bromochloroacetic-acid and Brain-Diseases

Primary intracranial squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare, with most of the cases arising from malignant transformation of an epidermoid or a dermoid cyst. We report here a case of a 45-year-old male patient who presented with 1-month history of intermittent headache and recent onset of altered sensorium. Imaging revealed a midline posterior fossa mass lesion compressing the fourth ventricle and causing hydrocephalus. A provisional diagnosis of dermoid cyst was considered. Histopathological examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma possibly arising from an underlying epidermoid cyst. This entity is being reported for its rarity.

Topics: Brain Diseases; Calcinosis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cholesterol; Cranial Fossa, Posterior; Diagnosis, Differential; Epidermal Cyst; Fourth Ventricle; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Skull Base Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

The pathogenesis of endodermal cysts of the posterior fossa is still incompletely understood. The authors reviewed three new cases and those reported in the literature to clarify the clinical, pathological, radiological, and surgical characteristics of these lesions. A total of 49 cases were reviewed. Details on demographic profiles, clinical characteristics, histopathological and radiological features, and surgical methods were collected. These cysts have a predominance in male patients (61%) and can occur at any age (birth-77 years). In patients with posterior fossa endodermal cysts there is a bimodal age distribution and headache is the most frequent complaint. On immunohistopathological examination, endodermal cysts were reactive for epithelial membrane antigen and for keratin immunostains whenever the latter were tested. The cysts were reactive for carcinoembryonic antigen in nine of 11 cases. Endodermal cysts were located anterior to the brainstem in 51% of cases and in the fourth ventricle in 21% of cases. They frequently appeared hypodense on computerized tomography scans, and in five cases, the lesion was missed. The cyst's appearance on magnetic resonance imaging is variable. Resection was complete in 19 cases and partial in 11; marsupialization was achieved in two cases. Three recurrences have been reported. Total excision with preservation of neurological function should be the goal. Cranial base approaches are helpful for surgical access in selected examples of these lesions.

Topics: Adult; Brain Diseases; Brain Stem; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Cerebral Ventricles; Cranial Fossa, Posterior; Craniotomy; Cysts; Female; Headache; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mucin-1; Recurrence; Skull Base; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Mallory bodies (MBs) are characteristic morphologic features of alcoholic hepatitis but are also associated with non-alcoholic liver diseases including long lasting cholestasis, metabolic and neoplastic disorders. MBs contain in addition to keratins non-keratin components, including microtubule-associated (tau protein) and other not yet characterized proteins in an aggregated form. Aggregation of these components in the cell is promoted by posttranslational modifications, such as partial proteolysis, phosphorylation and cross-linking, and may result in functional and structural disturbances of the cell depending on the physiologic function of the components involved. Several enzymes responsible for these modifications are Ca(++)-dependent. Thus, disturbance of Ca(++)-homeostasis may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of MBs. In some structural aspects MBs closely resemble inclusions associated with degenerative disorders of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Studies on the pathogenesis of MBs, therefore, not only shed light on a peculiar type of liver cell injury but may also assist in the understanding of other chronic degenerative diseases, particularly those of the central nervous system.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Brain Diseases; Calcium; Homeostasis; Humans; Keratins; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic; Liver Diseases; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Parkinson Disease; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Transcription, Genetic

We present the immunohistochemical study of 11 cases of intracranial cysts: two extraventricular ependymal cysts, three colloid cysts of the third ventricle, four extraventricular choroidal cysts and two Rathke's cleft cysts. Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cytokeratins (AE1, CK5D, AE3), S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin, neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurofilaments protein (NF) and prealbumin, were used. The epithelium of choroidal cysts, showed strong immunoreactivity for Prealbumin and cytokeratins, similar to the normal choroid plexus epithelium. The ependymal cysts showed epithelial immunoreactivity for GFAP and S-100, both glial markers expressed by the normal ependymal epithelium. On the contrary, the epithelial wall of colloid cysts and Rathke's cleft cyst, expressed epithelial markers (cytokeratins and EMA) but no neuroepithelial markers, with a immuno-phenotype similar to that of other cysts of endodermal nature. This finding supports the neuroepithelial origin for choroid and ependymal cysts, and an endodermal nature for colloid and Rathke's cleft cysts. We conclude that these immunohistochemical markers are useful in the differential diagnosis of intracranial cysts.

Topics: Brain Diseases; Choroid Diseases; Cysts; Ependyma; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Neurofilament Proteins; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prealbumin; S100 Proteins; Vimentin

Nineteen epithelial cysts in the central nervous system including six colloid cysts of the third ventricle, seven Rathke's cleft cysts in the sella, two enterogenous cysts in the posterior fossa, two epithelial cysts in the spinal canal and two neuroectodermal cysts in the cerebrum were examined immunohistochemically for expression of intermediate filament proteins-simple type, stratified type and skin type cytokeratins and GFAP. Colloid cysts of the third ventricle, Rathke's cleft cysts in the sella and epithelial cysts in the spinal canal expressed complex type cytokeratins while enterogenous cysts and neuro-ectodermal cysts showed only simple type cytokeratins. In addition, Rathke's cleft cysts expressed GFAP in occasional lining cells. The characteristic composition and distribution of cytokeratins in various kinds of epithelial cysts in the central nervous system are demonstrated and discussed with regard to their origins.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Choroid Plexus; Craniopharyngioma; Cysts; Ependyma; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; Spinal Diseases; Spinal Neoplasms; Spine

This report details an additional case of the very rare instance of a respiratory epithelium-lined intracerebral cyst without communication with the ventricular system. Immunohistologic analysis supports an epithelial rather than neuroectodermal origin. Management using endoneurosurgical techniques is described.

Topics: Adult; Brain Diseases; Endoscopy; Epidermal Cyst; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male

Despite their consistent anatomic location and histological features, the histogenesis of colloid cysts has remained obscure. We report immunohistochemical data on surgically excised cysts in attempt to define the origin of the lining epithelial cells. Paraffin-embedded tissues from colloidal cysts (7 in the 3rd ventricle and one in the sella) and two similar epithelial cysts (one in the cerebellopontine angle and one in the sella) were investigated. After examination by conventional stains, immunoperoxidase studies were carried out using primary antisera against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), epidermal keratin (EK) and S-100 protein. The apical plasma membrane, surface microstructures were consistently EMA positive. Columnar cells demonstrated cytoplasmic staining for TPA. Basal cells of lining epithelia expressed EK. All epithelia studied were negative for S-100 protein. These findings suggest an endodermal origin of colloid cysts.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Diseases; Cerebral Ventricles; Cysts; Endoderm; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Peptides; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

Topics: Brain Diseases; Hair; Hair Diseases; Humans; Keratins; Syndrome

Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Child; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Growth Disorders; Hair; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Keratins; Proteins; Sheep; Syndrome; Wool

Topics: Autopsy; Biopsy; Brain Diseases; Child, Preschool; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Growth Disorders; Hair; Humans; Hypothermia; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Keratins; Liver; Oxidoreductases; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Time Factors

Topics: Alexander Disease; Brain Diseases; Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Keratins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Pathology; Seizures; Tuberous Sclerosis