bromochloroacetic-acid and Dermatitis--Seborrheic

A 5-year-old boy presented with widespread asymptomatic hyperpigmented verrucous plaques since 3 months of age. The lesions were distributed in a linear manner along Blaschko's lines on trunk and extremities and were accentuated in flexures and around joints. There was no history of blistering or redness and no other family member was affected. Ichthyosis hystrix (of Curth and Macklin) and generalized linear/mosaic epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) were considered in the differential diagnosis. Biopsy from both trunk lesion and lesion on knee revealed characteristic epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, thereby clinching the diagnosis of systematized linear EHK.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diagnosis, Differential; Genes, Dominant; Humans; Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic; Ichthyosis; Keratins; Male

Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Desmosomes; Epidermis; Genes, Dominant; Genes, Recessive; Humans; Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic; Ichthyosis; Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens; Ichthyosis Vulgaris; Infant, Newborn; Keratinocytes; Keratins; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mutation

Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by flakes, pruritus and sometimes mild erythema. These symptoms reflect underlying histopathologic and biochemical events that must be reversed if treatment is to be effective.. This study aimed to better characterize the state of the epidermis in dandruff and to determine how a defined set of skin surface biomarkers of this state change during a successful course of treatment with a potentiated zinc pyrithione (ZPT) shampoo.. A population of dandruff sufferers was treated for 3 weeks with a commercial ZPT shampoo or a non-medicated product, and the effect of treatment on adherent scalp flake (ASF) scores was evaluated. Biopsies were taken from lesional sites at baseline and at the end of the study for histomorphometric and histopathologic analysis. Stratum corneum (SC) samples were likewise obtained for evaluation of biochemical markers of inflammation (IL-1α, IL-1RA, IL-8) and barrier integrity (keratin 1, 10, 11; involucrin; SC lipids; human serum albumin). The biomarker profile was evaluated first by comparison with that in non-dandruff subjects at baseline, and then to determine whether any treatment-induced changes were correlated with reductions in flaking in dandruff sufferers.. Taken together, our studies showed that treatment with the ZPT shampoo led to an improvement in the overall scalp condition as assessed by the resolution of flaking, reduction in epidermal thickness and inflammatory biomarkers, and a dramatic improvement in biomarkers of epidermal barrier integrity.. The combination of biomarkers examined appears to be a good overall descriptor of the health of the scalp in dandruff, and changes in these biomarkers track with tissue-level events that underlie clinical efficacy in the treatment of dandruff by ZPT shampoo. For the first time, we demonstrate a set of tools that extend beyond flaking scores to provide insight into specific biological changes occurring on the scalp to enable an objective assessment of scalp health.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Epidermis; Female; Hair Preparations; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukins; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Pyridines; Scalp; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

The effects of azelaic acid (AZA) on the epidermis of 47 individuals (12 with normal skin, 15 with seborrheic skin and 20 suffering from acne) and on in vitro cultured keratinocytes are reported. Topical application of a 20% AZA cream significantly improved the lesions of acne patients, but failed to induce clinically detectable changes in normal or seborrheic epidermis. Complementary investigations clearly showed that AZA treatment failed to induce specific changes in sebum composition, excretion rate, or in the size of sebaceous glands, but modified epidermal keratinization. Keratohyalin granules and tonofilament bundles were reduced in size and number, mitochondria were swollen and the rough endoplasmic reticulum of malpighian keratinocytes enlarged. The infundibular epidermis of acne individuals showed marked reduction of the horny layer thickness, widening of the horny cell cytoplasm, transitional corneal cells, normalization of filaggrin distribution, and the comedo contained few bacteria and spores. In vitro, AZA exerted marked time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative cytostatic effects on cultured keratinocytes, with a 50% inhibitory dose of 20 mM, decreased some keratinocyte proteins (highly soluble fractions S2, keratohyalin macroaggregate R2, and non-cross-linked fibrous protein S4) and a 95 kD and a 35 kD protein of the cytosolic fraction. Mitochondria were frequently damaged and the rough endoplasmic reticulum enlarged. Our results indicate that AZA is an antikeratinizing agent, displaying antiproliferative cytostatic effects on keratinocytes and modulating the early and terminal phases of epidermal differentiation.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dicarboxylic Acids; Filaggrin Proteins; Humans; Keratins; Microscopy, Electron; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Random Allocation; Sebum; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena

Hidroacanthoma simplex (HS) is an uncommon poroid neoplasm confined within the epidermis. The clinical features of HS are not distinctive and histopathologically HS may be confused with clonal seborrheic keratosis (CSK) if cystic or ductal structure is not present. The purpose of our study was to differentiate HS from CSK by the immunohistochemical expressions of various cytokeratins, CEA, CD1a, and S-100 protein, as well as by the degrees of deposition of melanins and glycogen. Four cases of HS and seven cases of CSK were included in the research. In contrast with CSK, HS showed a very low density of Langerhans cells (19.9 +/- 7.7 versus 3.1 +/- 1.0 CD1a (+) cells/mm, P = 0.027) and sparse melanin deposition in the nests. However, HS could not be set apart from CSK by the expressions of cytokeratins. The nests of both HS and CSK showed very similar patterns of cytokeratin expression and seemed to be mainly composed of basaloid cells with focal differentiation toward epidermal suprabasal cells.

Topics: Acrospiroma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clone Cells; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diagnosis, Differential; Glycogen; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Langerhans Cells; Melanins; Sweat Gland Neoplasms

The increased glucose uptake seen in cancer cells correlates with the expression of human erythrocyte glucose transporter (Glut1) protein in certain human malignancies.. Our purpose was to determine Glut1 expression in cutaneous neoplasms.. A polyclonal anti-Glut1 antibody (MYM) and a standard ABC immunoperoxidase technique were used to determine Glut1 expression in invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), SCC in situ, basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), melanomas, actinic keratoses (AKs), seborrheic keratoses, common acquired nevi, and scars with regenerative epidermal hyperplasia.. All of the cases of SCC in situ, 14 of 15 (93%) of the SCC, and 13 of 15 AKs (87%) showed intense membranous staining for Glut1. Glut1 staining was present in the epidermis of 8 of 15 scars (53%) but was not detected in any BCC, even in areas of focal keratinization and squamous metaplasia. Glut1 reactivity was absent in the melanomas and seborrheic keratoses.. Glut1 expression in a cutaneous lesion strongly suggests a proliferative lesion of the squamous cell type.

Topics: Antibodies; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Division; Cicatrix; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Epidermis; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glucose; Glucose Transporter Type 1; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Keratosis; Melanoma; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Nevus; Regeneration; Skin Neoplasms

Using immunohistochemical methods, we investigated the distribution of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) on the normal eccrine gland, eccrine poroma and hidroacanthoma simplex. Granular membrane-associated reaction of EMA was detected on the outer cells of both the intraepidermal and the upper portion of intradermal eccrine ducts, as well as on the luminal surfaces and intercellular canaliculi of eccrine glands. Clear immunolabeling was also present in the tumor cells of eccrine poroma and hidroacanthoma simplex. Thus, it is suggested that the constituent cells of these tumors originate from the outer cells of the intraepidermal and/or the upper portion of the intradermal eccrine ducts. There was no immunolabeling for EMA on the tumor cells of seborrheic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for EMA is a useful tool for the diagnosis of skin appendage tumors.

Topics: Adenoma, Sweat Gland; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cell Membrane; Cytoplasm; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Eccrine Glands; Epithelium; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mucin-1; Reproducibility of Results; Skin Neoplasms

A monoclonal antibody (ES3A) was raised against a mouse graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) model. This antibody was against basal cell cytoplasm and reacted with an acidic (pI 6.2) 50 kDa keratin of human epidermis. However, ES3A reacted with several lower layers of epidermal cells in psoriasis and seborrhoeic keratosis. Acanthotic seborrhoeic keratosis showed varying patterns even in a single lesion. If combined with FACS analysis, ES3A-positive cells could be quantified. Normal skin showed 28%, while psoriasis and seborrhoeic keratosis showed 44% and 51%, respectively. ES3A-positive compartments of the acanthotic type of seborrhoeic keratosis were larger than those of the hyperkeratotic type. ES3A may be suitable for quantification of germinative or proliferative cells.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cell Fusion; Cell Separation; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Disease Models, Animal; Epidermal Cells; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Graft vs Host Reaction; Humans; Immunoblotting; In Vitro Techniques; Keratins; Keratosis; Mice; Propidium; Psoriasis

Seborrheic keratoses were investigated by means of histo- and biochemical techniques in order to define the epidermal differentiation and proliferation of this most common epithelial tumor in adults. The following markers have been used in our study: cytokeratins, epidermal proteins binding zinc, insulin receptors, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), as well as calmodulin (immunohistochemical and quantitative evaluation). Immunohistochemical investigation of seborrheic keratoses revealed a decreased tPA expression; their epidermal concentration of calmodulin was doubled. The differentiation markers failed to show any significant deviation from normal skin. Thus, seborrheic keratoses are associated with normal epidermal differentiation in spite of morphogenic alterations. Pathogenetically, we have to consider epidermaldermal interactions.

Topics: Calmodulin; Carrier Proteins; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Keratosis; Receptor, Insulin; Skin; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Topics: Adult; Calculi; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Keratins; Male; Papilloma; Sebum; Umbilicus

A case of a 70-year-old man with several dome-shaped tumors with acantholysis was reported. The histopathological findings of these black-brownish colored tumors on the back were compatible with seborrheic keratosis, consisting of basaloid and squamoid cells. Although three cases reported by Tagami et al. (1978) and Uchiyama et al. (1986) showed intraepidermal epithelioma-like tumor nests in the acanthotic lesions, our case was thought to correspond to another variant of seborrheic keratosis with acantholysis.

Topics: Acantholysis; Aged; Biopsy; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Keratins; Keratosis; Male; Skin Diseases

We investigated immunohistochemically 20 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), five pilomatricomas, and nine seborrheic keratoses using anti-BCC keratin monoclonal antibody (BKN-1) and anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies (HKN-2, HKN-4- -7). The neoplastic cells in all the cases of BCC were always uniformly stained by BKN-1, HKN-2, and HKN-4, indicating that the BCC cells display a constant antigenicity of keratin, which may be different from that of the normal epidermis. Although no fluorescence by HKN-6 or HKN-7 was seen in any cases of BCC, HKN-5 partially but strongly stained the neoplastic nests in most cases of BCC; BCC may have differentiation toward the lower part of hair follicular epithelium. In pilomatricoma, all the anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies showed a similar staining pattern; the differentiating neoplastic cells undergoing transition from basaloid to eosinophilic were positively stained by each antibody in all the cases. This finding of pilomatricoma corresponds to that of the differentiating cells in the inner hair layers, especially in the hair cortex. In seborrheic keratoses, no fluorescence was recognized with HKN-5- -7, which stain the lower follicular cells in the normal human skin. The staining patterns of seborrheic keratosis by BKN-1, HKN-2, and HKN-4 were similar to those of the normal interfollicular epidermis. These anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies seem to be useful for the investigation of the direction of differentiation of skin adnexal neoplasms.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Keratosis; Skin Neoplasms

Sulfur is a time-honored therapeutic agent useful in a variety of dermatologic disorders. Its keratolytic action is due to formation of hydrogen sulfide through a reaction that depends upon direct interaction between sulfur particles and keratinocytes. The smaller the particle size, the greater the degree of such interaction and the greater the therapeutic efficacy. When applied topically, sulfur induces various histologic changes, including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and dilatation of dermal vasculature. One study showed that sulfur was comedogenic when applied onto human and rabbit skin, findings that were not reproduced in other studies. About 1% of topically applied sulfur is systemically absorbed. Adverse effects from topically applied sulfur are uncommon and are mainly limited to the skin. In infants, however, fatal outcome after extensive application has been reported.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Epidermis; Humans; Keratins; Skin Diseases; Sulfur

The distribution of cytokeratins and filaggrin in human pilosebaceous unit was investigated in specimens obtained from normal (n = 15), seborrhoeic (n = 6), and acne skin (n = 6), using the monoclonal antibodies CK8.12, CK8.13, CK4.62, CK8.60, KL1, PKK2, RPN 1160, and an antibody for filaggrin. The type and amount of cytokeratin content was correlated with the stage of cell differentiation in these three skin types. In all specimens studied the sebocytes. The sebaceous duct cells, and the infundibular cells contained cytokeratins, no clear differences were found between normal, seborrhoeic, and acne skin. During sebocytic maturation the amount and type of cytokeratin content changed gradually and the labeling pattern was partly different compared to the interfollicular epidermal pattern. In the sebaceous duct and the infundibulum, the labeling pattern using KL1, CK8.12, and CK8.13 was similar to that seen in interfollicular epidermis, whereas labeling with CK8.60 and PKK2 was different. These findings indicate that sebaceous duct and infundibular cells express transitional patterns of differentiation between epidermal keratinocytes and sebocytes. Filaggrin was expressed only in some sebaceous duct cells and in infundibular cells. In seborrhoeic and in acne skin, however, the reactivity of antibody to filaggrin was more intense and was already observed in the lower parts of the sebaceous duct and the infundibulum. Although no filaggrin was found in the intermediate cells of the sebaceous duct and the infundibulum in normal skin, these cell types clearly contained filaggrin in seborrhoeic and acne skin.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Epithelial Cells; Filaggrin Proteins; Humans; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratins; Sebaceous Glands; Skin

Seventy-six cases of tumorlike and neoplastic lesions from epidermis and oral epithelium were analyzed by a histochemical technique for the demonstration of keratin. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections were reacted with rabbit antihuman keratin antiserum (dilution of 1:40). The types of distribution of keratin in cells of lesions were classified into five categories: (1) regional, as found in normal squamous epithelia and benign hyperkeratinized lesions, and papilloma, and keratinized squamous cell carcinoma; (2) total, as seen in intensely keratinized lesions, such as verruca vulgaris and highly keratinized squamous cell carcinoma; (3) negative, as displayed by basal cell carcinoma; (4) scattered, as in the most poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas; and (5) mixed cellular, as found in both poorly and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.

Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Keratosis; Lectins; Mouth Neoplasms; Papilloma; Protein Binding; Skin Neoplasms; Warts

Peripilar keratin casts are reported in three boys. All previous reports of peripilar keratin casts in children have apparently been in girls.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Hair; Humans; Keratins; Male; Psoriasis; Skin Diseases

Electronmicroscopical investigation on 12 cutaneous biopsies of different localisation showed that the seborrhoic dermatitis is not comparable to a psoriatic tissue-reaction. Both, the cyto-morphological feature and the demonstrated localisation of the acid phosphatase are distinctly different from that of the psoriatic epidermis. The described changes are clearly more similar to the well known ultrastructural pictures of eczemateous reactions. In spite of the "eczema-like" ultrastructural picture seborrhoic dermatitis apparently can be separated from the allergic and irritant contact-dermatitis. Nevertheless, the epidermal alterations are also similar to chronic nummular eczema. They therefore are unspecific and do not allow any conclusion regarding the etiopathogenesis or nosological classification of this skin disease.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Basement Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Desmosomes; Eczema; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratins; Organoids; Phagocytes; Psoriasis; Skin; Vacuoles

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Aged; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratins; Keratosis; Langerhans Cells; Male; Melanocytes; Middle Aged; Skin; Warts

Topics: Autopsy; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Hyperplasia; Keratins; Keratosis; Pigmentation Disorders

Topics: Alopecia; Alopecia Areata; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dermatology; Humans; Keratins; Mercury; Nails; Ointments; Pigmentation; Psoriasis