabladder (mgb) mouse is an animal model of CKD with impaired bladder emptying, hydronephrosis, and progressive renal injury. In this study, we characterize a particular microRNA, miR-205, whose expression changes with the degree of hydronephrosis in the mgb(-/-) kidney.. Expression of miR-205 is progressively increased in the adult mgb(-/-) mouse with worsening severity of hydronephrosis. miR-205 expression is correlated with altered expression of cytokeratins and uroplakins, which are markers of cellular differentiation in urothelium. We describe the spatial pattern of miR-205 expression, including increased expression in renal urothelium and novel miR-205 expression in medullary collecting duct epithelium in the congenitally obstructed kidney.. miR-205 is increased with severity of CON and CKD in the mgb(-/-) mouse and may regulate urothelial differentiation.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Epithelium; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Hydronephrosis; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Tubules, Collecting; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; MicroRNAs; Tight Junctions; Uroplakins; Urothelium

The inflammatory pseudotumor is a rare lesion, having benign behavior and some histological heterogeneity that appears in the genitourinary tract. A series of urogenital inflammatory pseudotumors are reviewed with emphasis on their clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics.. A retrospective study the causistics treated between January 1981 in December 2010 was performed. It identified the cases of inflammatory pseudotumor with urogenital localization. The variables age, gender, symptoms, topography, treatment and anatomopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of each case were analyzed.. A total of 8 cases of the urogenital-located inflammatory pseudotumor are described. Of these, 6 were located in the bladder, one in the kidney and one in the epididymis. Mean age of the patients was 46.75 (± 19.84) years. Tumor presentation symptoms were macroscopic hematuria, single symptom or accompanied by symptoms of the lower urinary tract and inguinoscrotal mass. In regards to treatment in the cases of bladder localization, transuretheral ± cystectomy were performed. In the case of kidney localization, treatment was made by means of pyelotomy and exeresis, and in the case of epididymis localization, simple exeresis was performed. The anatomopathological study showed inflammatory pseudotumor in every cases, having a mesenchymal and myxoid appearance, with fusiform cells of eosinophil cytoplasm, with presence of frequent inflammatory cells. The most common immunohistochemical pattern shows positivity for the muscle-specific actin (HHF-35), vimentin and negativity for protein S-100. ALK-1 was positive and 87.5% of the cases.. The inflammatory pseudotumor is a condition having good prognosis which, when there is a good histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis, every urologist should recognize and distinguish in order to carry out as conservative a surgical treatment as possible.

Topics: Actins; Activin Receptors, Type II; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Cystectomy; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Epididymis; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Granuloma, Plasma Cell; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Sarcoma; Spain; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Vimentin

Kidney is thought to be a regenerative organ in terms of repair from acute tubular injury. It is unknown whether cell population contributes to repair disordered kidney. We attempted to identify and isolate highly proliferative cells from a single cell. We dissected a single nephron from adult rat kidney. Isolated nephrons were separated into segments and cultured. Outgrowing cells were replated after limiting dilution so that each well contained a single cell. One of cell line which was the most potent to grow was designated as rKS56. rKS56 cells showed cobblestone appearance and expressed immature cell markers relating to kidney development and mature tubular cell markers. rKS56 cells grew exponentially and could be maintained for 300 days without transformation. In different culture conditions, rKS56 cells differentiated into mature tubular cells defined by aquaporin-1, 2 expression, and responsiveness to parathyroid hormone or vasopressin. Engrafted to kidney in rat ischemic reperfusion model, rKS56 cells replaced in injured tubules in part after implantation and improved renal function. These results suggest rKS56 cells possess character such as self-renewal, multi-plasticity and capability of tissue repair. rKS56 may possibly contribute to the future development of cell therapy for renal regeneration.

Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 1; Aquaporin 2; Arginine Vasopressin; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Epithelial Cells; Immunoblotting; Karyotyping; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nephrons; Parathyroid Hormone; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration; Renal Insufficiency; Reperfusion Injury; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Stem Cells; Time Factors; Vasopressins

Kidneys from lambs derived by nuclear transfer are frequently abnormal and are characterized by an enlarged pelvis and narrow medulla, consistent with lower urinary tract obstruction and development of variable hydronephrosis. The precise pathogenesis of this entity is unknown. Immunohistochemical staining for intermediate filaments was used to further characterize the lesions seen in this condition and was compared with age-matched control tissue. Major findings were upregulation of cytokeratin on damaged tubules, desmin and vimentin in undifferentiated mesenchyme, and smooth muscle actin in mesenchyme and on smooth muscle "collars" around dilated tubules. In addition, some cases showed reexpression of vimentin and desmin on proximal tubular epithelial cells. Taken together, these findings provide a valuable database for tracking the expression of intermediate filaments throughout renal development in sheep and have further characterized the nature of the response to injury by the developing kidney, a response that is characterized by proliferation of mesenchyme and both reexpression and upregulation of intermediate filaments within renal cells. In addition, the study has confirmed that the changes in cloned lamb nephropathy are established by day 85 of development.

Topics: Actins; Animals; Cloning, Organism; Desmin; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filaments; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Muscle, Smooth; Sheep; Vimentin

In a young Wistar rat a bilateral renal malformation was observed microscopically. Clinical chemistry gave no evidence of impaired kidney function. The kidney weight was slightly elevated and the kidneys showed no gross pathological changes. The lesion was located in the inner cortex of both kidneys and consisted of multiple foci of abnormal renal parenchyma similar to fetal kidney. Three components could be distinguished in the foci: primitive glomerular/tubular structures, tubules resembling collecting ducts and mesenchyme. For further characterisation, histological stains (H&E, PAS, Novotny) and immunohistochemistry (vimentin, pan-cytokeratin, S 100, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and terminal desoxyribosyl-transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling) were applied. The glomerular and tubular structures were hyperplastic and positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and vimentin. The collecting duct-like tubules were positive for pan-cytokeratin and gave no evidence of proliferation. The two epithelial components of the foci were surrounded by mesenchymal cells which extended also between the normal cortical tubules so that no clear demarcation was discernible. The mesenchymal cells were uniformly spindle-shaped and associated with reticulin fibers. Immunohistochemically they were vimentin-positive and non-proliferative. With terminal desoxyribosyl-transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and S 100 all components were nearly negative. Based on morphology and immunohistochemistry this malformation containing structures derived from the ureteric bud and from the metanephric blastema associated with oligonephronia probably represents a noncystic renal dysplasia. Transition to neoplasia was not observed. A specific cause of this unusual developmental anomaly which was not previously reported in rats could not be determined.

Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Keratins; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules, Collecting; Male; Mesoderm; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vimentin

Although there has been extensive research into the mechanisms involved in glomerular crescent formation, it is not yet fully understood how this change may cause renal function impairment. The aim of this study is to identify morphologic changes which may be responsible for this phenomenon. Thirty-eight renal biopsies showing glomerulonephritis with extracapillary proliferation (20 vasculitis-related, 6 idiopathic, 9 due to immune-complex deposition and 3 superimposed on diabetic nephropathy) were considered, and 146 glomeruli in which both crescents and the urinary pole were found at the same time, were studied. The involvement of the urinary pole by cellular crescents was observed in 93.1 and 100% of the glomeruli with segmental or circumferential crescents, respectively. A tridimensional study, for the evaluation of the glomeruli as a whole, was performed on 8 biopsies by means of the step-section technique and disclosed the involvement of the urinary space and a close contact between crescent and tubular cells in all 54 investigated glomeruli. The reported features do not seem to be related to the type of cells which formed the crescent. Indeed, as shown by immunohistochemical study on 10 cases with anti-cytokeratin and anti-CD68 antisera, the crescent localization at the urinary pole had no correlation with the prevalence of epithelial or macrophagic cells. These findings suggest that crescents, due to epithelial proliferation or macrophage clustering, tend to localize at the urinary pole and thus come into close contact with cells of the proximal convoluted tubule: the formation of a sort of plug or a 'glomerular stone' could well explain the block in the urine flow and the consequent impairment of renal function in the acute phase of the disease, even in those cases where crescents are segmental.

Topics: Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Vasculitis

We report a case of a rare cystic renal tumor previously termed cystic hamartoma of the renal pelvis. A 53-year-old woman presented to her gynecologist with menometorrhagia. She subsequently had a computed tomographic scan that demonstrated an incidental cystic mass in the lower pole of the left kidney. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a mixture of benign mesenchymal and epithelial components. The stroma consisted of spindle cells with monomorphic nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm that resembled smooth muscle and that reacted positively with antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and vimentin. The epithelial component was composed mostly of cysts lined by cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium. Focal dilated cysts were lined by epithelium with oncocytic features. We think that this entity is distinct from other renal tumors, including mesoblastic nephroma, cystic nephroma, or a cystic, partially differentiated nephroblastoma, and that it is best classified as a cystic hamartoma of the renal pelvis.

Topics: Female; Hamartoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Vimentin

Answering questions regarding research or clinical aspects, histological and histochemical examinations of tissue specimens are playing an increasing role. The same is true for cell cultures obtained from organ specimens. In most cases, tissue samples are obtained only once and have to be examined immediately. This is often impracticable and therefore, it is necessary to store tissue samples or cells from established cell cultures so as to be able to continue examinations at a later time. Very rare reports exist on the preservation of tissue for performing cell culture examinations and they exclusively refer to tumour tissue and bone marrow, but not to normal organ tissue and biopsy samples. Therefore, in this study cell cultures from several organs have been prepared immediately after obtaining the tissue and compared with those established after cryopreservation several months later. The tissue specimens were obtained from rats (kidney, skin, heart) and from humans (kidney, placenta) or were biopsy specimens from the kidney and skin. From all these cryopreparations, typical cells were cultured. There was no significant difference in the mean population doubling time (MPD) and regarding morphological cell criteria between cell cultures obtained from fresh tissue samples after biopsy and those prepared several months after cryopreservation. There was nearly the same ratio between most cell types present in the tissue. From these results we can conclude that in the examined organs cells from cryopreserved tissue can be cultured even months or more than one year later. At least, these results make it possible to answer new questions and repeat different experiments at any time.

Topics: Actins; Adult; Animals; Biopsy; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Division; Cryopreservation; Factor VIII; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; Muscle, Smooth; Myocardium; Placenta; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Time Factors; Vimentin

The ability to predict the rate of progression of renal parenchymal disease may help in its clinical management. We undertook characterization of urinary macrophages obtained from patients with various renal diseases paying special attention to the differentiation from non-progressive to progressive renal diseases. A total of 84 patients were divided into one of three categories. A highly progressive group included patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy, primary focal segmental sclerosis and diffuse proliferative lupus nephropathy, moderately progressive group included those with IgA nephropathy and Alport's syndrome and non-progressive group included patients with thin basement membrane nephropathy, minimal change nephrotic syndrome, idiopathic renal hematuria and urolithiasis. Urinary sediments were reacted with four monoclonal antibodies (CD68/macrophages vimentin, cytokeratin, and 25F9/mature macrophages). In normal individuals mature macrophages (25F9+ cells) were absent in urinary sediments. The number of 25F9+ cells in the urine was highest in the highly progressive group, less prominent in the moderately progressive group, and virtually absent in the non-progressive group. The 25F9+ cells reacted with anti-CD68 and antivimentin antibody, whereas the 25F9+ cells did not react with anti-cytokeratin antibody. These findings indicate that the detection of mature macrophages in urine is useful to estimate the prognosis of renal parenchymal diseases and may help to differentiate some glomerular diseases (e.g., thin basement membrane disease vs. Alport's syndrome, and minimal change nephrotic syndrome vs. primary focal segmental sclerosis).

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biopsy; Cell Division; Disease Progression; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Macrophages; Prognosis; Urine; Vimentin

Topics: Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Ureteral Diseases

The etiology and pathogenesis of renal dysplasia are poorly understood. To characterize the histologic changes in fetal renal dysplasia, we studied a fetal ovine model of urinary obstruction.. Animal study.. Seven fetal lambs, and other lambs of the same gestational age as controls.. Unilateral ureteral ligation on fetal lambs at approximately 70 days' gestation (term for sheep is 145 days), during nephrogenesis. Kidneys were subsequently collected, examined histologically and characterized by immunohistochemical tests involving cytokeratin antiserum and a monoclonal antibody to alpha-actin.. Histologic changes in ligated fetal lamb kidneys, based on comparison with normal fetal lamb kidneys.. At near term (140 days' gestation), the ligated kidney showed distorted and less abundant renal parenchyma than a normal control kidney. Upon microscopic examination, the ligated kidney displayed marked architectural distortion of the outer cortex, with abundant interstitial fibrosis, primitive ductules and glomeruli, and cysts of varying sizes lined by squamous and cuboidal epithelia and surrounded by a loose mesenchyme. The renal medulla contained differentiated collecting ducts, which were structurally distorted and less abundant than in normal control kidneys. The proximal and distal tubule elements were primitive and markedly underdeveloped. Cytokeratin immunoreactivity was present in the collecting duct epithelium and in the cuboidal epithelium lining many of the cortical cysts. Smooth muscle alpha-actin immunoreactivity was localized in the cortical region of the kidney, which highlighted the abundance and disorganization of the undifferentiated mesenchyme and identified the fibromuscular collars of the primitive ductules of the cortex and the distorted collecting ducts of the medulla.. These results highlight the histologic changes resulting from unilateral ureteral ligation in fetal lambs. This model is useful in the study of the pathogenesis of fetal obstructive renal dysplasia.

Topics: Actins; Animals; Female; Fetal Diseases; Gestational Age; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Ligation; Models, Biological; Pregnancy; Sheep; Ureteral Obstruction

To identify the renal cortical tubular segments involved in tubulo-interstitial disease in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded percutaneous kidney biopsies, we developed multiple immunolabeling protocols using segment-specific tubular markers. The present study of biopsies from patients with minimal change or thin basement membrane nephropathy provides a baseline for interpretation of histopathology. Proximal tubules were stained either by the PAS reaction or by the biotinylated Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E)-streptavidin-gold-silver system (brush borders black). The anti-Tamm-Horsfall (THP) antibody-immunoperoxidase (aminoethylcarbazole, AEC-IPO), and anti-epidermal cytokeratins (ECK) antibodies-immunoalkaline-Fast Blue BB methods marked the distal straight tubules and the cortical collecting system red-brown and blue, respectively. When these immunolabelings were combined, the coapplication of AEC-PO-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) or anti-epithelial membrane antigen antibody-AEC-IPO technique (both are markers for distal nephron) visualized the apical membranes of distal convoluted tubules. In the protocol PHA-E + PNA + THP + ECK, the tubular basement membranes were outlined by the anti-laminin antibody-AEC-IPO staining, carried out simultaneously. The protocol PNA + THP + ECK + PAS was found to be quite appropriate multiple immunolabeling method for the tubules, and is recommended for use as a tool in the study of tubulo-interstitial diseases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Lectins; Male; Middle Aged; Mucoproteins; Peanut Agglutinin; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Phytohemagglutinins; Staining and Labeling; Uromodulin

The expression of intermediate filament proteins, particularly individual cytokeratins (CKs), vimentin, and glial filament protein, was immunohistochemically investigated using frozen sections and Carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from normal fetal and adult human kidneys as well as from pathologically altered kidneys. In fetal kidneys, the co-expression of CKs and vimentin was detected in the visceral and parietal epithelium of the glomerulus, the proximal tubules, the thin loops of Henle, and the collecting ducts. In contrast, in the tubules of normal adult kidneys, the presence of vimentin and CKs was nearly always mutually exclusive. While CKs 8 and 18 were present in all tubular epithelia, CKs 19 and 7 each exhibited a distinctive distribution pattern, there being a striking alteration between positive and negative segments and, not infrequently, intratubular heterogeneities. In certain segments, particular cell types (e.g., "plica cells," intercalated cells) could thus be recognized. In tubular epithelia altered by various injurious conditions, novel or enhanced expression of vimentin, CK 19 and CK 7, and, less frequently, CK 17 and glial filament protein was noted in certain segments. The increase in intermediate filament protein expression in altered (particularly proximal) tubules appeared to parallel the reduction in the degree of differentiation. Vimentin was never detected in distal tubules. The present results reveal a considerable similarity between the intermediate filament patterns in non-neoplastic proximal tubules of fetal and damaged kidney tissue and those in clear-cell and chromophilic renal cell carcinomas. They also serve to illustrate that the analysis of both fetal development and reactive cell changes may significantly contribute to our understanding of differentiation phenomena in malignant tumors.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratins; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Kidney Tubules, Collecting; Vimentin

To make the differentiation of kidney transplant acute rejection and ciclosporin (CS) nephrotoxicity urine cytology by classical Papanicolaou with immunocytochemical stain has been performed. Increased numbers of renal tubular cells with lymphocytes and monocytes were found in both rejections and CS toxicities. CS toxicities were associated with increased numbers of proximal tubular cells. In immunocytochemical stain, increased numbers of CD25 and CD8 positive cells as well as increased ratio of HLA-DR/cytokeratin positive cells were typically found in rejections. It is concluded that the proposed analysis of urine cytology is a non-invasive and reliable method for daily graft monitoring of acute rejection and CS toxicity.

Topics: CD8 Antigens; Cyclosporins; Diagnosis, Differential; Graft Rejection; HLA-DR Antigens; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Predictive Value of Tests; Receptors, Interleukin-2; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urine

The histogenesis of the multinucleated cells that characterize myeloma cast nephropathy ("myeloma kidney") has long been a subject of debate. Recent studies have implicated monocyte/macrophage-derived cells rather than tubular epithelial cells as the progenitors of these multinucleated cells. In this study a panel of antibodies including one with high specificity for macrophages was used to study four cases of myeloma cast nephropathy. The authors' findings extend previous observations of others to confirm the macrophage origin of the multinucleated cells in this form of renal injury.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Macrophages; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mucin-1; Multiple Myeloma

Most renal cell carcinomas coexpress vimentin and keratin, while renal tubular epithelia express only keratin. Investigation of the intermediate filament composition of tubular epithelia in diseased rat and human kidneys now shows that altered tubular epithelia unequivocally coexpress keratin and vimentin. In rats, pronounced coexpression of vimentin and keratin was observed in chronic nephrosis induced by daunomycin, and the extent of coexpression seemed to increase with the incidence of altered collapsed and cystically dilated tubules and with the degree of tubular epithelial proliferation. It was also seen during tubular regeneration after acute tubulotoxic injury induced by mercury chloride poisoning, with vimentin expression being lost in fully regenerated tubular epithelium. In man, expression was seen in chronically and irreversibly damaged kidneys. Thus, vimentin can be expressed temporarily in acutely and reversibly damaged kidneys and chronically in irreversibly damaged kidneys. Vimentin could perhaps be regarded as an indicator of the regenerating and proliferating activity of tubular lesions.

Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Daunorubicin; Epithelium; Humans; Hypertension, Renovascular; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Kidney Tubules; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Regeneration; Vimentin

Cholesteatoma of the urinary tract is a rare condition which can be diagnosed radiographically. The radiographic findings of stringy intraluminal defects or nodules that may lightly calcify or coalesce to form a discrete mass in association with calculi and/or obstruction are characteristic. A history of chronic urinary tract infection, renal colic, and desquamated epithelial cells in the urine further support the diagnosis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cholesteatoma; Colic; Female; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrectomy; Ureter; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Angiography; Cholesteatoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Cholesteatoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Keratins; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Pelvis; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Nephrectomy; Radiography; Tuberculosis, Renal; Urinary Tract Infections