bromochloroacetic-acid and Candidiasis--Oral

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Candidiasis, Oral; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Keratins; Keratosis; Leukoplakia, Oral; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Nicotine; Precancerous Conditions; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Smoking; Stomatitis

Oral epithelium reacts to microbial challenges by eliciting a defensive response that includes the production of antimicrobial peptides. This study investigated the expression of human beta-defensins-1, 2, and 3 in reconstituted human oral epithelia during experimental oral infections with six different Candida species, and a wild-type C. albicans isolate and five of its mutants. The expression of defensins was induced after 12 hours infection with the wild-type C. albicans, but this response was not seen for the noninvasive hyphal mutants nor the secreted aspartyl proteinase mutants. Furthermore, defensin expression was not detected after 48 hours in epithelia infected with either C. albicans wild-type isolate or its invasive hyphal and proteinase mutants. Most of the non-albicans Candida were capable of inducing the expression of defensins in epithelia after 24 or 48 hours of infection. These Candida-host interaction patterns suggest that the oral epithelia possess mechanisms for sensing the early invasion of C. albicans through recognition of the presence of hyphae and proteinases of Candida and respond to the insult by producing antimicrobial peptides. This hyphal-invasion-dependent inhibition of defensin expression in oral epithelium that undermines the host surveillance system represents a hitherto undescribed novel pathogenic mechanism of C. albicans.

Topics: Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; beta-Defensins; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Cells, Cultured; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression; Humans; Hyphae; Keratinocytes; Keratins; Mutation; RNA, Messenger

Cannon's disease or white sponge naevus is a relatively rare genetically determined skin disorder. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that displays a high degree of penetrance and expressivity. This article describes cases of Cannon's disease in a mother and her son.

Topics: Adult; Burns, Chemical; Candidiasis, Oral; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Humans; Keratins; Keratosis; Leukoplakia, Oral; Male; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Mutation; Pedigree

In this study, 55 diabetic patients and 45 non-diabetic control subjects were examined to determine oral candidal carriage state. The influence of some local aetiologic and systemic factors such as: salivary flow rate and pH, heredity, alcohol drinking, smoking habits, antimicrobial therapy, wearing of denture, burning sensation, dry mouth, taste alteration and tooth brushing habit on candidal carriage rate were investigated. Imprint culture, cytological smears and biochemical tests were used. Oral carrier rate and density of Candida species were non-significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic control subjects. This increase was confirmed cytologically too. In both groups, Candida albicans was found to be a predominant species on tongue dorsum. Cigarette and alcohol habits of men were higher while tooth brushing habit was less than in women in diabetic and control groups. Salivary flow rate and pH values of diabetic patients were significantly lower while serum glucose values were significantly higher than of non-diabetic controls. The rate of diabetic patients suffering from dry mouth and having diabetic heredity in the family were significantly higher than control subjects. The candidal colonization was higher and keratinization was lower while diabetic treatment tended from diet and oral antidiabetic towards insulin. The decrease in salivary pH, the increase in serum glucose and wearing denture were correlated with the increased rate and density of C. albicans in both groups. Keratinization was also accompanied with the increase in leucocytes. In diabetic group, positive correlations were found between antimicrobial therapy and C. glabrata carriage; the increase in leucocytes and C. albicans carriage; the increase in keratinization and alcohol habit; serum glucose and smoking habit; dry mouth complaint and antimicrobial therapy. There was a negative correlation between salivary flow rate and C. albicans carriage. In control group a positive correlation was found between antimicrobial therapy and keratinization.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Anti-Infective Agents; Blood Glucose; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Chi-Square Distribution; Colony Count, Microbial; Dentures; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Keratins; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Saliva; Secretory Rate; Sex Factors; Smoking; Statistics as Topic; Toothbrushing; Xerostomia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how well intraorally transferred skin flaps endure their new surroundings.. Biopsy specimens were taken from 20 patients who had undergone microsurgical reconstruction and as pretransferred skin from 5 of these patients at the time of surgery. The study used immunohistochemistry for immunocompetent cells, differentiation markers for the epidermis and desmosomal proteins, and immunoelectron microscopy for desmosomal protein, in addition to routine histologic examination, including Sudan IV, periodic acid Schiff, and Grocott stains. We also measured the thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum. Oral swabs from the skin flaps were examined for the presence of yeasts, particularly Candida albicans, by means of a culture method.. According to the results of periodic acid-Schiff and Grocott staining, 20 cases were divided into 2 groups: fungal element-positive cases (n = 15) and fungal element-negative cases (n = 5). All swabs from the former were positive for Candida albicans. In these fungus-positive cases, histopathologic evaluation revealed marked diminution of stratum corneum and pronounced epidermal hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the dermal infiltration of numerous immunocompetent cells-CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+, neutrophil elastase+, and HLA-DR+ cells-and the scarce infiltration of IgA+ and IgG+ cells. There were scattered CD1a+, CD4+, CD8+, and HLA-DR+ cells and elastase+ neutrophils in the epidermis. Expression of cytokeratin subtypes (10, 14, 16, and 19), involucrin, and tenascin showed the characteristic features of epidermal proliferation. Enumeration of Ki-67+ keratinocytes showed an increase, indicating epidermal proliferation. Expression of desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 in the epidermal keratinocytes was decreased in comparison with that in the pretransferred skin. Immunoelectron microscopy for desmoglein 1 confirmed the reduced immunoreactive deposits along the desmosomal plaques. In the fungus-negative cases, all such changes were a great deal milder.. Taken together, our results demonstrate that most intraorally transferred flaps are affected by an inflammatory process that is induced by the influence of the wet oral environment. They present psoriasiform tissue reactions characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation that are mostly due to Candida albicans infection.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Differentiation; Cadherins; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Desmoglein 1; Female; Forearm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Keratins; Lymphocytes; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Middle Aged; Mouth; Skin; Skin Transplantation; Surgical Flaps

Exfoliative cheilitis is an uncommon condition affecting the vermilion zone of the upper, lower or both lips. It is characterized by the continuous production and desquamation of unsightly, thick scales of keratin; when removed, these leave a normal appearing lip beneath. The etiology is unknown, although some cases may be factitious. Attempts at treatment by a wide variety of agents and techniques have been unsuccessful. Three patients with this disease are reported and its relationship to factitious cheilitis and candidal cheilitis is discussed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Chronic Disease; Factitious Disorders; Female; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged

Two distinct strain-related patterns of organism-host interaction on dorsal tongue of immunocompetent rats have been identified for Candida albicans: some isolates induce mucosal lesions, while other isolates penetrate the keratin layer but do not produce a lesion. This study examined the behavior of each of the two types of isolates in a cyclosporin-immunosuppressed rat model. Groups B (normal) and D (cyclosporin) were orally inoculated with a lesion-inducing isolate of C. albicans, while a non-lesional isolate was given to Groups A (normal) and C (cyclosporin). A typical dorsal tongue lesion developed in 4/18 rats in Group B and in 13/16 in Group D (P = 0.00267). No significant difference in infection rate between the normal and cyclosporin-treated animals was seen for the non-lesional isolate. The lack of a host inflammatory response associated with the non-lesional isolate may represent an ecologic advantage for the organism.

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Cyclosporine; Ecology; Female; Graft Rejection; Immunocompromised Host; Keratins; Mouth Mucosa; Rats; Rats, Inbred ACI; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin Transplantation; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Tongue

The present study is a 5-year clinical and radiographic follow-up of 51 patients who had undergone a combined vestibuloplasty with a split skin graft and lowering of the floor of the mouth. Our purpose was to examine the effect of clinically evident graft pathology on the residual ridge reduction. The clinical records of the graft condition were classified into: healthy graft, partial loss of keratinization, and total loss of keratinization. The residual ridge reduction was monitored by ridge height measurements at different locations, and by the symphyseal and mandibular body areas. Patients with clinical signs of graft pathology (reddening, loss of keratinization) suffered a significantly more severe residual ridge reduction than those with a healthy skin graft (p less than 0.01). Subsequent findings including smear tests showing Candida albicans hyphae, and improvement of graft condition after antimycotic therapy, indicated that the graft pathology observed is a candidiasis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alveolar Bone Loss; Alveolar Process; Candidiasis, Oral; Cephalometry; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Jaw, Edentulous; Keratins; Male; Mandibular Diseases; Middle Aged; Mouth Floor; Mouth Mucosa; Radiography; Skin Transplantation; Vestibuloplasty

In the present study we characterized the phenotypes of infiltrating mononuclear cells in angular cheilitis lesions to further explore the pathogenesis of this disorder. Frozen sections from lesions infected by Candida albicans and/or Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis utilizing monoclonal antibodies directed to subsets of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages. In addition, the expression of Class II antigens (HLA-DP, -DQ, -DR), the interleukin 2- and transferrin-receptors was studied on resident and infiltrating cells. An intense infiltration of T-lymphocytes was accompanied by expression of Class II antigens on the epidermal keratinocytes in lesion infected by Candida albicans. The Staphylococcus aureus infected lesions displayed a diffuse infiltration of T-lymphocytes but virtually no expression of Class II antigen by epidermal keratinocytes. These observations suggest that the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is involved in the inflammatory reaction of lesions infected by Candida albicans. In addition, the present study confirms that epidermal expression of Class II antigens is closely related to the type and magnitude of the infiltrating T-lymphocyte. Finally, these findings indicate that the type of inflammatory reaction in angular cheilitis is primarily dependent on the isolated microorganism, although the clinical pictures of the disorder are virtually identical.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Epidermis; Female; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; HLA-DP Antigens; HLA-DQ Antigens; HLA-DR Antigens; Humans; Keratins; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Staphylococcal Infections; T-Lymphocytes

Using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) a study of the surface morphology of rat oral epithelium was undertaken. A good correlation was found between the LM and SEM findings in the demonstration of the characteristic differences in surface structure between completely and incompletely orthokeratinized areas of the rat oral epithelium. Completely keratinized epithelium (hard palate and attached gingiva) shows a surface layer of orderly arranged, closely approximated and overlapping cells. The individual cell surface shows a honeycomb pattern of interconnecting ridges surrounding depressions or micropits. Incompletely keratinized epithelium (buccal mucosa, alveolar sulci, gingival crest and interpapillary area of the dorsum of the tongue) shows a very uneven, corrugated surface layer. There is considerable loss of cell cohesion with the formation of wide intercellular clefts. The individual cell surface is characterized by microplications of irregular size and arrangement. The findings of the present investigation are discussed in the light of an idea previously put forward by the authors that a correlation exists between surface morphology of the keratinized rat oral mucosa and colonization and penetration of Candida organisms in experimental candidosis.

Topics: Animals; Candidiasis, Oral; Epithelial Cells; Keratins; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mouth Mucosa; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Carcinoma in Situ; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelium; Erythroplasia; Humans; Keratins; Keratosis; Leukoedema, Oral; Leukoplakia, Oral; Lichen Planus; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Melanins; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Nevus; Precancerous Conditions; Risk; Sebaceous Glands; Smoking; Stomatitis

There has been some controversy over whether psoriasis can involve the oral mucosa. An oral lesion in a 32-year-old man with a psoriatic scalp lesion has been studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunologic methods. Results from each of these three techniques are consistent with previous findings in psoriatic lesions and suggest that oral psoriasis can occur.

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis, Oral; Complement System Proteins; Cytoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Keratins; Leukoplakia, Oral; Male; Organoids

Topics: Aging; Candidiasis, Oral; Climacteric; Deficiency Diseases; Dentures; Epithelium; Gingiva; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Jaw Diseases; Keratins; Masticatory Muscles; Mouth Mucosa; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Osteopetrosis; Periodontium; Salivation; Taste