bromochloroacetic-acid and Central-Nervous-System-Cysts

A 32-year-old man presented with a rapidly progressive decrease in visual acuity and diplopia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a suprasellar cystic mass extending to the upper part of the clivus. The content of this cyst showed a slightly higher signal intensity than that of his cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on T1-weighted images. The cyst stretched the pituitary stalk, but a normal pituitary signal was observed. The cyst wall was maximally resected under neuroendoscopy, which yielded fluid contents that were white and mucous like, with a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level 1,400 ng/ml or higher. On light microscopy, one to two layers of epithelial cells with cylindrical nuclei on loose connective tissue lined the cyst cavity. These cells were positive for periodic acid-Schiff, CEA, and cytokeratin 7 and negative for cytokeratin 20. On electron microscopy, epithelial cells showed many short microvilli with coating material. The cytoplasm was rich in electron-dense material, and dense intercellular adhesion was observed, but neither goblet cells nor cilia were present. On the basis of MRI features, cytokeratin expression patterns and electron microscopic findings, the patient was considered to have a suprasellar endodermal cyst derived from Seessel's pouch.

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Central Nervous System Cysts; Colonic Pouches; Disease Progression; Humans; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male

Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) with significant squamous and/or stratified epithelium including smooth transition from single cuboidal to squamous epithelium (tRCC) is rare and possibly represents an intermediate form to craniopharyngioma.. Twelve patients with histologically confirmed tRCC were retrospectively investigated from a series of 167 cases of RCC and 96 cases of craniopharyngiomas. Clinical data were reviewed, and immunohistochemistry findings for cytokeratins and β-catenin were examined.. All lesions were located in the sella turcica with marked extension to suprasellar cistern. Six of the 12 patients had suffered postoperative re-enlargement, and three of these six patients required more than two additional operations and irradiation. CAM5.2 was positive in the glandular epithelium in all tRCCs and focally positive in the squamous epithelium of all these tRCCs. 34βE12 was positive in the squamous epithelium in all tRCCs and focally positive in the glandular epithelium in all but one tRCC. The findings of cytokeratin expression of tRCCs were very similar to those of craniopharyngioma. β-Catenin showed nuclear translocation in five cases. All patients with nuclear translocation of β-catenin suffered postoperative re-enlargement.. tRCC carries an extremely high risk of re-enlargement. Cytokeratin expression resembles that in craniopharyngioma, which might indicate a very close origin of these pathologies. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin may be related to the aggressive clinical course.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; beta Catenin; Central Nervous System Cysts; Child; Craniopharyngioma; Female; Humans; Keratins; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Pituitary Neoplasms; Postoperative Period; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult

The immunohistological features and surgical treatment of an intramedullary ependymal cyst in the conus medullaris is presented. An intramedullary ependymal cyst is a rare lesion of dysembryoplastic origin. There have been only seven patients reported with pathologically proven ependymal cysts in the conus medullaris. A 64-year-old woman reported pain and numbness in both thighs and feet. Neither sensory nor motor impairment was present in the lower extremities. MRI revealed a cyst on the right side of the conus medullaris, compressing the spinal cord upward. Clinical signs and symptoms disappeared following surgical resection of the cyst. Histological examination showed that this cyst was lined with a single layer of tall columnar or low cuboidal cells on fibrous connective tissue. The basement membrane was absent in the cyst wall. Reactivity to CAM5.2 and AE1/AE3 anti-keratin antibodies suggested that the cyst was of neuroepithelial origin. No recurrence has been noted 3 years after surgery.

Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Central Nervous System Cysts; Ependyma; Female; Humans; Keratins; Laminectomy; Leg; Lumbar Vertebrae; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial; Neurosurgical Procedures; Paresthesia; Spinal Cord Compression; Spinal Nerve Roots; Treatment Outcome

Colloid cysts are rare intracerebral lesions that are predominantly located in the third ventricle. Extraventricular colloid cysts have only rarely been reported but so far there are no reports of a colloid cyst residing in the olfactory groove. A 74-year-old patient underwent a brain computed tomography scan for a mild head trauma that incidentally revealed a space-occupying lesion near the olfactory groove. Brain magnetic resonance imaging that ensued demonstrated a hyperintense lesion in T1, T2, and FLAIR sequences, without evidence of surrounding brain edema. To evaluate the metabolic status of the lesion, brain single-photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-Tetrofosmin was then performed, revealing no tracer uptake, a finding consistent with benignity. Due to the diagnostic uncertainty the excision of the lesion was proposed. The patient underwent surgery and intraoperative a cyst was revealed. Furthermore the cyst seemed to erode the dura and due to its location there was an imminent danger for cerebrospinal fluid leak. Therefore a repair of the dura was performed and the cyst was excised totally. Histology verified the presence of a colloid cyst. Colloid cysts should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions in the anterior fossa and although benign they may have an aggressive presentation by eroding the dura and producing CSF leak.

Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Central Nervous System Cysts; Colloids; Cranial Fossa, Anterior; Diagnosis, Differential; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Incidental Findings; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mucin-1; Skull Base Neoplasms; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

A very rare case involving an endodermal cyst of the cervical spinal canal was documented. In 1999, a 28-year-old male presented with mild tetraplegia due to a traffic accident and consequently, he was admitted to another hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at that time demonstrated a cervical cord cyst. He was treated conservatively and as a result, complete resolution of symptoms was achieved. Five years later, he presented with progressive right hemiparesis and was referred to our institute. MRI at the time of admission exhibited an intradural extramedullary cystic lesion on the ventral side of the spinal cord at the C5-6 levels, which was characterized by low intensity on T1-weighted, and by high intensity on T2-weighted images. The cyst, which had increased in size, compressed the spinal cord remarkably backward. The anterior central vertebrectomy approach was performed. Subtotal resection of the cyst wall was conducted due to its tight partical adhesion to the spinal cord. The vertebral defect was reconstructed with an autogenous iliac graft. According to histological findings the cyst wall consisted of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells with secretory granules and immunohistochemical examination revealed that the cyst wall was positive for cytokeratin 7. Symptoms improved immediately. Subsequently, the patient was discharged with good performance status. Endodermal cysts are very rare developmental cysts derived from the embryonic endodermal layer. Moreover, these lesions are usually located intradurally in the cervical and upper dorsal spine ventral to the spinal cord. Total removal of the cyst is recommended if it is possible. However, total resection is often difficult due to adhesion of the cyst wall to the neural tissue so invasive resection should be avoided. In such cases, follow-up MRI is necessary in order to exclude recurrence of the remnant lesion.

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Central Nervous System Cysts; Cervical Vertebrae; Diagnosis, Differential; Endoderm; Humans; Keratin-7; Keratins; Laminectomy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male

To describe a histologically well-documented adult case of a giant supratentorial enterogenous cyst (EC). Fewer than 15 cases of supratentorial ECs are on record: 8 associated with the brain hemispheres or the overlying meninges, 4 with the sellar region, and 2 with the optic nerve.. A 31-year-old woman complained of long-standing mild left brachial and crural motor deficit precipitated by headache and signs of intracranial hypertension. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a huge cyst overlying the frontoparietal brain.. Symptoms were relieved by evacuation of the cyst content by means of a Rickam's reservoir, and the lesion was subsequently removed in toto. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the cyst wall clearly established the enterogenous nature of its epithelium. Follow-up for up to 2 years after intervention showed no sign of recurrence, and symptoms, including treatment-resistant seizures in the postoperative period, have entirely subsided.. Supratentorial ECs, distinctly rare in adult patients, may in some cases present as giant lesions. Total removal seems to be curative once careful examination has eliminated the possibility of a metastasis from an unknown primary. A correct histological diagnosis is important because, in contrast to other benign cysts of similar location and size, ECs may be prone to intraoperative dissemination.

Topics: Adult; Arachnoid Cysts; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Central Nervous System Cysts; Craniotomy; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Meningeal Neoplasms; Mucin-1; Neural Tube Defects; Parietal Lobe; Supratentorial Neoplasms

Chordoid glioma has been recently described as a slow-growing neoplasm with chordoid appearance, occurring exclusively in the regions of the third ventricle and hypothalamus of middle-aged women. We experienced a case of a 48-year-old woman with a suprasellar tumor composed of chordoid glioma and Rathke's cleft cyst, which was confirmed by histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations. Histologically, chordoid glioma comprised the major part of the tumor, and the prominent Rathke's cleft cysts were distributed focally in the same tumor tissue without any transitions. Chordoid glioma was immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein and vimentin, and focally positive for epithelial membrane antigen and CD34, while cytokeratin highlighted epithelial cells lining Rathke's cleft cysts. Ultrastructural examination of the chordoid glioma revealed short cytoplasmic processes, intermediate filaments, intercellular junctions of zonular adherens type, basal lamina, secretory granules and pinocytic vesicles. The ultrastructural observations of the current case are similar to those of the subcommisural organ, although cell body zonation or microvilli were not evident. The coexistence of chordoid glioma and Rathke's cleft cyst has not been reported previously and may represent a collision tumor.

Topics: Antigens, CD34; Central Nervous System Cysts; Choroid Plexus Neoplasms; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glioma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; S100 Proteins; Vimentin

Craniopharyngiomas are epithelial neoplasms usually located in the sellar and suprasellar regions. Distinguishing craniopharyngioma from Rathke cleft cyst is sometimes difficult, and the distinction is clinically significant because Rathke cleft cysts have a better prognosis than craniopharyngiomas.. We retrieved 10 cases with a primary diagnosis of craniopharyngioma and 5 cases with a diagnosis of Rathke cleft cyst for analysis. Five cases of normal pars intermedia of pituitary glands from autopsy served as controls. We evaluated the expression patterns of a broad range of low- to intermediate-molecular weight cytokeratins (CK7, CK8, CK10, CK17, CK18, CK19, and CK20) and high-molecular weight cytokeratins (K903: a combination of CK1, CK5, CK10, and CK14; and CK5/6) in these cases.. Craniopharyngiomas had a cytokeratin expression pattern distinct from that of Rathke cleft cysts and pituitary gland pars intermedia: craniopharyngiomas did not express cytokeratins 8 and 20, whereas Rathke cleft cysts and pars intermedia of pituitary glands both expressed cytokeratins 8 and 20.. The differential expression of cytokeratins distinguishes between craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst, and this difference could be useful for identifying craniopharyngioma in difficult cases in which only a small biopsy is available. The different cytokeratin profiles of craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst suggest that these lesions do not come from the same origin, or that they come from a different developmental stage of the pouch epithelium.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Count; Central Nervous System Cysts; Child; Child, Preschool; Craniopharyngioma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratin-20; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Pituitary Neoplasms

Salivary gland rests occur in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland near or often communicating with the Rathke's cleft or its cystic subdivisions, and are usually incidental autopsy findings. They are attributed to the oropharyngeal development of the Rathke's pouch and may rarely give rise to salivary gland-like tumors in the sella. We present a pleomorphic adenoma, a rare tumor of the sellar region, that has not been previously recognized in association with Rathke's cleft cyst. It occurred in a 44-year-old man who presented with hypopituitarism and reduced vision. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a sellar mass with suprasellar extension which was totally removed. It consisted of segments of a cyst wall lined by focally ciliated columnar of cuboid epithelium containing goblet cells. An eosinophilic granular material with cholesterol clefts represented the contents of the cyst. Within its wall there was a tumor with ductal structures and non-ductal varied cellular components including hypercellular areas of spindle and ovoid cells forming interlacing fascicles. Individual cells appeared to float in abundant mucinous material. The appearances were those of a salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma arising within the wall of a Rathke's cleft cyst. The myoepithelial nature of non-ductal tumor cells was confirmed with immunocytochemistry. The existence of seromucous glands communicating with the Rathke's cleft remnants, explains the concomitant occurrence of the tumor and the cyst. This rare neoplasm from salivary gland rest should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unusual sellar and suprasellar tumors.

Topics: Actins; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Adult; Biomarkers; Brazil; Central Nervous System Cysts; Diagnosis, Differential; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mucin-1; Neoplasms, Second Primary; S100 Proteins; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Vision Disorders