bromochloroacetic-acid and Epstein-Barr-Virus-Infections

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in western countries albeit affected by common and unrelated phenomena: smoking less in men, more in women and immigration from China and North Africa. We studied trends in NPC incidence, tumour morphology, survival and mortality in order to assess progress against this cancer.. A trend analysis was performed with nationwide incidence and survival data (from The Netherlands Cancer registry in 1989-2009), followed by analysis of mortality (data from Statistics Netherlands) covering the period 1970-2009, and calculating estimated percentages of change (EAPC) in both. According to the WHO classification we distinguished keratinizing SCC (WHO-I), differentiated (WHO-IIA) and undifferentiated (WHO-IIB) non-keratinizing carcinoma.. NPC incidence significantly decreased since 1989, especially in males (EAPC 1989-2009: -1.3; 95% CI: -2.5, -0.2) and in patients with keratinizing SCC (WHO-I) (EAPC: -3.6; 95% CI: -5.3, -1.8). By contrast, the incidence of differentiated non-keratinizing tumours (WHO-IIA) significantly increased in the same period (EAPC: 9.6; 95% CI: 5.6, 13.5). One- and three-year relative survival, as an indicator of disease-specific survival increased slightly from 79% to 81% and from 57% to 65% since 1989. NPC mortality significantly decreased since 1970 (EAPC: -1.2; 95% CI: -1.8, -0.5) and more pronounced since 1989 (EAPC: -3.0; 95% CI: -4.3, -1.6).. During the past two decades, the incidence of NPC in The Netherlands decreased mainly by less keratinizing, supposedly smoking-related NPC (WHO-I). However, the incidence of non-keratinizing NPC (WHO-IIA, B) increased, most likely due to EBV infection and thus related to higher immigration levels of people from high-incidence areas.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Child; Disease-Free Survival; Emigration and Immigration; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Humans; Incidence; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Netherlands; Registries; Sex Factors; Smoking; Survival Rate; Young Adult

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Medullary; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gastric Mucosa; Gastroscopy; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Stomach Neoplasms; Ultrasonography

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is very rare, and predominantly occurs in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. It shows a strong affinity for the oral cavity and for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive. We investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics of six cases of PBL in Koreans. All patients were HIV-negative and without underlying immunodeficiency. The age distribution was bimodal, and four patients were older than 60 years. Male predominance was observed with male to female ratio of 5:1. The organs primarily involved were the terminal ileum, stomach, oral cavity, tonsil, nasal cavity and meninges. The tumors were histologically typical of PBL. Three of them were composed of monomorphic large immunoblastic or plasmablastic cells, and classified as PBL of the oral mucosa type. Another three cases were classified as PBL with plasmacytic differentiation. Five cases revealed loss of B-cell antigens with CD138 or MUM1 substitution. CD10 was positive in two cases (PBLs of the oral mucosa type), and one of them unexpectedly expressed cytokeratin. EBV was detected in one case (PBL with plasmacytic differentiation). Four patients succumbed to PBL in a relatively short period of time. We suggest that PBL is not strongly associated HIV or EBV in Koreans, and that it shows a variable organ distribution without an oro-nasal predilection.

Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Child; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gene Rearrangement; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Ileum; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Interferon Regulatory Factors; Keratins; Korea; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic; Male; Mouth; Neprilysin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Stomach

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the common cancers among Chinese living in South China, Taiwan, Singapore, and several other countries or regions in distinct areas. The etiological factors have not been clearly identified yet. So far, no major gene related with hereditary factor has been identified in NPC carcinogenesis; however, some environmental factors, such as consumption of salted fish and long-term exposure to sulfuric-acid vapor, have been tentatively linked to NPC induction, while research has proposed that there is a close association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and NPC pathogenesis. To investigate the relationship between NPC and EBV, we have established ten NPC cell lines. After extensive investigation, we conclude that EBV may establish an infection only in nasopharyngeal neoplastic cells, not in metaplastic epithelial cells, through the IgA receptor (secretory component protein)-mediated endocytosis. Our observations indicate that EBV plays an important role in enhancement of NPC progression, but is involved in neither the initiation nor the promotion of NPC pathogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Endocytosis; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Keratins; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Receptors, Fc; RNA, Viral; Terminal Repeat Sequences; Viral Matrix Proteins

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin (LELCs) is a rare cutaneous neoplasm with histologic features resembling lymphoepitheliomatous tumors of the nasopharynx. The association of lymphoepitheliomas with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) at some extracutaneous sites is well documented. In contrast, the presence of EBV in LELCs has never been shown in either Caucasians or Asian patients. We present the first case of LELCs in a Tunisian patient, a 78-year-old woman who presented with a nodule of the right cheek of 2 months' duration. The patient underwent surgical excision and there was no evidence of local recurrence 6 months later. Histologically, the entire dermis was occupied by lobules composed of atypical epithelial cells surrounded by a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the epithelial tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. In situ hybridization investigations for the presence of EBV-encoded RNA showed negative results. Our findings suggest that LELCs is not related to EBV among North African patients.

Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease-Free Survival; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Humans; Keratins; Mucin-1; Skin Neoplasms

Salivary gland lymphoepithelial carcinomas (LECs) are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in endemic areas, whereas sporadic cases are usually EBV negative. We have studied two EBV-associated LECs from Caucasian patients for their EBV gene expression profile and their immunophenotype. Tumour cells of case 1 showed expression of EBNA1 only, corresponding to an EBV latency type I. Tumour cells of this case expressed various basal and glandular cytokeratins. In case 2, the LEC was accompanied by a low-grade spindle cell lesion with an immunophenotype of myoepithelial cells, whereas the high-grade tumour expressed cytokeratin (Ck) 8 only. In case 2, the high-grade tumour showed an EBV lantency II pattern with expression of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A (latency II). The spindle cell lesion of this case was also EBV-infected and showed low levels of EBNA1 and LMP1 expression, while LMP2A was not detectable. The detection of EBV in both components of case 2 together with immunophenotypic evidence of transition between both components supports the notion that at least some LECs arise through a low-grade myoepithelial intermediate. Expression of LMP2A may be of therapeutic interest because it may make such cases amenable to immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells.

Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; Female; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunophenotyping; In Situ Hybridization; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Matrix Proteins; Viral Proteins

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is a relatively common malignancy in the nasopharyngeal region, but it rarely occurs at other sites. We report a lymphoepithelial carcinoma in the pancreas of a 65-year-old male patient operated on for a gastric stump carcinoma 7 years previously. The solitary tumor in the pancreas presented as a circumscribed lesion and measured 5.5 cm in diameter. The tumor was densely infiltrated by lymphocytes, and the neoplastic cells fulfilled all criteria for a lymphoepithelial carcinoma. Several peripancreatic lymph node metastases were observed. Marked reactivity for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early RNA (EBER) was detected in the majority of tumor cells using in situ hybridization. Nuclear EBER signals were also detected in the previously operated gastric stump adenocarcinoma, which also exhibited focal lymphocytic infiltration but otherwise displayed a histology different from lymphoepithelial carcinoma and did not show local recurrence. Even though an unusually late metastasis of the gastric carcinoma cannot be ruled out, we favor the hypothesis that this patient developed an EBV-related pancreatic lymphoepithelial carcinoma as a second primary tumor, based on the considerable delay of this tumor manifestation, the unusual site, the pathologic presentation, the exclusively peripancreatic nodal spread, and the different histology of the lesion.

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Keratins; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; RNA, Viral

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to carcinomas of several body sites, especially of the nasopharynx, salivary gland, lung, and stomach. We present five cases of lymphoepithelioma-like cholangiocarcinoma, including one that had been previously reported. Two patients were men and three were women. Their ages ranged from 42 to 66 years. Histologically, all five tumors were composed of variable proportions of undifferentiated epithelial cells and glandular components in a lymphocyte-rich stroma. EBV was detected in all five tumors by in situ hybridization for EBER-1 in both lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) and glandular parts, but not in 36 cases of cholangiocarcinoma without the LELC component. Taken together, these observations indicate that lymphoepithelioma-like cholangiocarcinoma is strongly linked to EBV. The LELC type of cholangiocarcinoma, like LELC of other body sites, may be more common in areas with endemic EBV infection.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cholangiocarcinoma; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; In Situ Hybridization; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; RNA, Viral

Topics: Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cholangiocarcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Germinoma; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Lymphoma; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Skin Neoplasms